List of palms of the Caribbean

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Acrocomia aculeata
Acrocomia aculeata

The palm tree is often seen as symbolically important in the Caribbean, appearing on the coats of arms of several Caribbean nations[1] and on the flag of the West Indies cricket team. This list consists of palms which are native to the insular Caribbean (including the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands). Morici (2004) reported that there are about 191 genera and 2339 species in the Arecaceae (the palm family).[2] Their distribution is biased toward islands - 36% of genera and 52% of species are found only on islands, while 32% of genera and 6% of species are found only on continents. Sixty-two percent of monotypic genera are found only on islands.[2]

Phytogeographically, the Caribbean region is often considered to include the coastal plains of the United States (including south Florida), Mexico (especially the Yucatan), Belize, Colombia and Venezuela.[3] Most species either have a wide distribution which includes part of the Caribbean, or are endemic to the Greater Antilles. Cuba has the most species of palms, followed by Hispaniola. The Windwards and Leewards have the fewest.[2] The palm flora of Trinidad and Tobago consists primarily of species with a South American distribution.[4] Four genera of palms are endemic to the Greater Antilles - Calyptronoma, Gastrococos, Hemithrinax and Zombia.[2] Although nearly ubiquitous in the region, the Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is not native to the Caribbean.

Nomenclature follows the Arecaceae section of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.[5]

Contents:

[edit] Genera

[edit] Acoelorrhaphe

Acoelorrhaphe wrightii
Acoelorrhaphe wrightii

Acoelorrhaphe is a monotypic genus which is distributed around the margins of the Caribbean Sea, from Florida to San Andrés and Providencia, Colombian islands in the western Caribbean. The tree is a slender fan palm growing up to 7 metres (23 feet) tall, usually with many stems clustered together.[6] Acoelorrhaphe is a sister genus to Serenoa (Saw Palmetto), which is endemic to the southeastern United States.[7] The species usually grows in low-lying areas near sea level, often in flooded woodlands or thickets in savannas.[3]

[edit] Acrocomia

Acrocomia is a genus of spiny palms found throughout the Neotropics, from Mexico to Argentina and throughout the Caribbean. Since it covers such a large range and is highly variable, as many as 40 species have been described in this genus. Most authors recognise only two species, A. aculeata and A. hassleri,[5] but others considers A. media to be distinct from A. aculeata.[9] Caribbean species have single, spiny stems 4-11 m (13-36 feet) tall.[3]

[edit] Aiphanes

Aiphanes is a genus of small to medium sized spiny palms. Caribbean species have solitary stems and are 3-18 m (10-59 feet) tall.[3] Most of the 23 species of Aiphanes[2] are found in the Andes; two species occur in the Caribbean, including A. minima, which is endemic to the region. Although many sources (e.g., Henderson et al. 1995[3]) consider the name A. aculeata to have precedence over A. horrida, in keeping with the nomenclature of the Kew checklist,[12] the latter name is used.

[edit] Astrocaryum

Astrocaryum is a genus of spiny palms native to Mexico, Trinidad, Central and South America; the sharp, flattened spines that cover the trunk can be up to 30 cm (12 inches) long.[3] The Caribbean species has solitary stems, 8-20 m (26-66 feet) tall. There are about 36 species in the genus. One of them, A. aculeatum, occurs in the insular Caribbean, while four others are found in the wider Caribbean: Astrocaryum alatum on the Caribbean coast from Panama to Nicaragua, A. confertum on the Caribbean coast of Panama and Costa Rica, A. mexicanum along the Caribbean coast from Mexico to Nicaragua, and A. standleyanum on the Caribbean coast of Panama.[3]

[edit] Attalea

Attalea is a large genus which includes some of the largest Neotropical palms.[3] Three of the 67 species are present in the insular Caribbean, but two of these are restricted to Trinidad and Tobago which is on the continental shelf. The third species, A. crassispantha, is endemic to southwest Haiti; due to its very small population size, it is classified as a critically endangered species[15] Three other species occur in the wider Caribbean: Attalea allenii along the Caribbean coast of Panama and Colombia, A. cohune on the Caribbean coast from Mexico to Nicaragua and A. iguadummat on the Caribbean coast of Panama.[3]

