List of constructed languages

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This list of constructed languages is in alphabetical order, and divided into auxiliary, engineered, and artistic (including fictional) languages, and their respective subgenres.

Contents 1 Auxiliary languages 1.1 Spoken (major) 1.2 Spoken (minor) 1.3 Controlled languages 1.4 Visual languages 2 Engineered languages 2.1 Human-usable 2.2 Knowledge representation 3 Artistic languages 3.1 Languages used in fiction 3.1.1 Literature 3.1.2 Comic books 3.1.3 Movies, television and radio 3.1.3.1 Unnamed languages 3.1.4 Music 3.1.5 Performance 3.1.6 Games 3.1.7 Internet-based 3.2 Alternative languages 3.3 Micronational languages 3.4 Personal languages 3.5 Language games 3.6 Toys 4 References and notes 5 See also

[edit] Auxiliary languages

[edit] Spoken (major)

The following are languages that have generated significant followings, or which have been of significance in the history of auxiliary languages.

Language name	ISO	Year of first publication	Creator	Comments
Volapük	vo, vol	1879–1880	Johann Martin Schleyer	First to generate international interest in IALs
Esperanto	eo, epo	1887	L. L. Zamenhof	Fluent speakers: est. 100,000 to 2 million; native: 200 to 2000 (1996, est.) [1]. The most popular constructed language.
Idiom Neutral		1902	Waldemar Rosenberger	A naturalistic IAL by a former advocate of Volapük
Latino sine Flexione		1903	Giuseppe Peano	"Latin without inflections," it replaced Idiom Neutral in 1908
Ido	io, ido	1907	A group of reformist Esperanto speakers	The most successful offspring of Esperanto
Occidental	ie, ile	1922	Edgar de Wahl	A sophisticated naturalistic IAL (Interlingue)
Novial	nov	1928	Otto Jespersen	Another sophisticated naturalistic IAL
Glosa	igs	1943	Lancelot Hogben, et al.	Originally called Interglossa, has a strong Greco-Latin vocabulary
Interlingua	ia, ina	1951	International Auxiliary Language Association	A large project to discover common European vocabulary

[edit] Spoken (minor)

There have been literally hundreds of proposals for auxiliary languages, and more continue to be created. The following are languages with some notability, either historically or because of unusual characteristics.

Language name	ISO	Year of first publication	Creator	Comments
Adjuvilo		1908	Claudius Colas	an esperantido created to cause dissent among Idoists
Afrihili	afh	1970	K. A. Kumi Attobrah	a pan-African language
Babm		1962	Rikichi Okamoto	noted for using latin letters as an abjad
Communicationssprache		1839	Joseph Schipfer	based on French
Esperanto II		1937	René de Saussure	last of the esperantidos
Europanto	eur	1996	Diego Marani	a "linguistic jest"
Kotava	avk	1978	Staren Fetcey	a sophisticated a priori IAL
Lingua Franca Nova	lfn	1998	Dr. C. George Boeree and others	Romance vocabulary with creole-like grammar
Lingua sistemfrater		1957	Pham Xuan Thai	Greco-Latin vocabulary with southeast Asian grammar
Modern Indo-European		2006	Carlos Quiles and María Teresa Batalla	modernized Proto-Indo-European
Mondial		1940s	Dr. Helge Heimer	naturalistic European language
Mundolinco		1888	J. Braakman	the first esperantido
Neo		1961	Arturo Alfandari	a very terse European language
Nuwaubic		1970s?	Malachi Z. York	the language of a black supremacist religious group
Poliespo		1990s?	Nvwtohiyada Idehesdi Sequoyah	Esperanto grammar with significant Cherokee vocabulary
Románico		1991		a pan-Romance language with esperanto-like features
Solresol		1827	François Sudre	the famous "musical language"
Sona		1935	Kenneth Searight	best known attempt at universality of vocabulary
Spokil		1887 or 1890	Adolph Nicolas	an a priori language by a former Volapük advocate
Toki Pona		2001	Sonja Elen Kisa	highly simplified language with restricted vocabulary
Universalglot		1868	Jean Pirro	arguably the first IAL, predating even Volapük

[edit] Controlled languages

Controlled languages are natural languages that have in some way been altered to make them simpler, easier to use, or more acceptable to those who do not speak the original language well. Most of these have been based on English.

