List of designated terrorist organizations
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| Terrorism |
|---|
| General |
| Definitions |
| History |
| International conventions |
| Anti-terrorism legislation |
| Counter-terrorism |
| War on Terrorism |
| Red Terror |
| White Terror |
| Lists |
| Designated organizations |
| Incidents |
| By ideology |
| Communist |
| Eco-terrorism |
| Narcoterrorism |
| Nationalist |
| Racist |
| Religious |
| – Christian |
| – Islamic |
| Relation to states |
| State terrorism |
| State sponsorship |
| Tactics |
| Agro-terrorism |
| Bioterrorism |
| Car bombing |
| Environmental terrorism |
| Aircraft hijacking |
| Nuclear terrorism |
| Propaganda of the deed |
| Proxy bomb |
| Suicide attack |
| Configurations |
| Fronts |
| Lone wolf |
Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using terrorism as a military tactic to achieve their goals, and there is no international consensus on the bureaucratic definition of terrorism. Therefore, this list is of organizations that are, or have been in the past, designated as "terrorist organizations" by other notable organizations, including the United Nations and national governments, where the proscription has a significant impact on the group's activities.[1]
This listing does not include states or governmental organizations, which are considered under state terrorism, or unaffiliated individuals accused of terrorism, which are considered under lone wolf terrorism. This list also excludes groups that are widely considered terrorist, but who are not officially so designated according to the criteria specified above.
Contents |
Religious
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Religious terrorism is a form of religious violence. As with other forms of terrorism, there is no real consensus as to its definition. Groups are frequently classified as practitioners of religious terrorism for any one of the following reasons:
- The group itself is defined by religion rather than by other factors (such as ideology or ethnicity).
- Religion plays some part in defining or determining the objectives or methods of the group.
- The ultimate objective of the group is religiously defined.
Controversy concerning classification is often found because:
- Religion and ethnicity frequently coincide. Ethnic conflict may thus appear as religious, or religious conflict may appear as ethnic.
- Religious groups, like other groups, frequently pursue political goals. In such cases it is often not clear which is uppermost, the political goal or the religious motivation.
Groups which have used principal religious motives for their terrorist acts and were deemed as such by supranational organizations and governments are listed here in alphabetical order by religion.
Islamic
These groups have generally demanded the introduction of sharia law in various countries and the destruction of those seen to be "enemies of Islam" by these groups, including zionism and secularism.
- Abu Sayyaf (1991-present; Islamist separatists; the Philippines)[2]
- Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (Yemen)[2]
- Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Late 1970s-present; Islamists; Egypt)[2]
- Seeks to establish Islamist state in Egypt. Usually targets secular establishments, government buildings, police, the military, minorities, tourists, and “morally offensive” buildings.
- Armed Islamic Group (1992-present; Islamists; Algeria)[2]
- Seeks to establish Islamist state in Algeria. Began operations in 1992 after the Algerian military cancelled elections which has been won by Islamist political parties.
- Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades[2]
- Ansar al-Islam (December 2001-present; Islamists; Iraq)[2]
- In Arabic, "Supporters of Islam."
- Also known as "Partisans of Islam or Helpers of Islam."
- Al-Qaeda (1988-present; Islamists; Afghanistan, Pakistan, and worldwide)[2]
- In Arabic, "the foundation", "the base", or "the database" kept by intelligence services of anti-Soviet Afghani fighters.
- Also known as Qa‘idat al-Jihad, Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Places, World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, Islamic Salvation Foundation, and the Osama bin Laden Network.
- Related: Alneda (former web site), As-Sahab (affiliated public relations organization),
- Cells: Buffalo six, Hamburg cell,
- Asbat al-Ansar (early 1990s-present; Lebanese Sunni Islamists; southern Lebanon)[2]
- In Arabic, "the League of the Followers."
- Acronym for "Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya," or Islamic Resistance Movement.
