List of etymologies of country subdivision names

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Contents

This article provides a collection of the etymology of the names of subnational entities. This page generally only deals with regions and provinces; cities and other localities and features may appear listed under the individual country, with a link below.

[edit] Australia

[edit] States

[edit] Territories

[edit] Mainland Territories

[edit] External Territories

[edit] Austria

[edit] Bundesländer (States)

  • Burgenland (German; Hungarian: Várvidék ; Croatian: Gradišće ): originally called Vierburgenland, "Land of four Burgs (castles)", a name suggested in 1919 from the endings of the four former counties forming the state: Preßburg, Wieselburg, Ödenburg and Eisenburg. In 1922 Austria ceded Ödenburg to Hungary and dropped the numeric prefix Vier- ("four"); the remaining three counties became Burgenland.[16] The Hungarian Várvidék and Croatian Gradišće calque the German Burgenland[citation needed]
  • Carinthia, German Kärnten: etymologically related to the early Slavic medieval principality Carantania (Slovenian Karantanija, German Karantanien); a suggested etymology references a Celtic term for "stone" or "crag", while a popular etymology holds that the name means "land of friends"
  • Lower Austria, German Nieder-Österreich: the lower part (lower in height) of the original territory of Austria ('the eastern country'), as opposed to Upper Austria; also called Österreich unter der Enns "Austria below the (river) Enns"
  • Salzburg: after the city of Salzburg (literally "salt castle"), which takes its name from the salt mines that existed there during the Middle Ages
  • Styria, German Steiermark: after the castle of Steyr; in the high Middle Ages, it formed a march of the Holy Roman Empire, hence -mark
  • Tyrol, German Tirol, Italian Tirolo: after the castle of Tirol near Merano
  • Upper Austria, German Ober-Österreich: the upper (physically higher) part of the original territory of Austria, as opposed to Lower Austria; also called Österreich ob der Enns "Austria above the (river) Enns"
  • Vienna, German Wien: from Celtic Vindobona (vindo "white" + bona "foundation, fort")
  • Vorarlberg, literally "in front of the Arlberg", takes its name from the Arlberg, a mountain (German: Berg) characterised by Arle, a local German term for "mountain pine".

[edit] Belgium

Official languages: Dutch; French; German

[edit] Gewesten / Régions / Regionen (Regions)

  • Brussels, Dutch Brussel, French Bruxelles (the capital city, outside any province; also Belgium's third region): medieval Dutch broek 'bog' + zele (in many place names in the Low Countries = "habitation using thatching")
  • Flanders, Dutch Vlaanderen, French Flandre(s): plural of a terrain type; extended from the historical county (about half lost to French and Dutch neighbours; the rest roughly made up two administrative provinces, East Flanders and West Flanders; in French les Flandres, plural) to the whole Dutch-speaking, majority part of Belgium (French la Flandre, singular)
  • Wallonia, French Wallonie: from the (Romanized (Germano-) Celtic, now Francophone) Walloon people: as in many European countries, so named by Germanic neighbours; meaning: "strangers". Compare "Wales".

[edit] Provincies / Provinces / Provinzen (Provinces)

  • Liège: of disputed etymology. The name Liège may have the same origin as the ancient name of Paris, i.e. Lutetia; the German form, Lüttich, suggests this. Liège and Lutetia would both derive from Latin lucotætia, "marsh" or "mud". Another suggestion derives the names from Latin Lætica, "colony", or Leudica, "free". Alternatively, the Latin Leudica meaning "public place" may have given rise to the Walloon Lîdje and thence to Liège. Note that the name appeared in written form as Liége (with an acute accent) until the 1950s.

[edit] Brazil

See List of Brazil state name etymologies.

[edit] Canada

[edit] Provinces and territories

See Canadian provincial name etymologies

[edit] Regions

  1. Credited to Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano, who first named a region around Chesapeake Bay Archadia (Arcadia) in 1524 because of "the beauty of its trees", according to his diary. Cartographers began using the name Arcadia to refer to areas progressively farther north until it referred to the French holdings in maritime Canada (particularly Nova Scotia). The -r- also began to disappear from the name on early maps, resulting in the current Acadia.[17]
  2. Possibly derived from the Míkmaq word akatik, pronounced roughly "agadik", meaning "place", which French-speakers spelled as -cadie in place names such as Shubenacadie and Tracadie, possibly coincidentally.[18]

[edit] Chile

[edit] Regions

The roman numerals comes indicates the regions order from north to south (except Santiago). With the creation of Arica-Parinacota and Los Ríos Region in 2007 the numbers logic do not longer reflects the regions positions.