• Basic English
• Globish
• Special English
• Plain English
• Simplified English
• E-Prime

[edit] Visual languages

Visual languages use symbols or movements in place of the spoken word.

• Blissymbols (zbl)
• Gestuno
• Signuno
• Earth Language

[edit] Engineered languages

[edit] Human-usable

• An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language by John Wilkins
• Arahau
• aUI
• Characteristica universalis
• Isotype
• Ithkuil
• Láadan (ldn)
• Loglan
• Lojban (jbo)
• Ro

[edit] Knowledge representation

• Common Logic, an ISO standard derived from KIF
• CycL
• The Distributed Language Translation project used a "binary-coded" version of Esperanto as a pivot language between the source language and its translation.
• Lincos
• Loom
• RDF

[edit] Artistic languages

[edit] Languages used in fiction

[edit] Literature

• Adûnaic from J. R. R. Tolkien's works
• Aklo, Tsath-yo, and R'lyehian are ancient and obscure languages in the works of H. P. Lovecraft, Clark Ashton Smith, and others. Aklo is considered by some writers to be the written language of the Serpent People
• Amtorian, spoken in some cultures on the planet Venus in Pirates of Venus by Edgar Rice Burroughs and several sequels. Judged by critic Fredrik Ekman to have "a highly inventive morphology but a far less interesting syntax." (See [1].)
• Ancient Language in the Inheritance Trilogy by Christopher Paolini (although this is considered to be a cipher of English by many)
• Angley, Unglish and Ingliss - three languages spoken respectively at Western Europe, North America and the Pacific in the 29th Century world of Poul Anderson's "Orion Shall Rise". All derived from present-day English, the three are mutually unintelligable, following 800 years of separate development after a 21st century nuclear war and the extensive absorption of words and grammatical forms from French in the first case, Russian, Chinese and Mongolian in the second, and Polynesian in the third.
• Anglo-French, in the alternate history world of the Lord Darcy stories by Randall Garrett - where England and France were permanently united into a single kingdom by Richard the Lionheart and their languagues consequently merged.
• asa'pili ("world language"), in bolo'bolo, by Swiss author P.M..
• Atreides battle, in Dune by Frank Herbert
• Babel-17, in Babel-17 by Samuel R. Delany
• Baronh, language of Abh in Seikai no Monsho (Crest of the Stars) and others, by Morioka Hiroyuki
• Black Speech - languague of Mordor in The Lord of the Rings
• Chakobsa, a language used in the Dune novels by Frank Herbert
• Codex Seraphinianus by Luigi Serafini appears to be written in a constructed language which is presumably the language of the alien civilization the book describes
• Common The language spoken in a wide variety of fantasy fiction, particularly Dungeons and Dragons.
• D'Haran The ancient, dead language of pre-Great War New World (D'Hara, Midlands, and Westland) in Terry Goodkind's "Sword of Truth" series.
• Drac, language of the alien species in Barry B. Longyear's Enemy Mine and The Enemy Papers
• Kad'k, the language of the Dwarfs in Terry Pratchett's Discworld
• Earthsea books (by Ursula K. Le Guin)
  • Language of the Making - the basis of all magic, spoken by Dragons as their native tongue and learned with considerable effort by human mages
  • Hardic - linguistically descended from the above
  • Osskilian, and Kargish - a different family of languges, distantly related
• Elemeno, language of two sisters in Caucasia by Danzy Senna.
• Fremen, language of the native people of Arrakis, in Dune and other novels by Frank Herbert
• Galactic Standard Speech in Asimov' "Foundation series". Inhabitants of the planet Fomalhaut speak "an extreme dialect" of it.
• Galacticspeak from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
• Gobbledygook, the language of goblins, in the Harry Potter series. Noted speakers include Albus Dumbledore and Barty Crouch.
