List of largest empires

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This article provides a list of the largest empires in world history.

Contents

[edit] Definition

Main article: Empire

An empire is a state that extends dominion over areas and populations distinct culturally and ethnically from the culture/ethnicity at the center of power. Often, there is an emperor at the head of an empire. An empire is not necessarily a unity, though.

[edit] Difficulties in measuring and comparing empires

Empires are all individual in character, having been formed in widely different times under widely different political structures. In fact, the term Empire as stated above does not imply any particular form of government. Whether a nation is or was called an empire is also not relevant to whether it is considered an empire for the purposes of this article.

The calculation of the land area of a particular empire is controversial. In particular, there is the question of whether a particular empire can be considered to have laid claim to an area that is sparsely populated, or not populated at all. In general, this list errs on the side of including any land area that was explored and explicitly claimed, even if the areas were very sparsely populated or unpopulated. For example, a large portion of Northern Siberia is not included in the size of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire's northern border was somewhat ill-defined, but in most places it was simply the natural border between the steppe and the taiga. Occupied areas north of this are included in the area of the empire, but at the time the majority of the taiga and tundra were unexplored and uninhabited. This area was only very sparsely populated by the Russian Empire, but it had been explicitly claimed by the Russian Empire by the 1600s, and its extent had been entirely explored by the late 1800s. Similarly, the northernmost Canadian islands such as Ellesmere Island were explored and claimed by the British Empire by the mid 1800s (virtually the entire mainland was at least sparsely populated well before that). No claims on mainland Antarctica are included in the area of any of the empires.

Due to the historical trend of increasing population and GDP, the list of largest empires in these categories is highly dependent on which relatively recent political entities are defined as empires. The measures of population and GDP as a percentage of the world total take into account this historical growth, although decent GDP data is only available for the last few centuries, accurate only for the last decades.

[edit] Largest empires by landmass

[edit] Ancient empires

  1. Achaemenid Persian Empire - 7.5 million km² (under Darius the Great)
  2. Han Chinese Empire - 6 million km²
  3. Roman Empire - 5.9 million km² (under Emperor Trajan)
  4. Macedonian Empire - 5.4 million km² (under Alexander the Great)
  5. Maurya Magadha Empire - 5 million km² (under Ashoka the Great)
  6. Hunnic Empire - 4 million km² (under Attila the Hun in 441)
  7. Seleucid Empire - 3.9 million km²
  8. Xiongnu Empire - 3.5 million km²
  9. Gupta Magadha Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Chandragupta II in 400)
  10. Sassanid Persian Empire - 3.5 million km²[1] (under Khosrau II in 626)
  11. Parthian Empire - 2.84 million km² (Under Mithridates II 123–88 BCE)
  12. Median Empire - 2.8 million km²
  13. Neo-Assyrian Empire - 1.4 million km²
  14. Aksumite Empire - 1.25 million km²[1]
  15. Egyptian Empire - 1 million km²
  16. Akkadian Empire - 650,000 km²
  17. Hittite Empire - 510,000 km²
  18. Neo-Babylonian Empire - 500,000 km²
  19. Armenian Empire - 400,000 km²