- Jama'at al-Tawhid wa'al-Jihad/Al-Qaeda in Iraq - Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's Sunni network, operating in Iraq
- Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement - al-Qaeda linked separatist group in China's Xinjiang Autonomous Region aiming to establish an Islamic state. Banned by China, along with related groups East Turkestan Liberation Organization, World Uighur Youth Congress and East Turkistan Information Center[3]
- Egyptian Islamic Jihad - Egypt (active since the late 1970s)[2]
- Fatah al-Islam - Lebanon[4] (al-Qaeda inspired group which briefly took over Nahr el-Bared refugee camp in 2007, before being defeated by the Lebanese Armed Forces)
- Hamas - West Bank, Gaza Strip. Listed as a terrorist organization by Australia, Canada, the European Union, Israel, and the United States[2]
- Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM) - Pakistan and Kashmir[2]
- Hezbollah - Lebanon; Listed as a terrorist organization by Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Israel, and the United States[2]
- Hizbul Mujahideen - Pakistan and Kashmir[2]
- Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan - Uzbekistan[2]
- Jemaah Islamiyah - Southeast Asia[2]
- Lashkar-e-Jhangvi - Pakistan[2]
- Lashkar-e-Toiba - Pakistan[2]
- Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group - Morocco and Spain[2]
- Palestinian Islamic Jihad - Israel, West Bank, Gaza Strip[2]
- People Against Gangsterism and Drugs - South Africa[2]
- RSM or Rajah Solaiman Movement - Philippines[2]
- Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan - Pakistan[2]
- Takfir wal-Hijra - Egypt/Sudan/Algeria[2]
- Taliban - Afghanistan[2]
- Turkish Hezbollah - Kurdish organization operating in Turkey[2]
- Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development - USA
Christian
Christian terrorist organizations are generally right wing in nature. They are often anti-abortion.
- Army of God - USA (early 1990s-present)
- The Lambs of Christ - USA (1998)
- Ku Klux Klan - USA - (1865-present)
- The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA) - United States[2] (1971-)
- Lord's Resistance Army - Self-proclaimed Christian terrorist group that operates in northern Uganda, it seeks to overthrow the Ugandan government and create a country based on the ten commandments.[2][2]
- Nagaland Rebels - India
Jewish
- Kach and Kahane Chai[2] - Israel (1973-)
- Jewish Defense League - USA (1968-)
Sikh
All of these groups demand a Khalistan (Land of the Pure) in the Indian state of Punjab and adjoining areas for Sikhs. Most have a variable amount of support from Sikhs abroad and have been in existence since the 1980s. Many have been weakened and have cut down on activities, yet they continue. The militancy in Punjab has claimed approximately 100,000 lives, according to estimates put forward by Amnesty International: this figure involves killings by both Sikh militants and the Indian forces. With the exception of the first two, the other groups have only been proscribed in India.
- Babbar Khalsa[2] - India (1978-)
- International Sikh Youth Federation [3]
- Khalistan Zindabad Force [4] - India (1990s-)
Other religious terrorism
- Aum Supreme Truth aka Aum Shinrikyo - Japan (homicidal religious cult)[2]
Nationalistic
Nationalist terrorism involves committing terrorism in support of a certain nation, usually to gain independence from another nation, such as Northern Ireland from the UK or the Basque country from Spain.
Irish Nationalists
These groups demand the independence of Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, to either join the Republic of Ireland or become a separate state. They are usually Catholic and Irish nationalist.
- Irish National Liberation Army - UK (1974-Present)[2]
- Splinter group:
- Irish People's Liberation Organisation - UK (1986-1992)
- Splinter group:
- Irish Republican Army - Northern Ireland (1922-1969)[2]
- Official IRA (1969–present)[2]
- Been on ceasefire since 1972.
- Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) (1969-) Listed as a proscribed terrorist organization in the UK.[5]
- Supporters of the PIRA evolved from the split in Sinn Féin which saw the formation of 'Official' Sinn Féin and Provisional Sinn Féin. Provisional Sinn Féin was later known simply as Sinn Féin (while 'Official' Sinn Féin eventually became the Workers' Party).
