List of national instruments (music)

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"National instruments" redirects here. For the company, see National Instruments.

This list contains musical instruments of symbolic or cultural importance within a nation, state, ethnicity, tribe or other group of people. In some cases, national instruments remain in wide use within the nation (such as the Puerto Rican cuatro), but in others, their importance is primarily symbolic (such as the Welsh triple harp). Danish ethnologist Lisbet Torp has concluded that some national instrument traditions, such as the Finnish kantele, are invented, pointing to the "influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas".[1] Governments do not generally officially recognize national instruments; the only exceptions are the Paraguayan harp,[2] the Japanese koto[3] and the Trinidadian steelpan.[4]

Not every country has a national instrument. Denmark, for example, has no recognized national instrument,[5] though the ancient lur has been seen as a national symbol.[1] Some countries that do not have a widely recognized national instrument have been home to movements that seek to give a particular instrument that status. The United States is home to an organization—led by kazoo player and composer Barbara Stewart—that seeks to make the kazoo the national instrument, calling it "uniquely American" and "the most democratic of instruments".[6][7]

This list compiles instruments that have been alleged to be a national instrument by any of a variety of sources, and an instrument's presence on the list does not indicate that its status as a national instrument is indisputable, only that its status has been credibly argued. Each instrument on this list has a Hornbostel-Sachs number immediately below it. This number indicates the instrument's classification within the Hornbostel-Sachs system (H-S), which organizes instruments numerically based on the manner in which they produce sound.[8]

Images and recordings are supplied where available; note that there are often variations within a national musical tradition, and thus the images and recordings may not be accurate in depicting the entire spectrum of the given nation's music, and that some images and recordings may be taken from a region outside the core of the national instrument's home when such distinctions have little relevance to the information present in the image and recordings. A number of countries have more than one instrument listed, each having been described as a national instrument, not usually by the same source; neither the presence of multiple entries for one nation, nor for multiple nations for one instrument, on this list is reflective of active dispute in any instance. Alternative names and spellings are given. These mostly come from alternative spellings within English or alternative methods of transliterating from a foreign language to English, such as the Chinese yangqin, also transliterated yang ch'in and yang qin. Others reflect regions or subcultures within a given nation, such as the Australian didgeridoo which is or has been called didjeridu, yidaki, yiraki, magu, kanbi and ihambilbilg in various Australian Aboriginal languages. All non-English words are italicized.


Nation Instrument Description
Recording		 H-S number Image
Afghanistan rubab[9][10]
rabab		 Short-necked three-stringed lute with sympathetic and drone strings, fretted and plucked with a plectrum, with a double-chambered body, the lower part of which is covered in skin, and with three main strings 321.321-6
African American banjo[11][12]
 Four or five stringed instrument, plucked with a bare thumb and a forefinger covered by a metal thimble, traditionally with four or five strings, 321.312-5
Arab oud [13]
 Pear-shaped fretless stringed instrument, with five courses of two strings and a single eleventh string, a bent back and a bowl-shaped body, often with up to three soundholes, played with a pick 321.321-6
Argentina bandoneón[14][15]
 Button accordion with a box shape, played with both hands using buttons that produce two sets of notes per hand 412.132
Argentina guitar[16][17]
 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and a soundboard 321.322
Armenia duduk[10]
daduk		 Double-reed pipe with wide reeds made from pieces of cane in a duckbill-type assembly, generally diatonic and with a single octave range 421.211.12
Australian, Indigenous didgeridoo[18][19]
didjeridu, yidaki, yiraki, magu, kanbi, ihambilbilg		 Straight trumpet without fingerholes, traditionally made from a trunk or thick branch of a tree, sometimes with a rim of beeswax around the blowing end, requires circular breathing 423.121.11
Azerbaijan balaban[20][21]
 Set of cylindrical shawm-like instruments, with an air reservoir like a bagpipe 422.121-62 —
Baganda peoples of Uganda endongo[22]
 Bowl lyre made of lizardskin with strings tied to a piece of wood inserted into two holes on two arms 321.21 —
Balochs suroz[23]
 Bowed string instrument with a long neck, similar to a fiddle or sarangi and played vertically 321.322 —
Bangladesh dotara[24]
 Small stringed instrument, with plucked metal strings, elongated belly as soundboard and narrow neck ending in a pegbox, decorated with carvings of animals and covered with skin 321.322 —
Bashkir kurai[25][26]
 Long open endblown flute with five fingerholes 421.111.12 —
Basotho lesiba[27]
 Stringed instrument, blown rather than plucked or strummed, with a single string and tuning noose attached both to a bow and a feather quill, with a frame made from a coconut shell 311.121.222 —
Bavaria zither[28][29]
Volkszither		 Stringed instrument with a soundbox, with strings stretched across it, originally with four melody strings and no more than fifteen accompaniment strings 314.122
Bhutan dranyen[30]
dranyen, dramnyen		 Seven-stringed lute, fretless, long-necked and double-waisted with rosette-shaped sound hole 321.321 —
Bolivia charango [31]
charanga		 Fretted, hollow-bodied bowl lute, usually with four or five doubled strings, with as many as eleven tunings, traditionally made from an armadillo shell 321.321-6
Brazil guitar[32]
violão		 Fretted seven-stringed instrument with a soundboard and a hollow body, originally with steel strings, but now more commonly with nylon 321.322
Brazil berimbau[33]
 Single-stringed musical bow
Toque de Angola on unaccompanied berimbau (help·info)		 311.121.22
Brazil pandeiro [34]
 Handheld frame drum with metal jingles (platinelas) attached, tuned through adjusting the tension of the head, can also be shaken or rasped 211.311
+
112.122
Bulgaria gaida[35]
 Bagpipe with three types of chanters, one a simple reed, open at one end, another a small, conical tube with eight fingerholes, one of which is the flea-hole (a small hole made out of a tube that can raise any note a half-step), and the last is a long, no-holed drone 422.22-62
China guzheng [36]
zheng, gu-zheng		 Half-tube zither, rectangular with three sound holes on the bottom, now with twenty-one strings most typically, pentatonic tuning, strings are plucked by hand 312.22-5
China pipa[37]
 Pear-shaped bowl lute with a neck, played by plucking 321.321-5
China yangqin[10]
yang ch'in, yang qin		 Hammered dulcimer, with a trapezoidal sounding board and traditionally bronze strings, struck with rubber-tipped bamboo hammers 314.122-4
Colombia cuatro[38]
 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and with four strings 321.322
Colombia tiple[39]
 Four-stringed small fretted instrument with a hollow body 321.322
Costa Rica marimba[40]
 Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators, two sets of overlapping keys, struck with mallets 111.222-4
Crete lyra[41]
 Three-stringed fretted, pear-shaped instrument with a hollow body and a vaulted back, propped up on the knee 321.21 —
Croatia tamburica[42][43]
tamburitza		 Lute-like stringed instrument with a long neck, picked or strummed, variable number of strings 321.321
Cuba tres[44]
 Guitar-like instrument with a neck and three courses of two strings each 321.322 —
Dagara peoples of Ghana gyil[45]
 Xylophone-like calabash gourd with holes covered in spider silk, wooden frame, struck with a hammer 111.222-4
Ecuador rondador [46][47]
 Set of chorded bamboo panpipes that produces two tones simultaneously, consisting of pieces of cane, placed side by side in order by size and closed at one end, played by blowing across the top of the instrument 421.112.11