[edit] Medieval empires

  1. Mongol Empire - 33.2 million km² (under Khublai Khan in 1268)
  2. Turkic Khaganate - 15 million km²
  3. Umayyad Arab Empire - 13.2 million km²
  4. Rashidun Arab Empire - 9 million km² (under Caliph Uthman in 654)[2]
  5. Ming Chinese Empire - 6.5 million km²
  6. Tang Chinese Empire - 5.4 million km²
  7. Byzantine Empire/Eastern Roman Empire - 4.5 million km² (called themselves the Roman Empire)
  8. Mughal Empire - 4 million km² (under Aurangzeb in 1690)
  9. Seljuq Empire - 3.9 million km²
  10. Sassanid Persian Empire - 3.5 million km²[1] (under Khosrau II in 626)
  11. Ghaznavid Empire - 3.4 million km²
  12. Pala Empire - 3.2 million km² (under Devapala)
  13. Delhi Sultanate - 3.2 million km²
  14. Uyghur Khaganate - 3.2 million km²
  15. Nirun Khaganate - 3.1 million km²
  16. Kalmar Union - 3 million km²
  17. Khazar Empire - 3 million km²
  18. Chola Empire - 2.6 million km² (under Rajendra Chola I)
  19. Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu) - 2 million km² (Under Atahualpa in 1532)
  20. Songhai Empire - 1.4 million km² (in 1500)[3]
  21. Aksumite/Ethiopian Empire - 1.25 million km²[1]
  22. Srivijaya Empire - 1.2 million km²
  23. Frankish Empire - 1.2 million km²
  24. Mali Empire - 1.1 million km²[1]
  25. Harsha's empire - 1 million km² (under Harsha Vardhana in 648)
  26. Almoravid Empire - 1 million km²
  27. Khmer Empire - 1 million km²
  28. Maratha Empire - 1 million km² ( in 1760 )
  29. Grand Duchy of Lithuania - 930,000 km² (under Vytautas the Great in 1430)
  30. Bulgarian Empire - 700,000 km² (under Tsar Simeon I)
  31. Vijayanagara Empire - 360,000 km²
  32. Serbian Empire - 200,000 km²

[edit] Modern empires

  1. British Empire - 36.6 million km² (under George V of the United Kingdom in 1922)
  2. Russian Empire - 24.8 million km² (under Alexander II in 1866) - including Alaska[4]
  3. Spanish Empire - 19 million km² (under Charles III)[4]
  4. Qing Chinese Empire - 13 million km² (under Emperor Qianlong)
  5. French Empire - 12.5 million km²
  6. Portuguese Empire - 12.4 million km²[4]
  7. United States of America - 10 million km² (1898-1902 and 1906-1908)
  8. Brazilian Empire - 8.1 million km²[4]
  9. Japanese Empire - 7.4 million km² (during World War II)
  10. Ottoman Empire - 5.5 million km² (under Mehmed IV in 1680)
  11. Mughal Empire - 4 million km²
  12. Italian Empire - 3.8 million km² (during World War II)
  13. Dutch Empire - 3.7 million km²
  14. Third Reich - 3.6 million km² (during World War II)
  15. German Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Wilhelm II before WWI)
  16. Afsharid Empire - 3.32 million km² (under Nadir Shah)
  17. Safavid Persian/Iranian Empire - 2.85 million km²
  18. Belgian Empire - 2.5 million km²
  19. Qajar Persian/Iranian Empire- 2.3 million km²
  20. Thai Empire / Siamese Empire - 1.12 million km² (under Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke in 1782)
  21. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - 990,000 km² (under Sigismund III in 1619)
  22. Austro-Hungarian Empire - 676,615 km²
  23. Korean Empire - 220,186 km²