[edit] Bactris

Bactris is a genus of palms which is found from southern Mexico to northern Paraguay. It is one of the largest and most diverse palm genera in the neotropics. Most species are medium-sized spiny palms with clustered stems. Most of the species present in the Caribbean are spiny trees 1-10 m (3-33 feet) tall with clustered stems and pinnate leaves; B simplicifrons is smaller (0.5-2 m) and often has simple leaves and no spines.[3]

Seven of the 75 species in the genus Bactris occur in the insular Caribbean. Three species - B. cubensis, B. jamaicana and B. plumeriana are Greater Antillean endemics, while the other four are South American species which extend north into Trinidad and Tobago.[3] Salzman and Judd consider the three Greater Antillean species of Bactris to form a clade with B. plumeriana and B. jamaicana as sister species.[19] Fifteen other species occur in the wider Caribbean: Bactris barronis on the Caribbean coast of Panama and Colombia, B. caudata on the Caribbean coast from Nicaragua to Panama, B. charnleyae on the Caribbean coast of Panama, B. coloniata on the Caribbean coast of Panama, B. coloradonis on the Caribbean coast from Costa Rica to Colombia, B. gasipaes on the Caribbean coast from Mexico to Venezuela, B. glandulosa on the Caribbean coast from Costa Rica, to Colombia, B. gracilor on the Caribbean coast from Nicaragua, to Panama, B. grayumi on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, B. guineensis on the Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela, B. hondurensis along the Caribbean coast from Honduras to Colombia, B. maraja along the Caribbean coast from Costa Rica to Colombia, B. mexicana along the Caribbean coast from Belize to Nicaragua, B. militaris along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and B. panamensis along the Caribbean coast of Panama.[3]

[edit] Calyptronoma

Palms in the genus Calyptronoma have pinnately compound leaves and large, solitary stems 4-15 m (13-49 feet) tall. The genus is endemic to the Greater Antilles, inhabiting wet areas near streams. Calyptronoma is closely related to the Central American genus Calyptrogyne.[3]

[edit] Coccothrinax

Coccothrinax crinita
Coccothrinax crinita

Coccothrinax is a genus of fan palms found throughout the Caribbean and in adjacent parts of southern Florida and Mexico. Most species are small to medium sized, with maximum heights between 5 and 15 m (17-49 feet). Only one of the 52 species, C. readii,[30] is absent from the insular Caribbean. Two species, C. argentata and C. barbadensis, are widespread, while the others are restricted to Cuba and Hispaniola.

[edit] Colpothrinax

Colpothrinax is a genus of solitary-stemmed pinnate-leaved palms native to Central America and the Caribbean.[3] There are three species of Colpothrinax: C. aphanopetala[84] and C. cookii[85] which are restricted to Central America, and C. wrightii which is a Cuban endemic.

[edit] Copernicia

Copernicia is a moderately large genus of spiny, fan palms found in the Caribbean and South America. The Caribbean species are all Greater Antillean endemics - two species are restricted to Hispaniola, while the others are restricted to Cuba. Three species are absent from the insular Caribbean: C. alba[87] and C. prunifera,[88] which are found in South America away from the Caribbean, and C. tectorum[89] which is found in northern Venezuela and along the Caribbean coast of Colombia.