Egypt, Ancient harp [48]
 Open harp, used in widely varying forms, though originally semi-circular and with five to seven strings, number of strings increased over time, while the size decreased 322.122 —
Egypt, Ancient sistrum [49]
 U-shaped frame drum with small rings that make sound when shaken 112.112
England bell[50]
 Round framed idiophone, open on one end, with a clapper inside
Clock bell at the Great Court of Trinity College, Cambridge University (help·info)		 111.242.122
Etruria kithara[51]
 Stringed instrument with a deep soundbox made of two tables, connected by ribs, with strings attached to a tuning bar, played with a plectrum 321.22
Finland kantele[1][52][53][54][5]
kannel		 Zither-harp, traditionally with five strings, now with up to thirty, held in the lap 314.122
Finland, especially Swedish-speaking Finns violin[54] [55]
 Four stringed instrument, bowed, hourglass-shape and an arched top and back
chords on a violin (help·info)		 321.322
Fula tambin [56][57]
sereendu, fulannu		 Diagonal diatonic flute without a bell, made from a conical vine, with three finger-holes and a rectangular embouchere with two wings on either side 411.111.22 —
Galicia gaita[58][59]
gaita de fole, gaita gallega		 Diatonic bagpipe with a conical chanter and at least one bass drone, used to accompany both spiritual and secular, as well as lyric and dance music, usually accompanied by a drum (tambour) 422.211.2-62
Greece, Ancient aulos[60]
auloi		 Highly variant double-shawm with a cylindrical bore 422.121
Greece, Ancient lyre[61][62]
 Stringed instrument, strummed with a plectrum, with the free hand silencing unwanted strings, traditionally made from a tortoise shell 321.21
Greece, Modern bouzouki[1]
 String instrument with a pear-shaped body and a long neck, played with plectrum 321.321
Guatemala marimba[63][64]
 Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators, played with drumsticks, with a two level keyboard so it can play the full chromatic scale, struck with mallets 111.222-4
Hawaii ukulele[65]
 String instrument derived from the Portuguese braguinha, from the Hawaiian uku lele, jumping flea, referring to the swift fingerwork the instrument requires
chords on a ukulele (help·info)		 321.322
Hungary cimbalom[66]
czimbalom, cymbalom, cymbalum, ţambal, tsymbaly, tsimbl, santouri, santur		 Chromatic hammered dulcimer with four legs 314.122-4
India veena[67]
vina		 Semitonically fretted lute with a long, cylindrical shape, resting on two gourds 311.222
Indonesia angklung[68][69]
 Two bamboo tubes, closed at one end and with tongues, attached to a square frame, played by shaking from side to side, causing the tongues to vibrate 112.122
Iran santur[70]
 Hammered dulcimer, trapezoidal-shaped with 72 strings and two sets of bridges, hit with mallets 314.122-4
Ireland clárseach[1][71][72]
cláirsach (Scottish), cruit		 Polychord wire-strung harp with a fore-pillar 322.22
Israel kinnor[73]
David's harp		 Biblically-described historic instrument, probably a cithara; in modern Hebrew, refers to the violin 321.22
Italy mandolin[74]
 Stringed instrument
Mandolin performance (help·info)		 321.321
Japan koto[75]
 Long and hollow thirteen-stringed instrument 312.311-7
Jewish shofar[76]
 Horn, flattened by heat and hollowed, used for more religious than purely secular purposes, made from the horn of an animal, most typically a ram or kudu 423.121.1
Kazakhstan dombra[77][78]
 Fretted, long-necked lute with a round body, played by plucking with a plectrum 321.321-6
Kenya nyatiti[79][80][81]
 Three foot long harp, plucked with both hands, made of wood and goat or antelope skin 321.21-5 —
Khoikhoi goura[82]
 Single stringed instrument, blown rather than plucked or strummed, with the string attached to a coconut shell resonator and with a tension noose wrapped around the string to adjust the pitch 311.121.222 —
Korea gayageum[83]
kayagum, kayago		 zither-like string instrument, with 12 strings. 312.22-5[84]
Kyrgyzstan komuz[85][86]
kopuz		 Three-stringed fretless lute, made from wood with gut strings 321.321
Lanna (Northern Thailand) pin pia[87]
 Chest-resonated stick zither with two to five strings 311.22 —
Laos khene[88]
khaen		 Mouth organ with bamboo tubes, attached in pairs to the mouthpiece, and with fixed free reeds 412.132
Latvia and Latvian-Americans kokle[89][90]
 Diatonic, lute-like string instrument 314.122
Lebanon darbuka[91]
debakeh		 Goblet-shaped hand drum 211.261.21
Lithuania birbyne[92]
 Aerophone, can be single- or double-reed, with or without a mouthpiece 422 —
Lithuania kanklės[93]
 Stringed instrument 314.122
Lobi peoples of Ghana gyil[94]
 Keyed calabash gourds with holes covered in spider silk, wooden frame 111.222-4
Madagascar valiha[95][96]
 Tubular zither 312.11 —
Mandinka of West Africa balo[97][98]
behlanjeh		 Set of wooden pieces, mounted on gourds, in a frame and played using two rubber-tipped mallets, held in hands with iron cylinders and rings attached to add a jingling sound 111.212
+
112.111		 —
Maroons of Jamaica abeng[99]
 Aerophone made from the end of a cow horn with the tip broken off on the side, which is blown into 423.122.2 —
Mexico marimba[100]
 Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators 111.222-4
Mongolia morin khuur[101][102]
horse-head fiddle, igil		 Two-stringed instrument, held between the legs, with a trapezoidal body and a horse's head typically carved on the upper edge of the pegbox 321.322
Montenegro gusle[103]
 Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg 321.321-71 —
Myanmar saung-gauk [104]
saung, Burmese harp		 Arched harp with sixteen strings, attached to the harp with red cotton tassels 322.11 —
Nepal madal[105]
 Double-headed cylindrical drum, slightly bulging at the waist, held horizontally and played double-handed 211.212.1 —
Netherlands fiddle[106]
 Four-stringed instrument, bowed 321.322 —
Nicaragua marimba[107]
 Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators 111.222-4
Norway Hardingfele[5][108][109]
Hardanger fiddle		 Ornately decorated fiddle with four main strings and four resonating strings beneath them, which are not touched by the bow 321.322-71
Norway langeleik[5]
 Rectangular zither with five or six strings, one melody string and several drone strings 314.122
Paraguay harp, Paraguayan[110][111][112]
 Diatonic harp with 32, 36, 38 or 40 strings, made from tropical wood and with songs in the Guarani language, with an exaggerated neck-arch, played with the fingernail 322.211 —
Peru cajón[113][114]
 Wooden box with a hole in one side, derived from containers used to transport agricultural products by portworkers 111.221
Peru charango [115]
charanga, chillador		 Guitar-like instrument, most commonly with ten strings in two courses and made from an armadillo back 321.321-6
Philippines banduria[116]
 Pear-shaped mandolin-like instrument, part of the rondalla tradition of ensemble playing of plucked instruments including bandurias, octavinas, lauds, guitars, and basses. 321.321
Polynesia nose flute [117]
 Flute, made from a single piece of bamboo, with three holes to blow into from the nostrils, with fingerholes 421.111.22
Portugal Portuguese guitar[118]
 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body 321.322
Puerto Rico cuatro[119]
 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body, derived from the Spanish tiple and other stringed instruments, made from carved wood with strings (ten, in five sets of two) of leather strips or dried animal gut 321.322
Rome, Ancient tibiae[120]
 Double-reed shawm, played paired 422.122 —
Russia accordion[121]
 Accordion, bellow-driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow
chords on an accordion (help·info)		 412.132
Russia balalaika[10]
 Family of triangle-shaped lute-type instruments 321.32
Russia gusli[122]
 Zither-like instrument with between eleven and thirty-six strings, tuned diatonically 314.122
Russia spoons[123]
 Painted wooden teaspoons, used as a percussion instrument 111.141 —
Ryukyus of Japan sanshin[124]
 Three stringed banjo-like instrument, covered with snakeskin 321.312-6
Sakha khomus[125]
 Jews harp, made from a reed attached to a frame, plucked 121.221
Sardinia launeddas[126]
 Set of three single-reed pipes, all three mouth-blown simultaneously using circular breathing, with two chanters and one drone 422.221.2
Scotland bagpipe, highland[1][127][128]