[edit] All empires

  1. British Empire - 36.6 million km² (under George V of the United Kingdom in 1922)
  2. Mongol Empire - 33.2 million km²[1] (under Kublai Khan in 1268)
  3. Russian Empire - 24.8 million km² (under Alexander II in 1866) - including Alaska[4]
  4. Spanish Empire - 18 million km² (under King Charles III r. 1759-1788)[4]
  5. Umayyad Arab Caliphate - 13.2 million km²[4] (under Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik r. 723-743)
  6. Qing Empire - 13 million km²[5] (under Emperor Qianlong)
  7. French Empire - 12.5 million km²[4] (under President Albert Lebrun in 1938)
  8. Portuguese Empire - 12.4 million km²[4]
  9. United States of America - 10 million km² [6] (1898-1934)
  10. Rashidun Arab caliphate - 9 million km² (under Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan r. 644-656)[2]
  11. Empire of Brazil - 8.1 million km²[4]
  12. Achaemenid Persian Empire - 7.5 million km²[7] (under Darius the Great)
  13. Japanese Empire - 7.4 million km²[4] (during World War II, under the Showa Emperor)
  14. Ming Empire - 6.5 million km²[1] (under the Jingtai Emperor in 1450)
  15. Han Empire - 6 million km²[1]
  16. Roman Empire - 5.9 million km²[4] (under Emperor Trajan)
  17. Ottoman Empire - 5.5 million km² (under Mehmed IV in 1680)
  18. Macedonian Empire - 5.4 million km²[4] (under Alexander the Great)
  19. Tang Empire - 5.4 million km²[1] (under the Xuanzong Emperor in 715)
  20. Maurya Empire - 5 million km²[1] (under Ashoka the Great)
  21. Mughal Empire - 5 million km²[4](under Aurangzeb in 1690)
  22. Byzantine Empire (under Justinian I) - 4.5 million km²[1]
  23. Timurid Empire - 4.4 million km²[1]
  24. Hunnic Empire - 4 million km²[1] (under Attila the Hun in 441)
  25. Mexican Empire - 4 million km²[4]
  26. Seljuq Empire - 3.9 million km²[1]
  27. Seleucid Empire - 3.9 million km²[1]
  28. Italian Empire - 3.8 million km² (during World War II)
  29. Dutch Empire - 3.7 million km²[4]
  30. Nazi German Empire - 3.6 million km²[4] (during World War II)
  31. German Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Wilhelm II before WWI)
  32. Gupta Empire - 3.5 million km²[1] (under Chandragupta II in 400)
  33. Sassanid Persian Empire - 3.5 million km²[1] (under Khosrau II in 626)
  34. Ghaznavid Empire - 3.4 million km²[1]
  35. Afsharid Empire - 3.23 million km² (under Nadir Shah)
  36. Pala Empire - 3.2 million km² (under Devapala)
  37. Delhi Sultanate - 3.2 million km²[1]
  38. Khazar Empire - 3 million km²[1]
  39. Safavid Empire - 2.85 million km²
  40. Parthian Empire - 2.84 million km² (Under Mithridates II 123–88 BCE)
  41. Median Empire - 2.8 million km²[1]
  42. Chola Empire - 2.6 million km²[8] (under Rajendra Chola I)
  43. Denmark-Norway - 2.6 million km²
  44. Belgian Empire - 2.5 million km²[1]
  45. Qajar Empire - 2.3 million km²
  46. Incan Empire - 2 million km² (Under Atahualpa in 1532)
  47. Songhai Empire - 1.4 million km² (in 1500)[9]
  48. Neo-Assyrian Empire - 1.4 million km²[1]
  49. Aksumite Empire - 1.25 million km²[1]
  50. Srivijaya Empire - 1.2 million km²[1]
  51. Frankish Empire - 1.2 million km²[1]
  52. Thai Empire - 1.12 million km² (under Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke in 1782)
  53. Mali Empire - 1.1 million km²[1]
  54. Swedish Empire - 1.1 million km²
  55. Maratha Empire- 1 million km²
  56. Harsha Empire - 1 million km²[1] (under Harsha Vardhana in 648)
  57. Egyptian Empire - 1 million km²[1]
  58. Almoravid Empire - 1 million km²[1]
  59. Khmer Empire - 1 million km²[1]
  60. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - 990,000 km² (under Sigismund III in 1619)
  61. Grand Duchy of Lithuania - 930,000 km² (under Vytautas the Great in 1430)
  62. Bulgarian Empire - 700,000 km² (under Tsar Simeon I)
  63. Austro-Hungarian Empire - 676,615 km² [10]
  64. Akkadian Empire - 650,000 km²[11]
  65. Hittite Empire - 610,000 km²
  66. Durrani Empire - 600,000 km²
  67. Neo-Babylonian Empire - 500,000 km²[11]
  68. Armenian Empire - 400,000 km²
  69. Vijayanagara Empire - 360,000 km²[12]
  70. Korean Empire - 220,186 km²
  71. Serbian Empire - 200,000 km²