[edit] Desmoncus

Desmoncus is a genus of spiny, scrambling, pinnate-leaved palms which range from Mexico in the north to Bolivia and Brazil in the south. Ten of the twelve species in have solely continental distributions. Two species are found on both the mainland and in the insular Caribbean.[3]

[edit] Euterpe

Euterpe oleracea
Euterpe oleracea

Euterpe consists of seven slender-stemmed, pinnate-leaved palms native to the Caribbean, Central and South America. The genus has been described as containing "the most beautiful American palms".[3] Four of the seven species are restricted to South America away from the Caribbean, two are found in Central and South America and the insular Caribbean, and E. broadwayi is endemic to the eastern Caribbean.[117]

[edit] Gastrococos

Gastrococos is a monotypic genus which is endemic to Cuba[2] It is a tall, spiny palm with a trunk that is slender at the base, but swollen in the middle, giving it the common name "Cuban belly palm" in English.[121]

[edit] Gaussia

Gaussia is a genus of solitary, pinnate palms found in the Caribbean, northern Central America and southern Mexico. There are five species in the genus - three are endemic to the Greater Antilles, while G. gomez-pompae and G. maya are found in the Caribbean coastal region of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala.[3]

[edit] Geonoma

Geonoma is a genus of small to medium-sized palms which grow in the forest understorey. The genus is one of the largest in the neotropics.[3] The genus consists of 64 species, two of which are found in the insular Caribbean.[2] Ten other species are found in the wider Caribbean: G. chococola, G. concinna, G. divisia and G. triandra are found on the Caribbean coast of Panama, G. congesta is found along the Caribbean coast from Honduras to Colombia, G. cuneata is found along the Caribbean coast from Nicaragua to Colombia, G. deversa is found along the Caribbean coast from Belize to Colombia, G. epetiolaris and G. longevaginata are found along the Caribbean coast from Costa Rica to Panama and G. triandra is found along the Caribbean coast of Panama and Colombia.[3]

[edit] Hemithrinax

Hemithrinax is a genus of fan palms which are endemic to Cuba. Many authors[3] include these species in the genus Thrinax.

  • Hemithrinax compacta:[128] Cuba.
  • Hemithrinax rivularis:[129] Cuba.

[edit] Manicaria

Manicaria is a monotypic genus of pinnate-leaved palms. The sole species, M. saccifera is found from Belize to Brazil and Peru. Its distribution is patchy, but usually more common in coastal regions.

[edit] Mauritia

Mauritia flexuosa
Mauritia flexuosa

Mauritia is a genus of fan palms which is native to northern South America. One species has a wide distribution which extends into the insular Caribbean, while the other M. carana is restricted to the Amazon region.

[edit] Oenocarpus

Oenocarpus is a genus of pinnate-leaved palms found in Central and South America. Oenocarpus bataua is found in Trinidad and along the Caribbean coast of Venezuela, while O. mapora is found on the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Panama.

  • Oenocarpus bataua:[132] Trinidad (also tropical Panama and South America).

[edit] Prestoea

Prestoea is a genus of pinnate-leaved palms found in Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is closely related to the genus Euterpe. Two species are found in the Caribbean - P. pubigera is found in Trinidad, and P. acuminata is found throughout most of the Caribbean.[117] Four other species, P. decurrens, P. ensiformis, P. longipetiolata and P. pubens are found along the Caribbean coast of Central America.[3]

[edit] Pseudophoenix

Pseudophoenix sargentii
Pseudophoenix sargentii

Pseudophoenix is a genus of pinnate-leaved palms found throughout the Caribbean. Three species are endemic to the Greater Antilles, while the fourth, P. sargentii, is widely distributed in the northern Caribbean and adjacent portions of the Central and North American mainland.[2]

[edit] Reinhardtia

Reinhardtia is a genus of simple or palmate-leaved palms found in the wider Caribbean, between Mexico and Colombia, with a single disjunct species which is endemic to Hispaniola. All species are small (1-6 m [3-20 feet] tall) and inhabit the forest understorey[3]

[edit] Roystonea

Roystonea regia
Roystonea regia

Roystonea is a genus of pinnate-leaved palms which range from south Florida and Mexico south to Venezuela. Seven species are endemic to the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands - four of these are Cuban endemics. The only species which is absent from the insular Caribbean, R. dunlapiana, is found on the Caribbean coast of Mexico, Honduras and Nicaragua.[141]