 Bagpipe with a chanter, blowpipe, two tenor drones and a bass drone 422.112.2-62
+
422.221.1-621
Serbia accordion [129]
 Accordion, bellow-driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow
chords on an accordion (help·info)		 412.132 —
Serbia frula [130]
 End-blown wooden flute with six fingerholes 421.211.12 —
Serbia gusle[131]
 Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg
Serbian gusle (help·info)		 321.321-71
Slovakia fujara [132][133]
 Endblown long bass diatonic fipple flute 421.211.12
Slovenia accordion [134]
 Accordion, bellow-driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow
chords on an accordion (help·info)		 412.132
Spain guitar[17][135]
 Fretted stringed instrument, long-necked with a flat soundboard and back, and incurved sides 321.322
Sweden drejelire[5][54]
 Hurdy-gurdy that uses a rosined wheel to create sound 321.322-72
Sweden nyckelharpa[5][136]
 Bowed keyed fiddle 321.322-71
Swedish Estonia talharpa [137]
 Bowed lyre with no fingerboard 321.22-71 —
Switzerland alphorn[138][139]
 Long wooden conical trumpet, bent at the end, with turned boxwood mouthpieces, traditionally used by herdsmen 423.121.12
Texas accordion[140]
 Accordion
chords on an accordion (help·info)		 412.132
Trinidad and Tobago steelpan[4][141][142]
 Barrel-shaped percussion instruments, tuned chromatically, originally made from discarded 55 gallon drums 111.241.2
Turkey saz[143][144]
bağlama, kopuz		 Fretted lute with a long neck, pear-shaped body, and three courses of seven steel strings 321.321-6
Turkmenistan dutar[145]
 Plucked string instrument with two strings and a long neck, strummed or plucked 321.322 —
Tuva igil[146]
Horse-head fiddle		 Small fiddle 321.322
Tuva khomus[147]
 Jews harp, made from a reed attached to a frame, plucked 121.221
Tuva morin khuur[146]
Horse-head fiddle		 Large fiddle with a wooden sound box and two strings attached to tuning pegs in the neck 321.322
Ukraine bandura[148]
 Diatonic, unfretted lute-like string instrument, traditionally carved from a single block of wood 321.321
Uzbekistan doira[149]
 Round, flat drum with shakers made of metal inside and a horse-skin head 211.311
+
112.113
Uzbekistan karnay[150][151]
 Long brass trumpet with a mouthpiece 423.121.12 —
Venezuela cuatro[38][152][153]
 Guitar-like lute with four strings, usually strummed 321.322
Venezuela harp, Venezuelan[153]
 Diatonic harp, with an exaggerated neck arch, similar to the Paraguayan harp 322.211
Wales crwth[154]
 Six-stringed instrument with a flat fingerboard, fretless 321.22
Wales harp, triple[155][156][157]
telyn		 Harp with no blades or levers, with three rows of strings, the outer two tuned in a diatonic scale and the inner one tuned to the extra semitones of the chromatic scale 322.212.1 —
Yugoslavia gusle[158]
 Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg
Serbian gusle (help·info)		 321.321-71
Zimbabwe mbira[159][160]
thumb piano		 Plucked lamellophone, consisting of staggered keys attached to a board, with a halved calabash gourd as resonator 122.12

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Grahn, Göran (April 1999). "Review of Musikkens Tjenere - Instrument - Forsker - Musiker by Mette Müller and Lisbet Torp". The Galpin Society Journal 52: 367–368. “One of the most interesting articles is that by Lisbet Torp about invented traditions in creating a national instrument, such as the Highland bagpipe in Scotland, the kantele in Finland, the bouzouki in Greece etc. She takes the reader through a tour of Europe, in a journey through time and space, beginning in the British Isles at the end of the 18th century with the Irish harp and the Scottish highland bagpipe. She then points to the influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas. The conclusion is that Denmark never developed any national instrument, though, 'at the beginning of the 20th century, the prehistoric bronze lurs were treated as a national symbol.'” 
  2. ^ Study Guide for Quad City Arts' Visiting Artists Series (pdf). Quad City Arts (October 2001). Retrieved on December 23, 2007.
  3. ^ About the Japanese Koto. KotoWorld. Retrieved on December 23, 2007.
  4. ^ a b Dudley, Shannon (Spring - Summer 1998). "Review of The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago by Stephen Stuempfle". Ethnomusicology 42 (2): 366–368. “(The book) uses an appropriate approach for the first major work on Trinidad and Tobago's national instrument.” 
  5. ^ a b c d e f Isaacson, Lanae H. (Winter 1995). "Folk og Kultur: Arbog for Dansk Etnologi og Folkemindevidenskab". Scandinavian Studies 67.n1 (2): 142. “Mette Muller's initial essay on the folk musical instruments of Denmark and Scandinavia ("Folk - Folkelig - Folkelige musikinstrumenter i Danmark") circles around the central question of why Denmark did not develop a uniquely national instrument in the same way as Norway (hardingfele and langeleik), Finland (kantele), and Sweden (nyckelharpa and drejelire).” 
  6. ^ Levin, Theodore C.. Keeping America Humming: One Woman's Crusade To Promote The Humble Kazoo. CBS News. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “(The kazoo is) uniquely American - cheap and easy - the most democratic of instruments ... anyone can play it.”
  7. ^ About Barbara Stewart. How to Kazoo. Retrieved on December 21, 2007.
  8. ^ von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". Galpin Society Journal 14: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168. 
  9. ^ Doubleday, Veronica (2000). "Afghanistan: Red Light at the Crossroads", in Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.): World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides, 3–7. ISBN 1858286360. “Afghans have a special feeling for the rubab, describing it as the 'lion' of instruments and their 'national instrument'.” 
  10. ^ a b c d ARC music; Peter McClelland. Glossary of Folk Instruments. Hobgoblin Music. Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
  11. ^ Hill, Errol; James Vernon Hatch (2003). A History of African American Theatre, Don B. Wilmeth, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521624436. 
  12. ^ Bailey, Jay (January - March 1972). "Historical Origin and Stylistic Developments of the Five-String Banjo". Journal of American Folklore 85 (335): 58–65. 
  13. ^ Project Results (pdf), 2. Retrieved on December 26. 
  14. ^ Peiro, Teddy; Jan Fairley (2000). "Argentina: Vertical Expression of Horizontal Desire", in Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.): World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides Ltd., 305. ISBN 1858286360. 
  15. ^ Troop, William (2007). Global Hit: Dino Saluzzi (mp3). The World. PRI. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “(Dino Saluzzi) is a master of Argentina's national instrument, the button accordion known as the bandoneon.”
  16. ^ Fink, Michael (February 2, 2003). Assad Duo, guitars with Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg, violin (program notes). Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “Another folk element is a reference to the guitar, considered a national instrument associated with the gauchos of the Pampas region.”
  17. ^ a b Pinnell, Richard T.; Ricardo Zavadivker (1993). The Rioplatense Guitar. Bold Strummer. ISBN 0933224427. 
  18. ^ Neuenfeldt, Karl; Cited to Moyle, 1981 (see Further reading) (1998). "The Quest for a "Magical Island": The Convergence of the Didjeridu, Aboriginal Culture, Healing and Cultural Politics in New Age Discourse" (Reprint). Social Analysis 42 (2): 73–102. “It has not been a national instrument until quite recently, the previous range was primarily in the northern third of the continent.” 
  19. ^ Breen, Marcus (2000). in Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.): World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides, 11. ISBN 1858286360. “The aura and resonance of the continent the instrument carries means the didgeridoo will never lose its place as the instrument that best reflects the Aboriginals' 50,000 years of tradition and experience.” 
  20. ^ Heumann, Michael (August 16, 2004). Azerbaijan. Almaty or Bust!. Stylus Magazine. Retrieved on December 26, 2007. “(T)he Azeri national instrument is a type of bagpipe called a balaban.”
  21. ^ Umid, Aysel; Translated by Afina Yagizarova. Guba: Music. Azerbaijan: The Land of Arts. TUTU Children's Cultural Center. Retrieved on February 17, 2008.