[edit] China

[edit] People's Republic of China

Most of the names of the modern administrative regions appeared as coinages in the Ming Dynasty and in the Qing Dynasty in ancient China. The Republic of China (ruling all of China from 1911 to 1949) and the People's Republic of China (ruling most of China after 1949) inherited most of them, and each made modifications and innovations. This list only includes the subnational entities under the effective control of the People's Republic of China.

[edit] 省 Shěng (Provinces)

[edit] Republic of China (Taiwan)

The Republic of China governed all the territory of China from 1911 to 1949, and retreated to Taiwan after the Chinese civil war (1927 - 1949). The list below includes only the subnational entities under the effective control of the Republic of China.

[edit] Czech Republic

[edit] Denmark

  • Bornholm: the Old Norse version of the name, Burgundarholm, suggests connections with the Burgundians, who traditionally originated in Scandinavia
  • Copenhagen (Danish: København) - a corruption of the original designation for the city, Købmandshavn, or "Merchants' Harbour" in Danish. It comes to English via the German Kopenhagen.
  • Faroe Islands (Danish: Færøerne, Faroese: Føroyar) - literally, "Sheep Islands", from their dense population of sheep
  • Greenland (Danish: Grønland): from Old Norse Grœnland, literally, "green land"; so named by Erik the Red to induce settlement there. Greenlandic-speakers use the name Kalaallit Nunaat, meaning "Land of the Greenlanders"
  • Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: Jütland) - name associated with the Jutes
  • Zealand (Danish: Sjælland) - literally "sea-land" or "the land in the sea" from Old Norse "Selund" and Old Danish "Sialand". A highly speculative alternative interpretation postulates an origin from *Selha-undi, "seal".

[edit] Finland

[edit] France

Note that most modern French départements take their names from local geographical features: usually rivers, occasionally mountain ranges or coasts. Thus most such names have a self-evident immediate origin: even non-speakers of French can deduce them with a minimum of geographical knowledge. The traditional provinces and regions (of any period) often bear names with more obscure and superficially richer histories.

[edit] Germany

[edit] Bundesländer (States)

  • Baden-Württemberg: formed by combining the names of the former states of Baden and of Württemberg.
    • Baden: after the city of Baden-Baden, formerly Baden, the name became reduplicated to distinguish it from the state (as in "Baden in Baden"). The name means "baths", after the springs in the city.
    • Württemberg: after Württemberg Castle, which stood on the Württemberg, a hill in Stuttgart, formerly Wirtemberg, further origin uncertain (-berg means "mountain")
  • Bavaria (German Bayern): the state of Bavaria developed out of the tribe of the Baiuvarii, who probably gained their name from the land of Bohemia
  • Brandenburg: after the city of Brandenburg. The earlier Slavic name of the castle (Burg) of Brandenburg appears as Branibor ("Branim's forest")
  • Hamburg: from the 9th-century name Hammaburg, where Hamma has multiple conflicting interpretations, but burg means "castle".
  • Hesse: after the tribe of the Chatti
  • Lower Saxony (German Niedersachsen): after the tribe of the Saxons. "Lower Saxony" became differentiated in modern times from the state of Saxony to its southeast. The word "lower" reflects Lower Saxony's location in the lowlands of the North German Plain, as opposed to Saxony, which has a higher elevation
  • Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (German) Mecklenburg-Vorpommern): formed geographically by joining Mecklenburg with the western part of Pomerania, also called Hither Pomerania.
    • Mecklenburg takes its name from Mecklenburg Castle in Dorf Mecklenburg, Nordwestmecklenburg District (Burg means "castle" in German, the first part means "big": compare Middle Low German mekel, cognate with English mickle — "big castle").
    • Pomerania (German Pommern) comes from Slavic roots meaning "near the ocean": the standard modern Polish name for the region, Pomorze, demonstrates this well.
  • North Rhine-Westphalia (German Nordrhein-Westfalen) — geographically formed by joining the northern part of the Rhineland (after the River Rhine) with Westphalia.
    • Westphalia formed the westernmost subdivision of the Saxon tribe; the origin of the second part (-falen in German) remains unknown
  • Rhineland-Palatinate (German Rheinland-Pfalz): formed geographically by joining parts of the Rhineland (after the River Rhine) with the Rhenish Palatinate, formerly a palatine county located near the Rhine, meaning that its count administered a palace of the Holy Roman Emperor. The word derives from Latin palatinus "imperial", from palatium "palace", after the location of the palace of the Roman Emperor Augustus on the Palatine Hill in Rome
  • the Saarland - after the Saar River
  • Saxony (German Sachsen): land of the Saxons (possibly the "sword-folk"). The state of Saxony developed out of the Saxon tribe, which principally inhabited present-day Lower Saxony; during the Middle Ages and early modern times, the name migrated to the current location of the state of Saxony
  • Saxony-Anhalt (German, Sachsen-Anhalt): formed geographically by joining the Prussian Province of Saxony (see above under Saxony) with Anhalt
    • Anhalt takes its name from Anhalt Castle near Harzgerode; the origin of the name of the castle remains unknown
  • Schleswig-Holstein: created by joining Schleswig and Holstein.
    • Schleswig takes its name from the City of Schleswig, which in turn derives its name from the Schlei bay and the Low German word wig for "trading place".
    • "Holstein" comes from a Saxon subtribe named, in Latin, Holcetae
  • Thuringia (German Thüringen) — after the tribe of the Thuringii