[edit] Sabal

Sabal palmetto
Sabal palmetto

Sabal is a genus of fan palms. Six of the sixteen species are native to the insular Caribbean - three of which are endemic to the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands. A seventh species, S. bermudana, is endemic to Bermuda. Sabal etonia and S. miamiensis are found along the Atlantic coast of Florida, S. gretheriae is found on the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan, S. mexicana is found along the Caribbean coast of Mexico into south Texas, S. minor is found along the Gulf Coast of the United States.[3]

[edit] Syagrus

Syagrus is a genus of primarily South American palms. Thirty of the thirty-one species are South American; the other, S. amara, is endemic to the Lesser Antilles. One species, S. orinocensis is found on the Caribbean coast of Venezuela.[3]

[edit] Thrinax

Thrinax radiata
Thrinax radiata

Thrinax is a genus of fan palms. Four of the five species of are endemic to the insular Caribbean, while the fifth occurs in the insular Caribbean and in Florida, Mexico and Central America. Three species are single-island endemics - two to Jamaica and one to Cuba.[3]

[edit] Zombia

Zombia is a monotypic genus of fan palms which is endemic to Hispaniola.[163] Individuals are up to 3 m (10 ft) tall and grow in dry, hilly regions. It is restricted to serpentine soils, at least in the Dominican Republic[3]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ The Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, Haiti and Trinidad and Tobago have palm trees in their coats of arms.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Morici, Carlo (2004). Palmeras e Islas: La Insularidad en una de las Familias más Diversas del Reino Vegetal ((Spanish)). J.M. Fernández-Palacios & C. Morici, Ecología Insular/Island Ecology 81-122. Asociatión Española de Ecología Terestre (AEET)-Cabildo Insular de La Palma. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Henderson, Andrew; Gloria Galeano; Rodrigo Bernal (1995). Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08537-4. 
  4. ^ Comeau, Paul L.; Yasmin S. Comeau; Winston Johnson (2003). The Palm Book of Trinidad and Tobago. International Palm Society. ISBN 0974087009. 
  5. ^ a b Govaerts, R.; J. Henderson; S.F. Zona; D.R. Hodel; A. Henderson (2006). World Checklist of Arecaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
  6. ^ Acoelorraphe wrightii (Grisebach & H. Wendland) H. Wendland ex Beccari, Webbia. 2: 109. 1907. Flora of North America. Retrieved on 2007-02-21.
  7. ^ Acoelorraphe H. Wendland, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin). 37: 148. 1879. Flora of North America. Retrieved on 2007-02-21.
  8. ^ Acoelorrhaphe wrightii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  9. ^ Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro; Mark T. Strong (2005). Monocots and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions of the United States National Herbarium 52: 1–405. 
  10. ^ Acrocomia aculeata. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  11. ^ Acrocomia media. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08. This species is considered valid by Acevedo-Rodríguez & Strong (2005). but not by Govaerts (1995) and Govaerts & Dransfield (2005).].
  12. ^ a b Aiphanes horrida. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  13. ^ Aiphanes minima. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  14. ^ Astrocaryum aculeatum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  15. ^ Johnson, D. (1988). Attalea crassispatha. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.
  16. ^ Attalea crassispatha. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  17. ^ Attalea maripa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  18. ^ Attalea osmantha. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  19. ^ Salzman V.T. and W.S. Judd. 1995. A revision of the Greater Antillean species of Bactris (Bactridinae: Arecaceae). Brittonia 47 (4): 345-371.
  20. ^ Bactris campestris. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  21. ^ Bactris cubensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  22. ^ Bactris jamaicana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  23. ^ Bactris major.; Bactris major var. major. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  24. ^ Bactris plumeriana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  25. ^ Bactris setulosa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  26. ^ Bactris simplicifrons. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  27. ^ Calyptronoma occidentalis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  28. ^ Calyptronoma plumeriana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  29. ^ Calyptronoma rivalis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  30. ^ Coccothrinax readii . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
  31. ^ Coccothrinax acunana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  32. ^ Coccothrinax alexandri.; Coccothrinax alexandri subsp. alexandri.; Coccothrinax alexandri subsp. nitida. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  33. ^ Coccothrinax alta. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  34. ^ Coccothrinax argentata. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  35. ^ a b Wunderlin, Richard P.; Bruce F. Hansen (2003). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida, Second edition, Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2632-6. 