• Glide, created by Diana Reed Slattery, used by the Death Dancers of The Maze Game
• High Speech of Gilead from Stephen King's The Dark Tower (series)
• Ilythiiri, the language of drow elves in Forgotten Realms setting. [2]
• Kesh, in Ursula K. Le Guin's novel Always Coming Home
• Krakish, in Guardians of Ga'Hoole by Kathryn Lasky
• Láadan (ldn), in Suzette Haden Elgin's science fiction novel Native Tongue and sequels
• Lapine, in Watership Down by Richard Adams
• Lilliputian from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Further samples of the language are provided in T. H. White's Mistress Masham's Repose. In Gulliver's Travels, other fictional languages, spoken in other places Gulliver visits, are also presented, e.g. Brobdingnagian, Laputan, Balbinarbian and Houyhnhnm languages.
• Mando'a, created by Karen Traviss, used by the Mandalorians in the Star Wars Republic Commando novels Hard Contact and Triple Zero
• Mangani in the Tarzan novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs
• Marain, in The Culture novels of Iain M. Banks
• The languages of Middle-earth (most notably Sindarin (sjn), Quenya (qya) and Khuzdûl) by J. R. R. Tolkien, partly published in The Lord of the Rings, and posthumously discussed in The History of Middle-earth and other publications.
• Molvanian from Molvania, A Land Untouched By Modern Dentistry
• Nadsat slang, in A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess
• Newspeak, in Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (fictional constructed language)
• Old Solar, in Out of the Silent Planet, Perelandra, and That Hideous Strength by C. S. Lewis
• The Old Tongue from Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time series
• Paluldonian in a Tarzan novel, Tarzan the Terrible, by Edgar Rice Burroughs. Used by the inhabitants of the realm of Pal-ul-don in Africa, separated from the outside world by inpenetrable marshes.
• Parseltongue, the language of snakes, in the Harry Potter series. The ability of humans to speak it is considered a magic ability.
• Pennsylvanisch, from Michael Flynn's The Forest of Time
• Pravic and Iotic, in The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin
• Ptydepe, from Václav Havel's play The Memorandum
• Quintaglio from Robert J. Sawyer's Quintaglio Ascension Trilogy
• Qwghlmian from Neal Stephenson's Cryptonomicon and The Baroque Cycle
• Reformed Egyptian in the Book of Mormon^[2]
• Rihannsu, spoken by the Rihannsu (Romulans) in the Star Trek novels of Diane Duane
• Stark (short for Star Common), a common interstellar English-based language from Orson Scott Card's Ender series
• Starsza Mowa from Andrzej Sapkowski's Hexer saga
• Troll language from Terry Pratchett's Discworld
• Utopian language, appearing in a poem by Petrus Gilles accompanying Thomas More's Utopia
• Whitmanite, spoken by members of a radical Anarchist-Pacifist cult of the same name in Robert Heinlein' The Puppet Masters. "Allucquere" is a female given name in Whitmanite.
• Zaum, poetic tongue elaborated by Velimir Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchonykh, and other Russian Futurists as a "transrational" and "most universal" language "of songs, incantations, and curses".
• Several languages spoken by Panurge in François Rabelais' Pantagruel (1532)
• The Time Machine featured an unnamed language for the Eloi people.
• Jack Womack's Dryco novels feature a future form of English with a modified grammar.

[edit] Comic books

• Bordurian in some of Hergé's The Adventures of Tintin, mostly in The Calculus Affair
• Interlac, the universal language spoken in the 30th century in the Legion of Super Heroes comics
• Kryptonese, or Kryptonian, the language of Superman's home planet of Krypton
• Syldavian, in some of Hergé's The Adventures of Tintin, mostly in King Ottokar's Sceptre