[edit] Historic regions

  • Brunswick (German: Braunschweig): from the town of Brunswick, itself originating as "Bruno's wik" (Bruno's marketplace) (with reference to the legendary founder Bruno, Duke of Saxony, died 880) or as "burnt wik")
  • Franconia (German: Franken): from the traditional designation "Franks", referring especially to the Kingdom of the East Franks
  • Oldenburg, first recorded in 1108 as the town of Aldenburg, subsequently also a county, duchy, grand duchy and republic
  • Prussia (German: Preußen) — (at times historically connected with Germany or with parts thereof): from the people known as the Prussians, a grouping of western Balt peoples whose collective name (German: Prussen or anciently Pruzzen) may possibly derive from an Indo-European root meaning "swamp": see Prussian people
  • Swabia (German: Schwaben or Schwabenland): after the tribe of the Suebi

[edit] Greece

  • Arcadia: from Arcas, the legendary eponymous leader of early Hellenic settlers
  • Sparta: from Greek spartē, a cord or rope made from the shrub spartos, a type of broom
  • Macedonia, from Greek mak- (long, tall) - 'highland'.

[edit] Republic of India

[edit] States

See List of Indian states by the etymology of their name

[edit] Union Territories

  • Andaman Islands: From the name of the Hindu God Hanuman (Hanumant)
  • Chandigarh: "Chandi's fort". No actual fort ever existed; a large Chandi temple "protected" the locals, hence the name. The goddess Chandi appears as a form of the goddess Kali or of Parvati.
  • Delhi: according to one theory: city of the Goddess Dhilika. The area had seven temples of Yoginis or Goddesses in the area, the highest dedicated to the Goddess Dhillika. Compare Dhillika.
  • Lakshadweep: "Hundred Thousand Islands". In Sanskrit, laksha means "a hundred thousand" and dweep means "island".
  • Puducherry: Pudu + cheri, from the Tamil words for "new" and "settlement" or "camp". Formerly a French colony: Pondicherry.[20]

[edit] Indonesia

  • Bandung: from the word bandungan (dam)
  • Bekasi: from the word candrabaga, a canal that built on Tarumanegara era and sesasi or a month
  • Jakarta: from Jayakarta, "City of Victory"
  • Jayapura: jaya means "glory" and pura means "city"
  • Sumatra: from Ibn Battuta's pronunciation of the name of the Samudra Kingdom
  • Surabaya: sura means "shark" and baya means "crocodile". The name came from myths or legends of a battle between Sura and Baya in the Surabaya River.