- Under ceasefire since the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. However the British and Irish governments claimed they were responsible for the 2004 Northern Bank robbery, although this has never been proven, and denied by the IRA.
- Ended armed campaign in July 2005.
- Splinter groups:
- Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA) (1986-present)[2]
- Also known as the "Continuity Army Council" and "Óglaigh na hÉireann" (Gaelic for 'Warriors of Ireland')
- Does not recognize Good Friday Agreement.
- Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) (1997-present)[2]*
- Also known as the True IRA and Óglaigh na hÉireann (Gaelic for Warriors of Ireland).
- Does not recognize Good Friday Agreement.
- Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA) (1986-present)[2]
- Official IRA (1969–present)[2]
Ulster Unionists/Loyalists
These groups demand that Northern Ireland stay a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in opposition to the Irish nationalists. They are usually Protestant.
- Ulster Volunteer Force (named after the Ulster Volunteers 1912-1921, current UVF has existed since 1966)[2]
- Very closely linked with the Red Hand Commandos (1972-present).
- Splinter group: Loyalist Volunteer Force [2]
- Ulster Defence Association (1971-present)[2]
- Also called the "Ulster Freedom Fighters", or UFF.
- On February 22, 2003, announced a "complete and utter cessation" of all acts of violence for one year. It said it will review its ceasefire every three months, although in February 2006, the Independent Monitoring Commission reported that the UDA continued its paramilitary activities, as well as involvement in organized crime, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, extortion, money laundering and robbery
- Splinter group: Red Hand Defenders[2]
- Loyalist Volunteer Force (1996-2005)[2]
- 'Orange Volunteers (1998-present)[2]
Arab
These groups promote pan-Arabism, in particularly the support of the Palestinian people and the destruction of the state of Israel. They are often Islamic centred, though others are communist.
- Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades[2] - Israel
- Hamas - Israel/Palestine (1987-)
- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)[2] - Israel/Palestine (1967-)
- Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement[2] - Israel/Palestine
- Palestine Liberation Front[2] - Israel/Palestine
- Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) - Israel/Palestine (1964-present) On December 14, 1988, the PLO officially renounced the use of terrorist tactics. Although it claims it does not support terrorism, documents show that the PLO has actively supported and sponsored various terrorist groups in Israel.[6][7] The PLO has been the deignated a terrorist organization by the United States, but not by the UN.
Zionist
Kurdish
- Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK/KADEK/KONGRA-GEL) - Listed as a terrorist organization by Turkey, Israel, the United States, and the EU (1979-present)[2]
- Kurdistan Freedom Falcons - Turkey
Other
- United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Assam, India (1979-present)[11]
- ETA (Basque Fatherland and Liberty) - Spain and southern France (1959-present).
- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, aka Tamil Tigers) - Sri Lanka (1972-present)
- National Council of Resistance of Iran (MKO front)[12][13] - Iran
- Armed Islamic Group (GIA) - France, Algeria (1992-present)[2]
- National Front for the Liberation of Corsica (FLNC) - Corsican separatist.
Anarchist
Anarchist terrorist groups aim to attack targets to create a state of anarchy. As such, they have largely been anti-imperialism, anti-corporatism and anti-government.
- Black Star[2] - Greece
Left-wing
Left-wing terrorist organizations aim to promote leftism by attacking right wing targets. Specific groups may claim to be liberal, socialist or communist, or of one specific form of these.
- Action Directe (AD), an anti-NATO organization responsible for the 1986 murder of Georges Besse.[2] Banned by the French government in 1982.[14][15]
- Antifascist Resistance Groups October First (GRAPO) - Spain (1975-present) [2]
- Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) - Nepal (1994-present)
- currently taking part in disarmament and cooperation in a new interim government for Nepal[2]
- Japanese Red Army aka Sekigun - Japan[2] (1971-present)
- Khmer Rouge - Cambodia (early 1970s-1979)[2]
- New People's Army - Philippines[2]
- Red Army Faction (RAF) aka Rote Armee Fraktion aka Baader-Meinhof Group - Germany (1970 – 1993)
- Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17N) - Greece[2]
- Revolutionary Struggle (Epanastatikos Agonas) - Greece[16]
- Revolutionary Nuclei - Greece
- Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) - Colombia[2]
- National Liberation Army - Colombia
- Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) - Peru (active since the late 1960s)[2]
- Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) - Peru[2]
- Umkhonto we Sizwe - South Africa (1961-1990)[2]
- Revolutionary People's Liberation Party-Front (DHKP/C) - Turkey
Right-wing
Right-wing terrorists aim to promote rightism by targeting left wing targets (such as Socialists and Communists). They may belong to any particular right wing group, such as imperialist, capitalist or fascist.