[edit] Contiguous empires

  1. Mongol Empire - 33.2 million km² (under Khublai Khan in 1268)
  2. Russian Empire - 24.8 million km² (under Alexander II in 1866) - including Alaska[4]
  3. Umayyad Arab caliphate - 13.2 million km²
  4. Qing Empire - 13 million km² (under Emperor Qianlong)
  5. Rashidun Arab caliphate - 9 million km² (under Caliph Uthman in 654)[2]
  6. Brazilian Empire - 8.1 million km²[4]
  7. Achaemenid Persian Empire - 7.5 million km² (under Darius the Great)
  8. Ming Empire - 6.5 million km²
  9. Han Empire - 6 million km²
  10. Roman Empire - 6 million km² (under Emperor Trajan)
  11. Ottoman Empire - 5.5 million km² (under Mehmed IV in 1680)
  12. Macedonian Empire - 5.4 million km² (under Alexander the Great)
  13. Tang Empire - 5.4 million km²
  14. Maurya Empire - 5 million km² (under Ashoka the Great)
  15. Byzantine Empire/Eastern Roman Empire - 4.5 million km²
  16. Mughal Empire - 4 million km² (under Aurangzeb in 1690)
  17. Hunnic Empire - 4 million km² (under Attila the Hun in 441)
  18. Mexican Empire - 4 million km²[4]
  19. Seljuq Empire - 3.9 million km²
  20. Seleucid Empire - 3.9 million km²
  21. Nazi German Empire - 3.6 million km² (during World War II)
  22. Gupta Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Chandragupta II in 400)
  23. Sassanid Persian Empire - 3.5 million km²[1] (under Khosrau II in 626)
  24. Ghaznavid Empire - 3.4 million km²
  25. Afsharid Empire - 3.23 million km² (under Nadir Shah)
  26. Pala Empire - 3.2 million km² (under Devapala)
  27. Delhi Sultanate - 3.2 million km²
  28. Khazar Empire - 3 million km²
  29. Safavid Empire - 2.85 million km²
  30. Parthian Empire - 2.84 million km² (Under Mithridates II 123–88 BCE)
  31. Median Empire - 2.8 million km²
  32. Qajar Empire - 2.3 million km²
  33. Tahuantinsuyu - 2 million km² (Under Atahualpa in 1532)
  34. Neo-Assyrian Empire - 1.4 million km²
  35. Aksumite Empire - 1.25 million km²[1]
  36. Frankish Empire - 1.2 million km²
  37. Thai Empire - 1.12 million km² (under Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke in 1782)
  38. Mali Empire - 1.1 million km²[1]
  39. Harsha Empire - 1 million km² (under Harsha Vardhana in 648)
  40. Egyptian Empire - 1 million km²
  41. Almoravid Empire - 1 million km²
  42. Khmer Empire - 1 million km²
  43. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - 990,000 km² (under Sigismund III in 1619)
  44. Bulgarian Empire - 700,000 km² (under Tsar Simeon I)
  45. Akkadian Empire - 650,000 km²
  46. Austro-Hungarian Empire - 600,000 km² [10]
  47. Neo-Babylonian Empire - 500,000 km²
  48. Vijayanagara Empire - 360,000 km²
  49. Korean Empire - 220,186 km²
  50. Serbian Empire - 200,000 km²

[edit] Maritime empires

  1. British Empire - 36.6 million km² (under King George V in 1922)
  2. Spanish Empire - 19 million km² (under King Charles III)[4]
  3. French Empire - 12.5 million km²
  4. Portuguese Empire - 12.4 million km²[4]
  5. United States of America - 10 million km² (1898-1902 and 1906-1908)
  6. Japanese Empire - 7.4 million km² (during World War II)
  7. Italian Empire - 3.8 million km² (during World War II)
  8. Dutch Empire - 3.7 million km²
  9. German Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Wilhelm II before WWI)
  10. Tongan Empire - 3 million km² (15th century)
  11. Chola Empire - 2.6 million km² (under Rajendra Chola I)
  12. Belgian Empire - 2.5 million km²
  13. Srivijaya Empire - 1.2 million km²

[edit] Largest empires by population

Population estimates are unknown for many other ancient empires not listed here.