[edit] Iran (Persia)

[edit] Italy

  • Campania: from the Latin campania (countryside, plain, battlefield). Compare Champagne in France.
  • Friuli: from the Latin Forum Julii (The market of Julius), which at the beginning referred only to the city of Cividale, founded by Julius Caesar and then extended to the whole region
  • Latium (in modern Italian: Lazio): land of the early Italic inhabitants known as Latins, in their turn popularly associated with the mythological King Latinus [in turn, "Latins" (in Latin, Latīnī) — as well as the name of King Latīnus (simply the singular of the same name) — clearly derived their names from Latium by means of the ethnic suffix -īnus, with the obvious meaning of "inhabitant(s) of Latium", which makes this etymology ridiculously circular, but let that serve as a warning to the reader as to the quality of this and other etymologies on this page]. Ovid hints at perhaps a slightly more sophisticated folk etymology, with a legend of the naming of Latium after Saturn latente deo (as a god in hiding) after he allegedly fled to Italy following his expulsion by Jupiter. - Modern linguists postulate origins in a Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) root *stela- (to spread, extend), expressing the idea of "flat land" (in contrast to the local Sabine high country). But the name may originate from an earlier, non Indo-European one. See the Online Etymological Dictionary.
  • Lombardy: from the Germanic tribe of the Lombards (literally "long-beards" or "long-bearded axe people", or, according to another theory, "long-halberds"), who invaded Italy in the 6th century. Note: After the Lombard invasion, the name "Longobardia" or "Langobardia" applied to the whole of Italy for about two centuries, throughout Europe and also in Arabic (al-Ankubardiya). The name Italia did not return into wide use until the late 8th century
  • Marche: literally. "marches", "borderlands". In the Middle Ages the region lay on the boundaries between imperial lands and the more independent areas of southern Italy. The March of Ancona became the best known of such marches
  • Sardinia: speculatively linked with the Shardana people and/or with Sardis
  • Sicily: island settled by the Sicels

[edit] Japan

[edit] Korea

[edit] Malaysia

  • Alor Star - alor in Malay means "furrow", while star refers to a kind of tree (Bouea macrophylla) that bears small, sour fruit known as kundang or remia in Malay
  • Cyberjaya - Malay: "cyber excellence", a reference to the city's designation as the "Silicon Valley of Malaysia"
  • Ipoh - named after the ipoh tree whose poisonous sap the Orang Asli used to coat their blowpipe darts with
  • Johor - from Arabic jauhar, or "precious stones"
  • Kangar - named for the Malay 'kangkok', a kind of hawk (Spizaetus Limnaetu)
  • Kelantan - said to be a corruption of gelam hutan, the Malay name for the Melaleuca leucadendron tree, also possibly derived from kilatan ("lightning")
  • Klang - possibly from Mon-Khmer klong or Malay kilang ("warehouse")
  • Kota Bharu - Malay: "new town/fort"
  • Kuala Lumpur - Malay: "muddy confluence", a reference to the founding of the city at the confluence of Gombak River and Klang River
  • Kuching - Malay: "cat", but probably a corruption of the Indian cochin ("port") or a reference to the mata kucing trees that used to proliferate where the city grew subsequently
  • Labuan - derived from the Malay labuhan ("anchorage")
  • Langkawi - Malay for "eagle island", but possibly related to Langkasuka, an ancient Hindu kingdom founded in Kedah in the 1st century CE
  • Malacca - named by the founder of Malacca, Parameswara, after the Melaka tree under which he sheltered
  • Negeri Sembilan - Malay: "nine states", a reference to the nine original districts (or nagari) settled by the Minangkabau
  • Penang - named after the Pinang tree
  • Perak - Malay: "silver", from the silvery colour of tin for which the area became famous; or possibly from the "glimmer of fish in the water"
  • Putrajaya - Malay: "princely excellence", named after the first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra and possibly a reference to the planned city's status as the new administration centre for the Federal Government
  • Selangor - possibly from the Malay selangau ("fly") due to the abundance of flies along the Selangor River
  • Sungai Petani - literally "farmer river" in Malay, said to originate from the concentration of paddy-fields and farmers in the state
  • Taiping - Chinese: "great peace"

[edit] Mexico

See Mexican state name etymologies

[edit] Netherlands

[edit] Provinces

[edit] Other names

  • Alkmaar: from Aelcemaer, meaning 'lake of auks', due to the fact that lakes formerly surrounded the core of Alkmaar - all of them now drained and thus turned into dry land
  • Amsterdam: from Amstelredam, which means "dam over the Amstel" (the river Amstel flows through present-day Amsterdam)
  • Batavia (Germanic): "arable land" (derived from the regional name "Betuwe", as opposed to the other regional name "Veluwe" meaning "fallow" or "waste" land)
  • Holland (part of the Netherlands; but the term often refers to the country as a whole): Germanic "holt (i.e. wooded) land" (often incorrectly regarded as meaning "hollow [i.e. marsh] land")
  • Rotterdam: meaning 'dam over the Rotte' (the river Rotte flows through present-day Rotterdam)

[edit] New Zealand

See also List of New Zealand place names and their meanings.