- Alianza Anticomunista Argentina - Argentina (1973-)[2]
- Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia - Colombia (1996-2006) [2]
Ethnic
White Suprematist
- Aryan Nations - United States[2] (1970s-)
- Charles Martel Group - France (1973-83)[2]
- The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA) - United States[2] (1971-)
- Ku Klux Klan - United States (founded in 1865 and revived several times since).[2]
- Masada Action and Defense Movement - France (1988-89). French racists pretending to be Zionist radicals.[2]
- The Order - United States (1983-84)[2]
Other
- Army for the Liberation of Rwanda - Rwanda (1994-). Hutu emancipatory;genocidal[2]
Others
- Revolutionary United Front, Sierra Leonean rebels. US Terrorist Exclusion List Designee.[2]
Eco-terrorism
- Animal Liberation Front, animal rights activists engaging in vandalism and sabotage.
- Animal Rights Militia, similar to Animal Liberation Front, but willing to engage in direct action that might endanger human life.
- Earth Liberation Front, radical environmentalists engaging in vandalism and sabotage, particularly arson.
See also
- Category:Terrorists for individual terrorists.
- Definitions of terrorism
- State terrorism
- List of guerrilla movements
- Foreign Terrorist Organizations designated by the United States Department of State
- United Kingdom Terrorism Act 2000 list designated by the Secretary of State
- Charities accused of ties to terrorism
- State-sponsored terrorism
References
- ^ European Union. Common Position 2005/847/CFSP (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* United States Department of State. Terrorist Exclusion List. Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* United States Department of State. Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs). Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* United Kingdom Home Office. Proscribed terrorist groups. Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada. Entities list. Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* Australian Government. Listing of Terrorist Organisations. Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
* Arab Times (Kuwait). Terror’ list out; Russia tags two Kuwaiti groups. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
- ^ China issues first ever list of "terrorist" groups, World Tibet Network News, 2003-12-15
- ^ Designation of Fatah al-Islam under Executive Order 13224. US State Department (13 August 2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-05.
- ^ Home Office
- ^ 22 USC 5201(b) - "Therefore, the Congress determines that the PLO and its affiliates are a terrorist organization and a threat to the interests of the United States, its allies, and to international law and should not benefit from operating in the United States."
- ^ Public Law 100-204 regarding the PLO. [1]
- ^ Mitchell, Thomas G. (2002). Indispensable traitors: Liberal Parties in Settler Conflicts. Greenwood Publishing Group, 113. “"The British, the Jewish Agencies, the Arabs and most of the West labelled the Irgun a terrorist organisation."”
- ^ "Stern Gang" A Dictionary of World History. Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Ralph Bunche report on assassination of UN mediator 27th Sept 1948, "notorious terrorists long known as the Stern group"
- ^ Country Reports on Terrorism, 2006
- ^ Designation of National Council of Resistance and National Council of Resistance of Iran under Executive Order 13224
- ^ RESISTANCE GROUP CLAIMS EVIDENCE OF IRANIAN BOMB AMBITIONS
- ^ "Europe wary of banning parties", BBC News, 28 August 2002. Retrieved on 2007-12-05.
- ^ Schmid, Alex; A . J. Jongman (2005). Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, and literature. Transaction Publishers, 544.
- ^ "Greek far-left group placed on EU 'terrorist' blacklist", EUbusiness, 29 June 2007.