[edit] Population size

  1. British Empire - 531.3 million (in 1938)[13]
  2. Qing Empire - 432 million (in 1912)[14]
  3. Russian Empire - 176.4 million (in 1913)[10]
  4. Mughal Empire - 175 million (in 1700)[15]
  5. Ming Empire - 160 million (in 1600)[14]
  6. United States of America - 146.4 million (in 1942)[13]
  7. Japanese Empire - 134.8 million (in 1938)[13]
  8. French Empire - 112.9 million (in 1938)[13]
  9. Mongol Empire - 110 million (in the 13th century)[16]
  10. Dutch Empire had 80 million people living within its boundaries in 1940.
  11. Nazi German Empire - 75.4 million (in 1938)[13]
  12. Spanish Empire - 64.2 million[17]
  13. Umayyad Arab Empire - 62 million (in the 7th century)[18]
  14. Han Empire - 60 million (in 2 AD)[19]
  15. Roman Empire - 60 million (in 1st century AD)[20]
  16. Song Empire - 59 million (in 1000)[14]
  17. Italian Empire - 51.9 million (in 1938)[13]
  18. Austro-Hungarian Empire - 50.6 million (in 1913)[10]
  19. Maurya Empire - 50 million (in the 2nd century BC)[21]
  20. Achaemenid Persian Empire - 42 million (in the 4th century BC)[15]
  21. Rashidun Arab Empire - 40.3 million (in the 7th century)[22][23][15]
  22. Ottoman Empire - 39 million (in the 17th century)[24]
  23. Belgian Empire - 35.3 million (before Congolese independence, 1960)
  24. Byzantine Empire/Eastern Roman Empire - 34 million (5th-6th centuries)[25]
  25. Vijayanagara Empire - 25 million (in the 16th century)[12]
  26. Portuguese Empire - 24.3 million (in 1973)[26]
  27. Korean Empire - 17.0 million (in 1907)[27]
  28. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - 10.5 million (in 1619)

[edit] Percentage of world population

  1. Qing Empire - 36.6% (381 million out of 1.041 billion in 1820)[14]
  2. Maurya Empire - 33.3% (50 million out of 150 million[28] in the 2nd century BC)
  3. Umayyad Arab Empire - 29.5% (62 million out of 210 million[28] in the 7th century)
  4. Mughal Empire - 29.2% (175 million out of 600 million[29] in 1700)
  5. Ming Empire - 28.8% (160 million out of 556.2 million in 1600)[14]
  6. Achaemenid Persian Empire - 27.6% (42 million out of 152 million in the 4th century BC)[15]
  7. Han Empire - 26.5% (59.6 million out of 226 million[14] in 2 AD)
  8. Roman Empire - 26.5% (60 million out of 226 million[14] in the 1st century AD)
  9. Mongol Empire - 25.6% (110 million out of 429 million[15] in the 13th century)
  10. British Empire - 23.15% (531.3 million out of 2.295 billion in 1938)[13]
  11. Song Empire - 22% (59 million out of 268 million in 1000)[14]
  12. Rashidun Arab Empire - 19.19% (40.3 million out of 210 million in 7th century)
  13. Spanish Empire - 12.3% (68.2 million out of 556 million[14] in the 17th century)
  14. Russian Empire - 9.8% (176.4 million out of 1.791 billion[14] in 1913)
  15. Ottoman Empire - 7.1% (39 million out of 556 million[14] in the 17th century)
  16. United States of America - 6.4% (146.4 million out of 2.295 billion in 1938)
  17. Japanese Empire - 5.9% (134.8 million out of 2.295 billion[14] in 1938)
  18. Vijayanagara Empire - 5.7% (25 million out of 438 million[14] in the 16th century)
  19. Soviet Union - 5.5% (286,717,000 out of 5.175 billion in 1989) [30][not in citation given]
  20. French Empire - 4.9% (112.9 million out of 2.295 billion in 1938)
  21. Nazi German Empire - 3.3% (75.4 million out of 2.295 billion in 1938)
  22. Austro-Hungarian Empire - 2.8% (50.6 million out of 1.791 billion in 1913)
  23. Italian Empire - 2.3% (51.9 million out of 2.295 billion in 1938)
  24. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - 1.9% (10.5 million out of 556 million[14] in the 17th century)
  25. Korean Empire - 1.0% (17 million out of 1,700 million[31] in 1907)
  26. Portuguese Empire - 0.8% (14.7 million out of 1.791 billion in 1913)