[edit] Provinces

[edit] Other categories

  • Levin: from a director of the railway company that created the town to help boost its railway
  • Plimmerton: from John Plimmer, Wellington pioneer, director of the railway company that created the seaside resort to help boost its railway; central Wellington has Plimmer's Steps.
  • Tasman: district named from the bay name, in honour of Dutchman Abel Tasman, commander of first European expedition to sight the country; also a mountain and glacier name. Abel Tasman National Park bears a fuller version of his name.
  • Waikato: Named after the Waikato River. The hydronym means "flowing water" in Māori.

[edit] Pakistan

[edit] Provinces

[edit] Pakistan-administered Kashmir

[edit] Papua New Guinea

[edit] Poland

[edit] Portugal

  • Alentejo: meaning "beyond the Tejo (the Tagus river)"
  • Algarve: meaning "country to the west" (of the Guadiana River), from the Arab "Al-Gharb"
  • Azores: from Açores (pl.), after the "Açor", a type of bird
  • Beira: quite literally, the "edge" (during the early phase of Portugal's history, Beira formed a borderland)
  • Madeira: "wood"

[edit] Romania

See: Etymological list of counties of Romania

  • Bessarabia - from Basarab I, Wallachian king who led some expeditions in this land
  • Bukovina - (in German: "Buchenland") = "beech land"
  • Dobrogea - "good land"
  • Haţeg - "Terra Herzog" = Duke's land
  • Muntenia - from muntean = man of the mountains, from Romanian munte=mountain
  • Oltenia - from the river Olt, called Alutus by the Romans, possibly from Latin lutum, meaning "mud" or "clay".
  • Transylvania - "beyond the woods"
    • Ardeal - probably a borrowing of the Hungarian name Erdély, like the Romani name Ardyalo — speakers of old Hungarian pronounced Erdély as Erdél. The initial Hungarian "e-" occasionally changes to "a-" in Romanian (compare Hungarian egres "gooseberry" and Egyed, which became agriş and Adjud in Romanian). An alternative explanation extracts the meaning "wooden hill": arde expresses an Indo-European root meaning "forest", the same as in English Forest of Arden and Belgian Ardennes Woods; deal means "hill" in Romanian.
  • Wallachia - "land of the foreigners"

[edit] Russia

[edit] Spain

  • Andalusia: from the Arabic name (Al-Andalus, with several suggested etymologies) formerly applied to the whole Iberian Peninsula
  • Aragon: from the Aragon River, that gave its name to the county of Aragon, one of the little Christian polities that resisted Islamic rule in Spain during its greatest extent (see Reconquista)
  • Asturias: the land of the Astures, an early people of north-west Spain
  • Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria: from the ancient tribe of the Vascones, whose name became an ethnonym in the Middle Ages. The Basque name derives from Euskara (the autochthonous name for the Basque language).
    • Álava (Basque: Araba]]: of uncertain etymology. Various theories see it deriving from a Roman town called Alba, from several prossible Basque etymologies and even from Arabs (who, however, never occupied the province for long). A chronicle of 905 uses the form Arba, but later the word commonly appears as Alaba or Alava.
    • Biscay (Basque: Bizkaia]]: variant of bizkarra ("shoulder", "back" or, in this case, "mountain range" in Basque)
    • Guipuscoa (Basque: Gipuzkoa]]: of unknown etymology. Old documents sometimes use the variant Ipuscoa.
  • Cantabria: from the Cantabri, a mountain people defeated by the Romans only after a great military effort (Cantabrian Wars, 29 - 19 BC). Celtologists have suggested a derivation from the Celtic root cant-, meaning "rock" or "stone", and from the suffix -abr, used frequently in Celtic regions. From this we can deduce that the word "cantabrus" means "dwelling in the mountains", referring to the rugged terrain of Cantabria. Another suggestion derives Cantabria from the Celtic Kant ("mountain" or "rock") and Iber (the river Ebro), thus "The Mountains of the Ebro". Spaniards also call this region La Montaña ("The Mountain"), but usually call the Bay of Biscay the Cantabrian Sea.
  • Catalonia: from the castlà ("castellan") class who governed the nascent feudal Catalonia from their castles in the 11th and 12th centuries. (Compare the etymology of "Castile".)
  • Extremadura: from Medieval Latin Extrema Dorii (literally, "extremes of the Douro river"), referring to the territories south of the Douro basin; or from an Old Castilian word used to designate the further territories controlled by the Christians (see Reconquista)
  • Galicia: from Latin Gallaecia, the name of the province created in Roman Hispania by Diocletian in 298 CE. It derives from gallicoi or callicoi, (Galli or Celts).
  • León: the ancient kingdom and subsequent province of León take their name from the city of León, whose name derives from its position as the base of a Roman legion (Latin legio)
  • Navarre (Spanish: Navarra, Basque: Nafarroa): from the Kingdom of Navarre. Navarra has been argued to have either a Basque or Romance etymology. In the first case it would come from nabar ("brownish, multicolor", also "plowshare"), in the second from nava ("river bank").