  22. ^ Wachsmann, Klaus (1964). "The Migration of Musical Instruments: Human Migration and African Harps". Journal of the International Folk Music Council 16: 84–88. 
  23. ^ Badalkhan, Sabir (October 2003). "Balochi Oral Tradition". Oral Tradition 18 (2): 229–235. “Notwithstanding the emergence of a strong nationalistic feeling among the Baloch population both in Iran and Pakistan, the existence of pahlawan (professional singers of verse narratives), and the love for suroz (a bowed instrument played as an accompaniment to narrative songs and considered to be the national instrument of the Baloch) among the educated classes, there seems to be no future for the oral tradition in Balochistan.” 
  24. ^ Begum, Rumena Mohima. Musicians Stories. World on Your Street. BBC. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “The dotara is the national instrument of Bangladesh.”
  25. ^ Seryogina, Olesya (October 24, 2007). Musician's Seven Kurais. Culture. BASHvest. Retrieved on December 26, 2007. “Music performed on this wonderful Bashkir national instrument is understandable and dear to all.”
  26. ^ Belaiev, Victor (1963). "The Formation of Folk Modal Systems". Journal of the International Folk Music Council 15. 
  27. ^ Traditional Music & Dance. The Drum Cafe. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “Discover the sounds of the lesiba, the Basotho national instrument with its harsh, bird-like sounds.”
  28. ^ Grove, George (1954). Dictionary of Music and Musicians. St. Martin's Press. “The zither may be considered the national instrument of Bavaria” 
  29. ^ The Concert Zither: A Brief History. Zithers-USA. Zither Newsletter USA. Retrieved on February 17, 2008.
  30. ^ Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham (2000). World Music, James McConnachie, Rough Guides. ISBN 1858286360. 
  31. ^ Baumann, Max Peter. "Review of Bolivie: Charangos et guitarrillas du Norte Potosi by Florindo Alvis and Jean-Marc Grassler". Yearbook for Traditional Music 29 (1997): 200–201. “Among chordophones, the charango has become the Bolivian national instrument par excellence.” 
  32. ^ Chamber Recital Programme. The Annual Glebe Music Festival. Glebe Music Festival (November 25). Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “Born in Brazil, Murilo Tanouye began his musical pursuit by learning Jazz and Bossa Nova (sic) on the guitar, his country's national instrument.”
  33. ^ Graham, Richard (Spring - Summer 1991). "Technology and Culture Change: The Development of the "Berimbau" in Colonial Brazil". Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana 12 (1): 1–20. “Although this metamorphosis insured the emerging berimbau a higher social status as a Brazilian national instrument.” 
  34. ^ Ya Salaam, Kalamu. When Brazil Came Calling (Reprint). The New Black Magazine. Kalamu. Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
  35. ^ Bagpipes: A blast from the past. Independent.ie (November 30). Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
  36. ^ Dong Yi in Zheng Recital at the Great Hall of the People. Link Chinese. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “As the most popular national instrument in China, zheng (also known as gu-zheng) is one of the eldest Chinese string instruments with a history of at least 2,500 years.”
  37. ^ Millward, James. From Camelback to Carnegie Hall: the Global Journey and Modern Makeover of the Pipa. AAS Annual Meeting. Retrieved on December 22, 2007. “I note the irony of this transformation: the modernization of the pipa as a Chinese national instrument entailed reworking it to fit the musical standards and contexts of polyphonic Western music.”
  38. ^ a b Vandervort, Leland. Andean Instruments. Musica Andina. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “The cuatro has a very dry sound and is often strummed in syncopation with the rhythm of many musical forms originating from Colombia and Venezuela. The cuatro is also considered the "national instrument" of these two countries.”
  39. ^ Pinnell, Richard (Autumn 1993). "Review of Los Caminos del Tiple by David Puerta Zuluaga". Ethnomusicology 37 (3): 446–448. 
  40. ^ Marrs, Stuart. Percussion in Costa Rica, 1972-82 (pdf). Percussion Studies. University of Maine. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “After all, the marimba is the “national instrument” of Costa Rica.”
  41. ^ Dawes, Kevin (Oct 2003). "Lyres and the body politic: studying musical instruments in the Cretan musical landscape". Popular Music and Society 26.3 (21): 263. “The island's "national" instrument, the lyra has become emblematic of the struggle that many Cretans experience in their attempt to retain a sense of a local identity.” 
  42. ^ Croatia. National Geographic World Music. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “The tamburica is a lute-like instrument similar to the turkish saz and is the national instrument of Croatia.”
  43. ^ Erdely, Stephen (1979). "Ethnic Music in the United States: An Overview". Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council 11: 114–137. “The tamburitza... is the national instrument of the Croatians.” 
  44. ^ Nelson Gonzalez. Congahead. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “The tres is the national instrument of Cuba, and at first glance you'd probably call it a guitar.”
  45. ^ About the Artists. El Taller Latino Americano. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “Gyil,... the grandmother of the keyboard family, is the national instrument of the Dagara and Lobi nations of Ghana in West Africa.”
  46. ^ Bishop, Douglas. A Worldwide History of the Panflute. Retrieved on December 26, 2007. “This family of pan flutes has many representatives: antara (Quechua) or siku (Aymara), chuli, sanka, malta (the most common variety of siku), toyo (bass siku), and rondador (Ecuador‘s national instrument, a chorded pan flute).”
  47. ^ Sargeant, Winthrop (April 1934). "Types of Quechua Melody". The Musical Quarterly 20 (2). 
  48. ^ (1906) "Egyptian Music", The New International Encyclopedia. Dodd, Mead & Company, 712. “Although the harp always remained a national instrument, its popularity was later eclipsed by the lyre.” 
  49. ^ Peck, Harry Thurston (1897). Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities. Harper & Brothers. 
  50. ^ Blood, Brian. Music History Online: Music Before the 16th Century. Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. “The British Isles have long been known as the "Ringing Isles" and in the 18th century, the composer Handel cited the bell as the English National Instrument.”
  51. ^ Lawergren, Bo (January - June 1985). Musikarchäologie als Traditionsforschung - A Lyre Common to Etruria, Greece, and Anatolia: The Cylinder Kithara 25–33. Retrieved on December 22, 2007.
  52. ^ Asplund, Anneli (December 2001). The Kantele: Finland's National Instrument. Virtual Finland. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “(T)he kantele is an essential part of the power of (the Kalevala and thusly became), in the 19th century, the Finns' national instrument.”
  53. ^ Moisala, Pirkko (Autumn 1994). "The Wide Field of Finnish Ethnomusicology". Ethnomusicology 38 (3): 417–422. “(Researchers) have run a long-term campaign to introduce the kantele, which has been branded the national instrument of Finland, into every school.” 
  54. ^ a b c Andersson, Otto (October - December 1911). "On Violinists and Dance-Tunes among the Swedish Country-Population in Finland towards the Middle of the Nineteenth Century". Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft 13 (1): 107–114. “While in Sweden the hurdy-gurdy occupies the rank of a national instrument, like the kantele among the Finns, the Swedish country-population has not adopted either of these instruments, but has instead chosen the violin.” 
  55. ^ Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge, 95. ISBN 0415968003. 
  56. ^ Rouget, Gilbert; James Porter (January 1978). "Review of The Peuls by Simha Arom". Ethnomusicology 22 (1): 224–225. “This proportion is an accurate reflection of the importance of the flute among the Fula; it is, in a sense, their national instrument.” 
  57. ^ Calabash Music. Fula Flute. National Geographic. Retrieved on February 17, 2008.
  58. ^ El-Shawan, Salwa; Dorothe Schubarth (1991). "Review of Galicia: Derradeira Polavila". Yearbook for Traditional Music 23: 157–158. “The record also features the gaita... which Galicians consider their national instrument” 
  59. ^ Trend, J. B. (January 1924). "Music in Spanish Galicia". Music & Letters 5 (1). 