[edit] Movies, television and radio

• Two kinds of alien language, termed "Alienese" and "Beta Crypt 3" appear quite frequently in background sight gags in Futurama.
• Ancient in the Stargate universe (i.e. Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis) is the language of the Ancients, the builders of the Stargates; it is similar in pronunciation to Medieval Latin. The Athosians say prayers in Ancient.
• Atlantean created by Marc Okrand for the film Atlantis: The Lost Empire
• Beertongue, language of Real Ale drinkers in BBC Radio 4 comedy Double Science.
• Cityspeak, a "mishmash of Japanese, Spanish, German," plus Hungarian and French, spoken on the street of overcrowded and multi-lingual Los Angeles of 2019 in Blade Runner. Similarly, used in many cyberpunk genre role playing games.
• The Divine Language is a language invented by director Luc Besson and actress Milla Jovovich for the 1997 movie The Fifth Element.
• Enchanta, in the Encantadia and Etheria television series in the Philippines, created by the head writer Suzette Doctolero
• Gelfling, spoken in Jim Henson's fantasy epic The Dark Crystal
• Goa'uld, the galactic lingua franca from Stargate SG-1, supposedly influenced Ancient Egyptian
• Huttese, language of both alien species and people in some of George Lucas's Star Wars films
• Irken, in Invader Zim, by Jhonen Vasquez, et al.
• Klingon (tlh), in the Star Trek movie and television series, created by Marc Okrand
• Krakozhian from The Terminal
• Ku, a fictional African language in the movie The Interpreter (2005)
• Linguacode, a universal language code sometimes used by the United Federation of Planets in the Star Trek television series.
• Marklar, spoken by the people of Marklar in a South Park episode.
• Minbari from Babylon 5, three related languages used together, corresponding to the areas of expertise of the three societal castes.
• Nadsat, the fictional language spoken by Alex and his friends in Clockwork Orange.
• Paku from Land of the Lost
• PortuGreek, the trade language featured in Waterworld
• The pseudo-Spanish/Greek/Arabic language of Republica, as used in the fictional Chanel 9 program within the British comedy sketch show the The Fast Show
• Quenya (qya) and Sindarin (sjn), the two Elven languages, spoken in the Lord of the Rings movies.
• Slovetzian, the fictional Slavic language of Slovetzia in the movie The Beautician and the Beast
• The Star Wars series features several fictional languages, see: Languages in Star Wars
• Tenctonese from the Alien Nation movie and television series, created by Van Ling and Kenneth Johnson
• Unas in Stargate SG-1, supposedly the first hosts of the Goa'uld
• Ulam, language spoken by the prehistoric humans in Anthony Burgess' movie Quest for Fire, created by melting roots of European languages.
• Vampire language used in the movie Blade.
• Vulcan language from Star Trek

[edit] Unnamed languages

• In the Janissaries series of science-fiction novels by Jerry Pournelle, the human natives of the planet Tran speak a language apparently derived from Mycenaean. A form of Latin is also spoken in an empire resembling ancient Rome's, but only by scholars.
• Riddley Walker, a 1980 novel by Russell Hoban, set in a post-apocalyptic future, is written entirely in a "devolved" form of English.
• Writer/director Luc Besson invented a Divine Language for Milla Jovovich's character "Leeloo" to speak in the film The Fifth Element.

[edit] Music

• Gulevache: fictional Romance Language of the kingdom of Gulevandia on the bilingual opera Cardoso en Gulevandia by the comedy group Les Luthiers
• Kobaian, the language used by 70's French rock group Magma.
• Vonlenska, sometimes known as "Hopelandic", the language sung by Jón Þór Birgisson of the Icelandic band "Sigur Rós" on many of their songs.
• Loxian, featured on the Enya album Amarantine.
• Unnamed language by Yves Barbieux, used in his song "Sanomi" and performed by the Belgian group Urban Trad in the Eurovision Song contest in 2003.
• Mohelmot, a forbidden language used by The Residents on the album The Big Bubble: Part Four of the Mole Trilogy.
• Unnamed language by Emmanuelle Orange, used in her song Pialoushka and performed by Montreal band Eden106.
• Unnamed language featured in the chorus of 2NU's 1991 track This is Ponderous.