[edit] Largest empires by economy

GDP estimates in the following list are only given for empires in modern times, from the eighteenth to twentieth centuries. All dollar amounts are in 1990 USD.

[edit] GDP size

  1. British Empire - $683.3 billion (in 1938)[13]
  2. Nazi German Empire - $375.6 billion (in 1938)[13]
  3. Japanese Empire - $260.7 billion (in 1938)[13]
  4. Russian Empire - $257.7 billion (in 1913)[14]
  5. Qing Empire - $241.3 billion (GDP decline to 1912, immediately before its downfall)[14]
  6. French Empire - $234.1 billion (in 1938)[13]
  7. Italian Empire - $143.4 billion (in 1938)[13]
  8. Austro-Hungarian Empire - $100.5 billion (in 1913)[10]
  9. Mughal Empire - $90.8 billion (GDP decline in 1700)[14]
  10. Ottoman Empire - $26.4 billion (in 1913)[32]
  11. Portuguese Empire - $12.6 billion (in 1913)[10]

[edit] Percentage of world GDP

  1. Qing Empire - 32.9% ($228.6 billion out of $694.4 billion in 1820)[14]
  2. Mughal Empire - 24.5% ($90.8 billion out of $371 billion in 1700)[14]
  3. British Empire - 23.8% ($265 billion[33] out of $1,111 billion[14] in 1870)
  4. Russian Empire - 9.4% ($257.7 billion out of $2,733 billion[14] in 1913)
  5. Nazi German Empire - 8.3% ($375.6 billion out of $4,502 billion[14] in 1938)
  6. Japanese Empire - 5.8% ($260.7 billion out of $4,502 billion in 1938)
  7. French Empire - 5.2% ($234.1 billion out of $4,502 billion in 1938)
  8. Austro-Hungarian Empire - 3.7% ($100.5 billion out of $2,733 billion in 1913)
  9. Italian Empire - 3.2% ($143.4 billion out of $4,502 billion in 1938)
  10. Ottoman Empire - 1% ($26.4 billion out of $2,733 billion in 1913)
  11. Portuguese Empire - 0.5% ($12.6 billion out of $2,733 billion in 1913)