  60. ^ Herzka, H. S.. Dissemination and History. Instruments and Info. Reed Music Tradition. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “For the Greeks, it was the most important of wind instruments, a national instrument. It belonged to the entourage of the god Dionysus, god of fertility, wine, frenzy, ecstasy and rebirth.”
  61. ^ Review of Midiaeval Music: An Historical Sketch by Robert Charles Hope (pdf). Saturday Review of Books and Art. New York Times (December 16, 1899). Retrieved on December 21, 2007.
  62. ^ Roberts, Helen (February 1981). "Reconstructing the Greek Tortoise-Shell Lyre". Archaeology and Musical Instruments 12 (3). 
  63. ^ Stone, Matthew (February 6). Indigenous Music of Caribbean Central America. World Beat: Music From Somewhere Else. PopMatters. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “(T)he marimba... has become Guatemala's national instrument.”
  64. ^ Yurchenco, Henrietta (January 1966). "Review of The Marimbas of Guatemala by Vida Chenoweth". Ethnomusicology 10: 105–106. “(The marimba) is truly a national instrument, enjoyed as much by primitive Indian as by sophisticated urbanite.” 
  65. ^ Cooper, Mike (2000). "Hawaii: Steel and Slide Hula Baloos", in Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.): World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides, 56. ISBN 1858286360. “(Hawaiian craftsmen) began to use local kou and koa wood (in the manufacture of the braguinha) and before long the (ukulele) became a national instrument.” 
  66. ^ Hartmann, Arthur (1916). "<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/navpop.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css&dontcountme=s">292%3A4%3C590%3ATCHNI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P The Czimbalom, Hungary's National Instrument". The Musical Quarterly II (4): 590–600. doi:10.1093/mq/II.4.590. “(The cimbalom) is the one instrument which so deeply speaks to (the heart of the Hungarian people) which translates the melancholy of the deserts and which in every way expresses (the Hungarian) world of emotions.” 
  67. ^ Frishmuth, Sarah S. (July 1905). "Stringed Instruments". Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum 3 (11): 45–48. “India has an infinite variety of lutes, the vina, her national instrument, having a...” 
  68. ^ Visit by Indonesian Culture and Goodwill Delegate. Campus Flash. Kyoto Sangyo University (July 3, 2007). Retrieved on December 26, 2007. “KSU students also enjoyed a performance with the Indonesian national instrument, the Angklung.”
  69. ^ Perris, Arnold B. (September 1971). "The Rebirth of the Javanese angklung". Ethnomusicology 15 (3). 
  70. ^ Norouzi, Khateren (September 16, 2006). Iranian Music With Norwegian Radio-Television Symphony Orchestra. Iran Press Service. Retrieved on December 26, 2007.
  71. ^ News. The Historical Harp Society of Ireland. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “The (Historical Harp Society of Ireland) was founded in 2002 to promote Ireland’s forgotten national instrument, the wire-strung cláirseach: the historical harp of Ireland and the country’s national emblem.”
  72. ^ Patterson, Annie W. (July 1920)). "The Folk-Music of Ireland: Its Past, Present, and Future Aspects". The Musical Quarterly 6 (3): 455–467. “(Ireland) traces the origin of its national instrument, which is also its heraldic emblem, to ancient Egypt.” 
  73. ^ David's Harp. Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “In Hebrew kinnor, also known as David's harp, is the national instrument of Israel.”
  74. ^ Jahnel, Franz; Nicholas Clarke (2000). Manual of Guitar Technology: Chords Especially for Lefties. Bold Strummer. ISBN 0933224990. “During the 18th Century (sic), the mandolin became associated with particular Italian districts or regions, and became the national instrument.” 
  75. ^ Koto. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on March 13, 2008.
  76. ^ Wulstan, David (May 1973). "The Sounding of the Shofar". The Galpin Society Journal 26: 29–46. “It is clear that the word shofar was not used as the name of the Jewish national instrument until comparatively late.” 
  77. ^ Levin, Theodore C.. Kazakhstan. National Geographic World Music. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “(The dombra) has become the national instrument of Kazakhstan.”
  78. ^ Mirseitova, Sapargul (2005). Kazakhstan and Its People (pdf). WLT Kids. World Literature Today. Retrieved on February 18, 2008.
  79. ^ Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge, 58. ISBN 0415968003. “Much of Kenya's music is derivative of other Afropop forms, most obviously Congolese, but the singing, high-pitched guitar work, use of the national instrument, the nyatiti (a seven-stringed harp), and bottle percussion give it a unique, identifiable sound.” 
  80. ^ Verjee, Zain (August 30). Journey through a rhythm nation. Kenya. BBC News. Retrieved on February 19, 2008.
  81. ^ Radano, Ronald Michael; Philip Vilas Bohlman (2000). Music and the Racial Imagination, Houston A Baker, Jr. and Houston A. Baker, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226701999. 
  82. ^ Balfour, Henry (January-June 1902). "The Goura, a Stringed-Wind Musical Instrument of the Bushmen and Hottentots". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 32: 156–176. 
  83. ^ Kayagum 3 (English). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
  84. ^ Kayagum (English). University of Washington Libraries. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
  85. ^ Cobza. Eliznik (2005). Retrieved on December 21, 2007.
  86. ^ Golos, George S. (January 1961). "Kirghiz Instruments and Instrumental Music". Ethnomusicology 5 (1). 
  87. ^ McGraw, Andrew (Summer/Fall 2007). "The Pia's Subtle Sustain: Contemporary Ethnic Identity and the Revitalization of the Lanna 'Heart Harp'". Asian Music 38 (2): 115–142. 
  88. ^ Morton, David (September 1974). "Review of Traditional Music of Southern Laos by Jacques Brunet". Ethnomusicology 18 (3): 472. “The "national instrument" of Laos is the khene.” 
  89. ^ Sheeter, Laura (October 29). Latvia celebrates national instrument. BBC News. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “Latvia's national instrument (is) the kokle... (which) is reasserting its place at the heart of contemporary Latvian culture.”
  90. ^ Erdely, Stephen (1979). "Ethnic Music in the United States: An Overview". Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council 11: 114–137. “Its revival was initiated (among Latvian-Americans in the United States) in the 1930's (sic) by Latvian folklorists, who claimed it to be their true national instrument.” 
  91. ^ Kerbaj, Mazen (March 2006). Live in Beirut (liner notes). Al Maslakh Records. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “Zerang ensorcelled the crowd, especially when he played hard-core rhythms and extended techniques on the Lebanese national percussion instrument, the darbuka (or debakeh).”
  92. ^ Lithuania. Baltic and Finno-Ugric. Digelius Nordic Gallery (February 29, 2004). Retrieved on December 26, 2007.
  93. ^ The Baltic Countries: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Lithuanian-American Community (August 24, 1998). Retrieved on December 22, 2007. “A wooden stringed instrument, similar to the zither, is considered a "national" instrument for all three countries. The Estonian kannel, the Latvian kokles, and the Lithuanian kankles, though similar in design, have distinctive styles.”
  94. ^ About the Artists. El Taller Latino Americano. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “Gyil,... the grandmother of the keyboard family, is the national instrument of the Dagara and Lobi nations of Ghana in West Africa.”
  95. ^ Afropop Glossary. Afropop. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “zither, national instrument of Madagascar, similar in sound to the kora”
  96. ^ Like a God When He Plays. Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
  97. ^ The Behlanjeh, the national musical instrument of the Mandingos. Royal Commonwealth Society Library. Cambridge University Library. University of Cambridge (November 5, 2004). Retrieved on April 26, 2008.
  98. ^ Balo. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved on April 26, 2008.
  99. ^ DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell (Spring - Autumn 1998). "Remembering Kojo: History, Music, and Gender in the January Sixth Celebration of the Jamaican Accompong Maroons". Black Music Research Journal 18 (1/2): 67–120. 