[edit] Performance

• Grammelot (Cirquish) is a "gibberish" that goes back to the 16th century, used by performers, including those of Cirque du Soleil

[edit] Games

• In the Halo series several alien languages are spoken by the Covenant.
• Al Bhed is a language used by the race of people known by the same name in the fictional world of Spira, in the games Final Fantasy X & Final Fantasy X-2
• Alaani, Angram (old dwarvish), Asdharia (high elvish), Isdira (elvish), Rogolan (dwarvish), Rssahh (language of the 'lizard-people') and others in the role-playing game The Dark Eye
• Ancient Altmer, the old tongue of High Elves in The Elder Scrolls series.
• Ancient Hylian is the ancient language used by the first Hylians in The Legend of Zelda
• Animalese is one language spoken by the NPC characters of Animal Crossing. There is also the option that they can speak Bebebese.
• Bluddian from the video game Captain Blood by Cryo Interactive Entertainment
• Common, Darnassian, Draenei language, Dwarvish, Gnomish, Gutterspeak, Orcish, Taurahe, Thalassian, and Troll language, all from the Warcraft Universe
• D'ni, the language spoken by the subterranean D'ni people in Cyan Worlds' Myst series of computer games and novels
• Dino, the language made by the Dinosaur Planet in Star Fox Adventures
• Gargish, used in the Ultima computer game series, by the gargoyle race
• kiZombie, used by zombies in the Urban Dead MMORPG
• Lashonnu is the language of the Wealdings (the Forest People) in the Gondica role playing game by Anders Blixt
• Mando'a, created by Karen Traviss, used by the Mandalorians in Star Wars: Republic Commando
• Or'zet, the rediscovered language of the Orks from the Shadowrun role playing game
• The unnamed language used by the Protoss in the StarCraft series
• Simlish from the computer game The Sims
• Sload, the language of the epynomous race in The Elder Scrolls series.
• Sperethiel, the language of the Elven nations of Tir Tairngire and Tir na Nog from the Shadowrun role playing game
• Tho Fan, in the Xbox game Jade Empire
• The unnamed language used by the Zerg race in the StarCraft series
• The unnamed language used by the Blobs when they sing, in the PlayStation Portable Game, "LocoRoco"
• The unnamed language used in the Klonoa series up to Klonoa Heroes: Legend of the Star Medal, and an expetation in Namco X Capcom, uses normal Japanese. It is known as Klonian or more recently Lunatean from Klonoa 2: Lunatea's Veil.
• Panzerese, a mix of German, Japanese, and Latin, used in the Panzer Dragoon series of games.
• Alltongue, magical language spoken in Arcadia in The Longest Journey series
• Vasudan, the language spoken by the Vasudan race in Descent: FreeSpace — The Great War and in the other titles in the FreeSpace series.

[edit] Internet-based

• Teonaht, by Sally Caves
• several languages created for the fictional planet of Almea by Mark Rosenfelder

[edit] Alternative languages

• Anglish
• Several North Slavic languages, inspired by the existence of West, East and South Slavic languages and the absence of a Northern branch

[edit] Micronational languages

• Talossan, by R. Ben Madison

[edit] Personal languages

• Enochian by Edward Kelley
• Lingua Ignota, by Hildegard of Bingen

[edit] Language games

• Binaliktad
• Gibberish
• Jeringonza
• Língua do Pê
• Louchebem
• Opish
• Pig Latin
• Rosarigasino
• Rövarspråket
• Sananmuunnos
• Šatrovački
• Starckdeutsch, Starckteutsch
• Tutnese
• Ubbi dubbi
• Verlan
• Vesre

[edit] Toys

• Furbish

[edit] References and notes

[edit] See also

• Alien language
• Artificial script
• Constructed language
• Engineered language
• International auxiliary language
• Language game
• List of languages
• Voynich Manuscript

v • d • e Constructed languages (conlangs) WikiPortal · WikiProject Conlang types Artistic language (artlang) · Constructed language (conlang) · Constructed script · Engineered language (engelang) · Fictional language · International auxiliary language (IAL) · Language game · Musical language · Relexification · Universal language Most notable conlangs Blissymbol · Enochian · Esperanto · Glosa · Ido · Interlingua · Ithkuil · Klingon · Láadan · Lingua Franca Nova · Lingua Ignota · Loglan · Lojban · Nadsat · Newspeak · Novial · Quenya · Sindarin · Solresol · Teonaht · Toki Pona · Volapük Resources Conlanger · Conlang XSAMPA · Langmaker · Language Creation Conference · Translation relay · Zompist.com · List of constructed languages