  36. ^ Coccothrinax argentea. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  37. ^ Coccothrinax baracoensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  38. ^ Coccothrinax barbadensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  39. ^ Coccothrinax bermudezii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  40. ^ Coccothrinax borhidiana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  41. ^ Coccothrinax boschiana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  42. ^ Coccothrinax camagueyana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  43. ^ Coccothrinax clarensis.; Coccothrinax clarensis subsp. brevifolia.; Coccothrinax clarensis subsp. clarensis.; Coccothrinax clarensis subsp. perrigida. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  44. ^ Coccothrinax concolor. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  45. ^ Coccothrinax crinita.; Coccothrinax crinita subsp. brevicrinis.; Coccothrinax crinita subsp. crinita. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  46. ^ Coccothrinax cupularis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  47. ^ Coccothrinax ekmanii]. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  48. ^ Coccothrinax elegans. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  49. ^ Coccothrinax fagildei. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  50. ^ Coccothrinax fragrans. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  51. ^ Coccothrinax garciana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  52. ^ Coccothrinax gracilis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  53. ^ Coccothrinax guantanamensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  54. ^ Coccothrinax gundlachii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  55. ^ Coccothrinax hioramii . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  56. ^ Coccothrinax inaguensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  57. ^ Coccothrinax jamaicensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  58. ^ Coccothrinax leonis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  59. ^ Coccothrinax litoralis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  60. ^ Coccothrinax macroglossa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  61. ^ Coccothrinax microphylla. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  62. ^ Coccothrinax miraguama. Coccothrinax miraguama subsp. arenicola. Coccothrinax miraguama subsp. havanensis. Coccothrinax miraguama subsp. miraguama. Coccothrinax miraguama subsp. roseocarpa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  63. ^ Coccothrinax moaensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  64. ^ Coccothrinax montana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  65. ^ Coccothrinax munizii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  66. ^ Coccothrinax muricata. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  67. ^ Coccothrinax nipensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  68. ^ Coccothrinax orientalis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  69. ^ Coccothrinax pauciramosa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  70. ^ Coccothrinax proctorii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  71. ^ Coccothrinax pseudorigida. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  72. ^ Coccothrinax pumila. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  73. ^ Coccothrinax rigida. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  74. ^ Coccothrinax salvatoris. Coccothrinax salvatoris subsp. loricata. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  75. ^ Coccothrinax savannarum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  76. ^ Coccothrinax saxicola. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  77. ^ Coccothrinax scoparia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  78. ^ Coccothrinax spissa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  79. ^ Morici, Carlo; Raúl Verdecia Pérez (2006). Coccothrinax torrida (Arecaceae), a new species from southeastern Cuba. Brittonia 58 (2): 189–193. 
  80. ^ Coccothrinax trinitensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  81. ^ Coccothrinax victorini . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  82. ^ Coccothrinax yunquensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  83. ^ Coccothrinax yuraguana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  84. ^ Colpothrinax aphanopetala. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
  85. ^ Colpothrinax cookii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
  86. ^ Colpothrinax wrightii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  87. ^ Copernicia alba. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-01-12.
  88. ^ Copernicia prunifera. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-01-12.
  89. ^ Copernicia tectorum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-01-12.
  90. ^ Copernicia baileyana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  91. ^ Copernicia berteroana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  92. ^ Copernicia brittonorum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  93. ^ Copernicia × burretiana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  94. ^ Copernicia cowellii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  95. ^ Copernicia curbeloi. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  96. ^ Copernicia curtissii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  97. ^ Copernicia ekmanii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  98. ^ Copernicia × escarzana . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  99. ^ Copernicia fallaensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  100. ^ Copernicia gigas. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  101. ^ Copernicia glabrescens. Copernicia glabrescens var. glabrescens. Copernicia glabrescens var. ramosissima. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  102. ^ Copernicia hospita. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  103. ^ Copernicia humicola. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  104. ^ Copernicia longiglossa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  105. ^ Copernicia macroglossa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  106. ^ Copernicia molineti. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  107. ^ Copernicia × occidentalis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  108. ^ Copernicia rigida. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  109. ^ Copernicia roigii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  110. ^ Copernicia × shaferi. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  111. ^ Copernicia × sueroana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  112. ^ Copernicia × textilis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  113. ^ Copernicia × vespertilionum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  114. ^ Copernicia yarey. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  115. ^ Desmoncus orthacanthos. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  116. ^ Desmoncus polyacanthos. Desmoncus polyacanthos var. polyacanthos. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  117. ^ a b Henderson, Andrew; Gloria Galeano (December 1996). Euterpe, Prestoea, and Neonicholsonia (Palmae). Flora Neotropica 72. 
  118. ^ Euterpe broadwayi. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  119. ^ Euterpe oleracea. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  120. ^ Euterpe precatoria. Euterpe precatoria var. precatoria. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  121. ^ Kyburz, Rolf. Gastrococos crispa. PACSOA, the Palm and Cycad Society of Australia. Retrieved on 2007-02-21.
  122. ^ Gastrococos crispa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  123. ^ Gaussia attenuata. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  124. ^ Gaussia princeps. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  125. ^ Gaussia spirituana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  126. ^ Geonoma interrupta. Geonoma interrupta var. interrupta. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  127. ^ Geonoma undata. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  128. ^ Hemithrinax compacta. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  129. ^ Hemithrinax rivularis. Hemithrinax rivularis var. rivularis. Hemithrinax rivularis var. savannarum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  130. ^ Manicaria saccifera. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  131. ^ Mauritia flexuosa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  132. ^ Oenocarpus bataua. Oenocarpus bataua var. oligocarpus. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  133. ^ Prestoea acuminata. Prestoea acuminata var. montana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  134. ^ Prestoea pubigera. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  135. ^ Pseudophoenix ekmanii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  136. ^ Pseudophoenix lediniana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  137. ^ Pseudophoenix sargentii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  138. ^ a b c Zanoni, Thomas A.; William R. Buck (1999). Navassa Island and Its Flora. 2. Checklist of the Vascular Plants. Brittonia 51 (4): 389–394. 
  139. ^ Pseudophoenix vinifera. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  140. ^ Reinhardtia paiewonskiana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  141. ^ Zona, Scott (December 1996). Roystonea (Arecaceae: Arecoideae). Flora Neotropica 71. 
  142. ^ Roystonea altissima. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  143. ^ Roystonea borinquena. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  144. ^ Roystonea lenis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  145. ^ Roystonea maisiana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  146. ^ Roystonea oleracea. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  147. ^ Roystonea princeps. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  148. ^ Roystonea regia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  149. ^ Roystonea stellata. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  150. ^ Roystonea violacea. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  151. ^ Sabal causiarum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  152. ^ Sabal domingensis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  153. ^ Sabal maritima. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  154. ^ Sabal mauritiiformis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  155. ^ Sabal palmetto. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  156. ^ Sabal yapa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  157. ^ Syagrus amara. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  158. ^ Thrinax ekmaniana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  159. ^ Thrinax excelsa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  160. ^ Thrinax morrisii. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  161. ^ Thrinax parviflora. Thrinax parviflora subsp. parviflora. Thrinax parviflora subsp. puberula. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  162. ^ Thrinax radiata. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  163. ^ Taylor, Fabienne Boncy; Joel C. Timyan (2004). Notes on Zombia antillarum (subscription only link). Economic Botany 58 (2): 173–183. 
  164. ^ Zombia antillarum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.