  100. ^ New England Conservatory Presents the World Premiere of Robert Xavier Rodriguez's El Día de los Muertos. Sequenza21 (November 15, 2006). Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “Eschewing all drums except timpani, the score “utilizes a rich assortment of pitched percussion instruments, with prominent use of two marimbas (the marimba being the national instrument of Mexico as well as an apt musical representation of skeletons),” according to the composer.”
  101. ^ Pegg, Carole (2000). "Mongolia and Tuva: Sixty Horses in My Herd", in Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.): World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides, 191–192. ISBN 1858286360. 
  102. ^ Bayarsaikhan, B.; Jeremy Stoun.. Morinkhuur: The Mongolian Horse-head Fiddle (Reprint). Retrieved on December 17. “(The morin khuur) is the instrument most associated with Mongolian traditions and culture... (W)e hope this book will help foreigners learn to play the Morin Khuur and spread the word about Mongolia's national instrument throughout the world.” 
  103. ^ Montenegrin Music. Visit Montenegro. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “The beginnings of vocal – instrumental music in Montenegro are neither extravagant nor mystical... the warm sound of fife (reed), patriotic singing of players of gusle (Montenegrin national instrument) or simply a song of the shepherdess in the mountain – were the first, but for Montenegrin music most significant melodic expression.”
  104. ^ Arched Harp. Annotated Checklist of Musical Instruments From East Asia on Display at the National Music Museum. National Music Museum. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “This highly decorative harp, formerly associated with the Buddhist dynasties that ruled Burma for centuries, is the national instrument of Myanmar.”
  105. ^ Dance & Music. Nepal Dance School. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “The madal is the national instrument of Nepal.”
  106. ^ Dwight, John Sullivan (1859). Dwight's Journal of Music: A Paper of Art and Literature. 
  107. ^ Nicaragua Information. World InfoZone. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “The marimba, an instrument similar to a xylophone, is the national instrument.”
  108. ^ Norwegian Hardanger Music and Dance at UMC Feb. 15. UMUC News. University of Minnesota, Crookston. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “The Hardanger fiddle is considered Norway’s national instrument.”
  109. ^ Bjorndal, Arne (1956). "The Hardanger Fiddle: The Tradition, Music Forms and Style". Journal of the International Folk Music Council 8: 13–15. “In Norway, the national instrument has come to be the Hardanger fiddle.” 
  110. ^ The Harp: A Latin American Reinvention. BBC (July 6). Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “In Paraguay, (the harp) became the national instrument.”
  111. ^ Schechter, John M.; Daniel E. Sheehy and Ronald R. Smith (Spring - Summer 1985). "The New Grove: Latin America". Ethnomusicology 29 (2): 317–330. “The distinctive Paraguayan harp... is featured as lead instrument in hundreds of ensembles in that country, where it is the national instrument.” 
  112. ^ Paraguayan Harp. Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “(C)haracterized by a large soundbox with a rounded base, very light weight, closely-spaced light tension strings (usually nylon), a relatively flat harmonic curve, and with the strings running up through the centre of the neck, which are tuned with gear-style tuners (like a guitar). Almost all harps of this style are played with the fingernails, in very rhythmically intricate music. This is the national instrument of Paraguay, and is commonly found throughout South America, Central America, and in parts of Mexico”
  113. ^ Rosenberg, Dan. Afro Peruvian. Afropop. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “These wooden boxes were soon developed into the cajon, the large wooden box that today is the national instrument of Peru.”
  114. ^ Fairley, Jan (2000). "Andean Music: Beyond the Ponchos", in Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (Eds.): World Music: The Rough Guide, Based on an interview with Susana Baca, a Peruvian singer, Rough Guides Ltd., 284–285. ISBN 1858286360. 
  115. ^ Bennett, Caroline. "Music in Peru". “Native music consists primarily of stringed instruments reminiscent of mandolins and Spanish guitars, including the charanga—Peru’s national instrument.” 
  116. ^ Aning, Jerome (November 23, 2007). Rondalla maestro makes strong pitch for banduria. Inquirer Entertainment. Inquirer. Retrieved on December 22, 2007. “A respected rondalla maestro is pushing for the adoption of the banduria as the country’s national musical instrument to stimulate interest in its study and cultivation.”
  117. ^ Person, Adam; Brant Himes and Mike Harris. instrumental_music_files/pdfs/aerophones.pdf Aerophones (pdf). Ethnic Instruments Catalog 6. Seattle Pacific University. “These flutes are found in other regions but particularly in Polynesia where the nose flute is the "national" instrument.”
  118. ^ Biographical Notes. XVII Macao Internacional Music Festival. Instituto Cultural do Governo da R.A.E. de Macau. Retrieved on December 26, 2007. “His book, The Portuguese Guitar, Lisbon 1999, is the first monograph on this national instrument's origins and historical evolution, iconography, organological study and repertoire.”
  119. ^ Figueroa, Frank M. (June-July 2002). "The Cuatro: Puerto Rico's National Instrument". Latin Beat Magazine. “(F)irst and foremost, the cuatro is Puerto Rico's national instrument.” 
  120. ^ Ginsberg-Klar, Maria E. (February 1981). The Archaeology of Musical Instruments in Germany during the Roman Period 313–320. Retrieved on December 22, 2007. “The tibiae (is) an instrument that may be characterized as the national instrument of the Romans.”
  121. ^ Von Busack, Richard (August 21-27). Accordion Manifesto! (Reprint). Metroactive. North Bay Bohemian. Retrieved on February 17, 2007. “In Russia, the accordion is practically the national instrument.”
  122. ^ Hoerburger, Felix (1952). "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference Held at Opatija, Yugoslavia: Correspondence between Eastern and Western Folk Epics". Journal of the International Folk Music Council 4: 23–26. 
  123. ^ Spoons as Russian Folk Music Instrument. Russia-IC (June 26). Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
  124. ^ Tokita, Alison McQueen; David Hughes. Context and Change in Japanese Music (pdf). Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “(I)n the Ryukyus... the sanshin – the Ryukyuan ‘national instrument’ and direct ancestor of the shamisen – will be favoured.”
  125. ^ Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam (June 1996). "Flights of the Sacred: Symbolism and Theory in Siberian Shamanism". American Anthropologist, New Series 98 (2): 305–318. 
  126. ^ Vallely, Fintan (1999). The Companion to Traditional Irish Music. NYU Press, 211. ISBN 0814788025. 
  127. ^ Moore, John Weeks (1880). Bagpipe (Reprint). The Complete Encyclopedia of Music. WikiSource. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “This instrument has so long been the favorite with the natives of Scotland, that it may be considered as their national instrument.”
  128. ^ Lysloff, René T. A.; Jim Matson (Spring - Summer 1985). "A New Approach to the Classification of Sound-Producing Instruments". Ethnomusicology 29 (2): 213–236. 
  129. ^ Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham and Richard Trillo (2000). World Music. Rough Guides, 274. ISBN 1858286352. “Its place is now occupied by the accordion which has become the foremost national instrument since its introduction.” 
  130. ^ Meeting of the Flute - Frula Festival Of Morava. Cultural Corridors of South East Europe. Retrieved on December 26, 2007. “Indigenous music performed on the frula – a Serbian national instrument”
  131. ^ 'Spinning Out of Control': Rhetoric and Violent Conflict (pdf) 4 (June 1, 2006). Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “The cartoon shows a miniscule Cosic sitting on Milosevic's lap, while the latter is playing the gusle, the Serbian national instrument.”
  132. ^ Presidents of Latvia and Slovakia unveil Detva Folklore Festival. Chancery of the President of Latvia (July8, 2006). Retrieved on April 26, 2008. “van Gasparovič presented Vaira Vike-Freiberga with the Slovakian national instrument fujara that has been included in the UNESCO List of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005.”
  133. ^ Randy Raine-Reusch (May 2002). Fujara - Slovakia. World Instrument Gallery. Retrieved on April 26, 2008.