[edit] Switzerland

[edit] Taiwan

See Republic of China (Taiwan)

[edit] Thailand

  • Ban Dongphayom from ban (Thai for "village") + dong (Thai for "forest") + phayom (Thai for a type of hardwood of the genus Shorea) = "Hardwood Forest Village"
  • Ban Grong Greng from ban (Thai for "village") + Grong Greng (named for Wat Grong Greng or Grong Greng Temple; the Thai word grong onomatopoeically names a "gong"; greng in Thai means "dread") = "Village of the Dreaded Gong"
  • Ban Sam Ruen from ban (Thai for "village") + sam (Thai for "three") + ruen (Thai for "dwelling") = "Village of Three Dwellings"
  • Bang Khratum from bang (Thai for "settlement") + khratum (Thai for the bur-flower tree or Anthocephalus Chinensis) = "Bur-Flower Tree Settlement"
  • Nakhon Pa Mak from nakhon (Thai for "town") + pa (Thai for "forest") + mak (Thai for the betel palm) = "Betel Palm Forest Township"
  • Phitsanulok from Phitsanu (a cognate of Vishnu) + lok (Thai for "globe") = "Vishnu's Heaven"

[edit] Ukraine

Most of Ukraine's oblasts take their names from their principal city; but Volyn Oblast, Zakarpattia Oblast, and the Crimean Autonomous Republic offer exceptions to this rule. See also subdivisions of Ukraine.

[edit] United Kingdom

[edit] United States

[edit] States

[edit] Counties

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ About New South Wales. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
  2. ^ "How Queensland Got Its Name" at http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/federation/stories/s223425.htm
  3. ^ http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/vic3_doc_1851.pdf
  4. ^ Welcome (Royal Australian Naval Reserves)
  5. ^ http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/plan/chap4.html#42
  6. ^ Australia
  7. ^ Christmas Island - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  8. ^ Cocos Tourism - Discovery
  9. ^ Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  10. ^ Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  11. ^ History - Discovery
  12. ^ History - Discovery
  13. ^ Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  14. ^ http://www.stonnington.vic.gov.au/gui/files/NI%20fact%20sheet.pdf
  15. ^ http://www.pitcairners.org/][http://www.norfolkisland.com.au/history_and_culture/paradise.cfm
  16. ^ Burgenland
  17. ^ Acadia: Origin of the Word by Bill Casselman
  18. ^ Provinces and Territories - The origins of their names
  19. ^ Nunatsiavut Government | Nunatsiavut.com
  20. ^ Reference: http://www.statoids.com/uin.html
  21. ^ Talageri, Shrikant. Chapter 4:"The Geography of the Rigveda". The Rigveda. A historical analysis. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan 2000. Retrieved 25 November 2006
  22. ^ Witzel, Michael. "Have Words, Will Travel!" from "WESTWARD HO ! The Incredible Wanderlust of the Rgvedic Tribes Exposed by S. Talageri", Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies Vol. 7 (2001), issue 2 (March 31). Retrieved 25 November 2006.

[edit] See also