[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Adams, Hall and Turchin (2004).
  2. ^ a b c Tarikh al-Tabari
  3. ^ Hunwick, page xlix
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Bruce R. Gordon (2005)[unreliable source?].
  5. ^ Wudi (2005) at All Empires estimates 12 million km². Wood (2006) at the Royal Academy also estimates 12 million km². Turchin, Adams and Hall (2004) estimate 14.7 million km². Gordon (2005) estimates 12 million km².
  6. ^ This estimate for the United States of America is based on the combined area of the United States, plus the areas of Philippines and Cuba, over which the U.S. acquired sovereignty in 1898 at the end of the Spanish-American war. Self-government was restored to Cuba in 1906, and to the Philippines in 1934.
  7. ^ British Museum (2005). Forgotten Empire: the world of Ancient Persia.
  8. ^ This estimate for the Chola Empire is derived from the combined area of the Srivijaya Empire, South India, East India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Southern Thailand, Bago Division of Burma, Lakshadweep, the Maldives, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
  9. ^ Hunwick, John O.: "Timbuktu and the Songahy Empire: Al-Sa’di’s Ta’rikh Al-sudan Down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents", page xlix. Brill Academic Publishers, 2003
  10. ^ a b c d e f Broadberry and Harrison (2005).
  11. ^ a b Chase-Dunn, Álvarez and Pasciuti (2002, p. 8-9).
  12. ^ a b Sinopoli (2003, p. 82)
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Harrison (1998, pp. 3,7).
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Maddison (2006[page # needed]).
  15. ^ a b c d e Biraben, Jean-Noel (1979-01). "Essai sur l'evolution du nombre des hommes". Population (French Edition) 34 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/1531855. ISSN 0032-4663. 
  16. ^ The combined population of China and Korea in the 13th century was 83 million in Biraben (2003[page # needed]). The combined population of Eastern Europe, Russia, Central Asia, Iran, Iraq and Turkey was about 27 million in Maddison (2006[page # needed]).
  17. ^ The combined population of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Netherlands, United States and the Philippines was 29.2 million in Maddison (2006[page # needed]). The population of Latin America was 39 million in Biraben (2003[page # needed]), minus Brazil and its 4 million people with was a part of the portuguese empire..
  18. ^ The combined population of Southwest Asia and North Africa was about 57 million in Biraben (2003[page # needed]). The combined population of Spain and Portugal was about 5 million in Maddison (2006[page # needed]).
  19. ^ Han Dynasty Census recorded 60 million in 2 AD, according to Scheidel (2005, p. 37) and Yoon (1985).
  20. ^ There are several different estimates for the Roman Empire. Scheidel (2006, p. 2) estimates 60 million. Goldsmith (1984, p. 263) estimates 55 million. Beloch (1886, p. 507) estimates 54 million. Maddison (2006, p. 51, 120) estimates 48 million. Roman Empire Population estimates 65 million (while mentioning several other estimates between 45 million and 130 million).
  21. ^ Boesche (2003, p. 12)
  22. ^ The combined population of Middle East, North Africa and Sassanid Empire - 40+ million
  23. ^ Biraben (2003)[page # needed]
  24. ^ Quataert (2005, p. 112).
  25. ^ Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades (2007). Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
  26. ^ According to Portuguese official data, from the Instituto Nacional de Estatística, in 1973 there was a total of 24,265,893 persons permantely resident in territories under Portuguese sovereignty - 8,668,267 in Continental Portugal and adjacent islands of Madeira and the Azores (source:INE, 11º Recensamento Geral da População, Lisboa, 1970), and 15,597,626 in the colonies (272,072 in Cape Verde; 487,448 in Portuguese Guinea; 73,631 in São Tomé and Príncipe; 5,673,046 in Angola; 8,233,834 in Mozambique; 248,118 in Macau; 609,477 in East Timor - source: INE, Anuário Estatístico - Territórios Ultramarinos, Lisbon, 1973.)
  27. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1907
  28. ^ a b McEvedy and Jones (1978).
  29. ^ Thomlinson (1975, Table 1).
  30. ^ World population figures, eightyeightynine.com, <http://www.eightyeightynine.com/culture/population.html>. Retrieved on 2007-01-02 [unreliable source?]
  31. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_populations
  32. ^ Pamuk (2005[page # needed]).
  33. ^ The combined GDP of the United Kingdom, British India, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ceylon, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Africa in 1870 is about $265 billion in Maddison (2006[page # needed]).

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