  134. ^ Gobetz, Edward. Pa-Sp/Slovenian-Americans.html Acculturation and Assimilation. Slovenian Americans. Multicultural America. Retrieved on December 26, 2007. “Since the 1970s there has been an unprecedented surge of interest in Slovenian music (especially the accordion as the national instrument), language, genealogy, history, culture, customs, folklore, and other aspects of Slovenian heritage.”
  135. ^ Jensen, Melton (September 1994). "Review of Iberia 1990: Otto fantasie per chitarra di autori spagnoli contemporanei by Alís, Bertomeu Salazar, Fernández Alvez, García Abril, Juliá, Marco, Prieto, Ruiz López, Gabriel Estarellas, Angelo Gilardino" 51 (1): 423–426. 
  136. ^ Flores, Gypsy (August 3, 2005). Swirling and Whirling on the Swedish Dance Floor. PopMatters. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “The nyckelharpa is considered Sweden's national instrument.”
  137. ^ Andersson, Otto (August 1970). "The Bowed Harp of Trondheim Cathedral and Related Instruments in East and West". The Galpin Society Journal 23: 4–34. 
  138. ^ Helgelson, Rachel (April 28, 2003). Switzerland's Music: An Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “The alphorn is considered Switzerland’s national instrument.”
  139. ^ The Swiss National Instrument. Swiss Alpine Music. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “In 1827 the musicologist Joseph Fétis pronounced the alphorn to be the Swiss national instrument.”
  140. ^ Accordion Kings: 17th Annual Accordion Music Festival. Texas Folklife. Retrieved on February 17, 2007. “(Joe Nick Patoski is) working to have the accordion declared the National Instrument (sic) of Texas.”
  141. ^ NIU Steel Band leaders Teague, Alexis, share honors, dream big about steelpan's place in music world. Northern Illinois University (September 13). Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “(In Trinidad and Tobago), the steel pan was invented and remains the national instrument.”
  142. ^ Montagu, Jeremy (January - February 1965). "What is a Gong?". Man 65: 18–21. 
  143. ^ Saz. Glossary. National Geographic. Retrieved on December 22, 2007. “Considered the national instrument of Turkey.”
  144. ^ Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad; Devin DeWeese (2006). Early Mystics in Turkish Literature, Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff, Routledge. ISBN 0415366860. 
  145. ^ Puppet Theatre. Washington Folk Festival (June 2). Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “There was great admiration for his virtuosity on their national instrument”
  146. ^ a b Wilson, Sue (June 2, 2003). Yat-Kha, The Ferry, Glasgow. The Independent. “Tiuliush also plays the morinhuur and the igil, daddy and baby versions of the Tuvans' national instrument, the horse-headed fiddle, held like a small cello and with two strings, each comprising up to 130 hairs from a horse's tail.”
  147. ^ Pareles, John. Review of From Half a World Away, Tuva's Unearthly Songs. Review/Music. New York Times. Retrieved on December 26, 2007. “The national instrument of Tuva, the khomuz (jaw harp), also depends on a drone and virtuosically shaped overtones, as a solo piece demonstrated on Thursday night.”
  148. ^ Jarosewich, Irene. Roman Hrynkiv hopes to give the bandura international stature. Ukraine Weekly. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “The bandura will always be known as Ukraine's national instrument.”
  149. ^ Corneli, Zoe (February 22). Stanford Pan-Asian Musical Festival. The World. PRI. Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “Abbos Kasimov, the premier percussionist from Uzbekistan, is playing his national instrument, the doira.”
  150. ^ Rhythms of Uzbekistan: Featuring Shod & Lyazgi. Event Listings. Festival of World Culture. Retrieved on April 26, 2008.
  151. ^ IA Jahon (August 9, 2007). ‘Tashkent’ Musicians Capture Attention In UK, Gain Appraisal. Embassy of Uzbekistan in Korea. Retrieved on April 26, 2008. “the magic sound of karnay (the Uzbek national music instrument)”
  152. ^ Lloyd, A. L. (March 1965). "Folklore Tachirense by L. F. Ramon y Rivera and Isabel Aretz". Journal of the International Folk Music Council 17 (1): 14–15. “This small, four-stringed, guitar-like lute, the national instrument of Venezuela...” 
  153. ^ a b Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge, 349. ISBN 0415968003. “The cuatro rivals the harp as the national instrument” 
  154. ^ Edgerly, Beatrice (1942). From the Hunter's Bow: The History and Romance of Musical Instruments. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 
  155. ^ Chorley, Henry Fothergill; Henry G. Hewlett (May 1). "The National Music of the World". The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular 21: 240–241. “Much is said... about Welsh airs and the national instrument, the harp” 
  156. ^ Marson, John (October 1970). "Reviews of Harp Music". The Musical Times 111 (1532): 1029–1030. “A people which could cherish the triple harp so long after the rest of the world had dismissed it as obsolete must have more than mere tradition to guide its composers to the national instrument” 
  157. ^ Triple Harp. Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved on December 21, 2007. “Today the triple harp is the national instrument of Wales”
  158. ^ Lord, Albert B. (1936). "Homer and Huso I: The Singer's Rests in Greek and Southslavic Heroic Song". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 67: 106–113. doi:10.2307/283230. 
  159. ^ Music in Zimbabwe. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (March 16). Retrieved on December 17, 2007. “The instrument is, in slightly varying forms, several centuries old and is found in many parts of Africa, but only in Zimbabwe has it risen to become something of a national instrument”
  160. ^ Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge, 81. ISBN 0415968003. “The mbira is inextricably associated with Zimbabwean traditional music, and is truly the national instrument.” 

[edit] Further reading

The following are specifically referenced above or are book-length or extended scholarly works documenting a specific national instrument, not including collections of songs.
  • African American: Conway, Cecelia (1995). African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia : A Study of Folk Traditions, 1st ed., Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0870498932. 
  • African American: Gura, Philip F.; James F. Bollman (1999). America's Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2484-4. 
  • African American: Katonah Museum of Art (2003). The Birth of the Banjo. Katonah, New York: Katonah Museum of Art. ISBN 0-915171-64-3. 
  • African American: Linn, Karen (1994). That Half-Barbaric Twang: The Banjo in American Popular Culture. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06433-X. 
  • African American: Tsumura, Akira (1984). Banjos: The Tsumura Collection. Kodansha International. ISBN 0870116053. 
  • African American: Webb, Robert Lloyd (1996). Ring the Banjar, 2nd edition, Centerstream Publishing. ISBN 1-57424-016-1. 
  • Argentina: Muñoz, R. (1952). Technology of the Argentina Guitar. 
  • Argentina: Penón, Arturo; Javier García Méndez, Manuel Román, Marcelle Guertin (1988). The Bandonion: A Tango History, A Memoir of Arturo Penón (Petite histoire du bandonéon et du tango), Translated by Tim Barnard, London, Ontario: Nightwood Editions. ISBN 0889711119. 
  • Argentina: Pinnell, Richard T.; Ricardo Zavadivker (1993). The Rioplatense Guitar, Bold Strummer Guitar Study Series: No. 3. Westport, Connecticut: Bold Strummer. 
  • Arab: Bilezikjian, John (2006). Hal Leonard Oud Method. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0634077864. 
  • Armenia: Nercessian, Andy (2001). The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810840758. 
  • Australia: Schellberg, Dirk (1994). Didgeridoo: Ritual Origins and Playing Techniques. Binkey Kok. ISBN 9074597130. 
  • Australia: Moyle, A. (1981). "The Australian Didjeridu: A Late Musical Intrusion". World Archaeology 12 (3): 321-331. 
  • Baganda: Makubuya, James Kika (1995). Endongo: The Role and Significance of the Baganda Bowl Lyre of Uganda. Los Angeles: University of California. 
  • Bavaria: (1986) Alpenfolklorismus, Volksmusik, Bayern-Pop, Niederbayerische Blätter für Volksmusik ; Nr. 7 (in German). Dingolfing: Wälischmiller’sche Buchdruckerei. 
  • Brazil: Crowdy, Denis (2001). "Hybridity and Segregation in the Guitar Cultures of Brazil", in Andy Bennett and Kevin Dawe (Eds.): Guitar Cultures. Oxford, New York: Berg. ISBN 1859734294. 
  • Brazil: Gregory, Jonathan (2007). A Comprehensive Guide to Brazilian Pandeiro. Booksurge. ISBN 1419672843. 
  • China: Gao, Ming (1980). The Lute: Gao Ming's Pipa Ji (Pi pa ji), Translated by Jean Mulligan, Translations from the Oriental Classics, New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231047606. 
  • China: Myers, John (1992). The Way of the Pipa: Structure and Imagery in Chinese Lute Music. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. 
  • Finland: Rahkonen, Carl John (1989). The Kantele Traditions of Finland. Indiana University. 
  • Ancient Greece: Schlesinger, Kathleen; J.F. Mountford (1970). The Greek Aulos. Groningen: Bouma's Boekhuis. ISBN 9060880277. 
  • Guatemala: Armas Lara, Marcial (1964). El renacimiento de la danza guatemalteca y el origen de la marimba, José de Pineda Ibarra (in Spanish). Guatemala, Centro Editorial: Ministerio de Educación Pública. 
  • Guatemala: (1964) The Marimbas of Guatemala. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press. 
  • Guatemala: Coleman, Satis Narrona (1930). The Marimba Book: How to Make Marimbas and How to Play Them. The John Day Company. 
  • Guatemala: Hoyt, Richard (1992). Marimba. Tor Books. ISBN 0312851936. 
  • Guatemala: Pellicer, Sergio Navarrete (2005). Maya Achi Marimba Music in Guatemala. Temple University Press. ISBN 1592132928. 
  • Hawaii: Beloff, Jim (1997). The Ukulele: A Visual History. Emeryville, California: Miller Freeman Books. 0879304545. 
  • India: Annapoorna, L. (1996). Veena Tradition in Indian Music. Kanishka. ISBN 8173911401. 
  • Ireland: Armstrong, Robert Bruce (1970). The Irish and Highland harps, Introduction by Seóirse Bodley, New York: Praeger Publishers. 
  • Ireland: Clark, Nora Joan (2003). The Story of the Irish Harp: Its History and Influence. North Creek Press. ISBN 0972420207. 
  • Ireland: Rimmer, Joan (1969). The Irish Harp. Cork: Mercier Press for the Cultural Relations Committee. ISBN 085342151X. 
  • Japan: Adriaansz, Willem (1973). The Kumiuta and Danmono Traditions of Japanese Koto Music. Los Angeles: University of California. ISBN 0520017854. 
  • Japan: Johnson, Henry (2004). The Koto: A Traditional Instrument in Contemporary Japan. Hotei. ISBN 9074822630. 
  • Japan: Kubota, Hideki (1986). Yakumogoto no shirabe: Shinwa to sono kokoro (八雲琴の調べ : 神話とその心 / 窪田英樹) (in Japanese). Ōsaka-shi: Tōhō Shuppan. ISBN 4885911443. 
  • Japan: Wade, Bonnie C. (1976). Tegotomono: Music for the Japanese Koto. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 083718908X. 
  • Latvia: Niles, Christina Jaremko (1980). The Baltic Folk Zithers: An Ethnological and Structural Analysis (Thesis (M.A.)), UCLA. 
  • Lithuania: Niles, Christina Jaremko (1980). The Baltic Folk Zithers: An Ethnological and Structural Analysis (Thesis (M.A.)), UCLA. 
  • Mexico: Kaptain, Laurence (1992). The Wood That Sings: The Marimba in Chiapas, Mexico. Everett, Pennsylvania: HoneyRock. ISBN 0963406000. 
  • Mexico: Solís, Ted (1983). The Marimba in Mexico City: Contemporary Contexts of a Traditional Regional Ensemble (Thesis (Ph. D.)), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 
  • Mongolia: Marsh, Peter K. (2004). Horse-Head Fiddle and the Cosmopolitan Reimagination of Mongolia. ISBN 041597156X. 
  • Mongolia: Santaro, Mikhail (2005). Strings That Conquered the World: Morin Khuur, the Mongolian Horse-head Fiddle. Admon. ISBN 9992903767. 
  • Norway: Een, Andrea Ruth (1977). Comparison of Melodic Variants in the Hardingfele Repertoire of Norway. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 
  • Norway: Goertzen, Chris (1997). Fiddling for Norway: Revival and Identity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226300498. 
  • Norway: Hopkins, Pandora (1986). Aural Thinking in Norway: Performance and Communication With the Hardingfele, Foreword by Jan-Petter Blom. Appendix by Magne Myhren, New York: Human Sciences Press. ISBN 0898852536. 
  • Portugal: Cabral, Pedro Caldeira (1999). The Portugese Guitar. 
  • Sardinia: Bentzon, Andreas Fridolin Weis (1969). The Launeddas: A Sardinian Folk-music Instrument, University of Michigan, Akademisk forlag. 
  • Scotland: Armstrong, Robert Bruce (1970). The Irish and Highland harps, Introduction by Seóirse Bodley, New York: Praeger Publishers. 
  • Scotland: Cannon, Roderick David (2002). The Highland Bagpipe and Its Music. John Donald. ISBN 0859765490. 
  • Scotland: Donaldson, William (2000). The Highland Pipe and Scottish Society, 1750-1950: Transmission, Change and the Concept of Tradition. East Linton, East Lothian, Scotland: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1862320756. 
  • Scotland: Donaldson, William (2004). Pipers: A Guide to the Players and Music of the Highland Bagpipe. Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1862322910. 
  • Scotland: MacNeill, Seumas; Frank Richardson (1987). Piobaireachd and Its Interpretation: Classical Music of the Highland Bagpipe. Donald. ISBN 0859761762. 
  • Scotland: Manson, Wiliam Laird (1901). The Highland Bagpipe: Its History, Literature, and Music, Harvard University, A. Gardner. 
  • Spain: Schirmer, =G. (1986). Spanish Guitar Music: Guitar Solo. Hal Leonard. ISBN 0793535832. 
  • Spain: Gupta, Rahul (2001). The Symphony Spanish Guitar Book. Gyan Sagar Publication. ISBN 8176850152. 
  • Sweden: Ling, Jan (1979). Nyckelharpan: studier i ett folkligt musikinstrument (in Swedish). Prisma. 
  • Switzerland: Bachmann-Geiser, Brigitte (1999). Das Alphorn : vom Lock- zum Rockinstrument (in German). Bern: P. Haupt. 3258056404. 
  • Trinidad and Tobago: Adams, Norman Darway; Austin O Agho (2005). Stories in Steel: The True Account of the Invention of the Steelpan. ISBN 9768194502. 
  • Trinidad and Tobago: Hayward, Rachel (1993). The Steelpan Handbook. Piper Publications. 
  • Trinidad and Tobago: Wilson, Salah A. (1999). Steelpan Playing with Theory: A Simple, Hands-on, Practical and Theoretical Approach. Salahpan. ISBN 0968618804. 
  • Wales: Andersson, Otto Emanuel (1973). The Bowed-Harp: A Study in the History of Early Musical Instruments, Additional footnotes by Kathleen Schlesinger, New York: AMS Press. ISBN 0404565034. 
  • Wales: Ellis, Osian (1991). The Story of the Harp in Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales. ISBN 0708311040. 
  • Zimbabwe: Grupe, Gerd (2004). Die Kunst des Mbira-Spiels: Harmonische Struktur und Patternbildung in der Lamellophonmusik der Shona in Zimbabwe (in German). Tutzing: Schneider. ISBN 3795211484. 
  • Zimbabwe: Berliner, Paul (1981). The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0226043797. 
  • Zimbabwe: Brenner, Klaus-Peter (1997). Chipendani und Mbira: Musikinstrumente, nicht-begriffliche Mathematik und die Evolution der harmonischen Progressionen in der Musik der Shona in Zimbabwe, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse: 3. Folge, Nr. 221 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 352582372X.