List of cardinal-nephews

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This is a list of cardinal-nephews, cardinals elevated by popes who were their uncles, or more generally, their relatives. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.^[1] From the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull, Romanum decet pontificem (1692), nearly every pope who appointed cardinals appointed at least one relative to the College of Cardinals,^[2] including every Renaissance pope.^[3]

Although the nephew was the most common relation to be elevated to the College, other creatures include (legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted) sons and grandsons, brothers, grand-nephews, cousins, and even uncles.^[1][3] Sixteen cardinal-nephews were later elected pope^[4] (John XIX, Benedict IX, Anastasius IV, Innocent III, Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Benedict XII, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, and Clement VII) and two were canonized (Charles Borromeo and Anselm of Lucca).

Occupants of the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew are denoted with †. Similar creatures include cardinal-nephews of anti-popes and nephews of popes made cardinals by other popes.

Contents 1 11th century 2 12th century 3 13th century 4 14th century 5 15th century 6 16th century 7 17th century 8 18th century 9 19th century 10 Similar creatures 10.1 Pseudo-cardinal-nephews 10.2 Nephews of other popes 11 References

[edit] 11th century

Of Benedict VIII (1012-1024)

• Lotario (or Loctarius), seniore, elevated circa 1015 (cousin)^[5]
• Giovanni (brother, future Pope John XIX)^[5]
• Teofilatto (future Pope Benedict IX, nephew to both Benedict VIII and John XIX)^[5]

Of Alexander II (1061-1073)

• St. Anselm of Lucca (brother or nephew)^[5]

Of Urban II (1088-1099)

• Odon, elevated 1088^[5]

[edit] 12th century

Of Callixtus II (1119-1124)

• Etienne de Bar, elevated 1120^[6]

Of Honorius II (1124-1130)

• Corrado de Suburra, elevated 1127 (future Pope Anastasius IV)^[6]

Of Innocent II (1130-1143)

• Gregorio Papareschi, elevated 1134^[6]
• Pietro Papareschi, elevated 1142 (brother)^[6]

Of Lucius II (1144-1145)

• Ubaldo Caccianemici, elevated June 1144 (cousin)^[6]

Of Anastasius IV (1153-1154)

• Gregorio de Suburra, elevated December 1153^[6]

Of Adrian IV (1154-1159)

• Boso, elevated December 1155^[7]

Of Lucius III (1181-1185)

• Uberto Allucingoli, elevated 1182^[6]
• Gerardo Allucingoli (or Gheraro), elevated 1182 (relative)^[6]

Of Clement III (1187-1191)

• Lotario de' Conti, elevated September 1190 (future Pope Innocent III)^[8]

Of Celestine III (1191-1198)

• Niccolò Boboni, elevated 1191^[6]

Of Innocent III (1198-1216)

• Ugolino dei Conti di Segni, elevated December 1198 (cousin, future Pope Gregory IX)^[9]
• Giovanni dei Conti di Segni, elevated 1200 (cousin)^[9]
• Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni, elevated 1205 (cousin)^[9]
• Stefano Normandis (Conti), elevated 1216 ^[10]

[edit] 13th century

Of Gregory IX (1227-1241)

• Rinaldo Conti, elevated September 18, 1227 (future Pope Alexander IV)^[11][9]
• Niccolo Conti di Segni, elevated December 1228^[12]
• Riccardo Annibaldeschi di Molaria, elevated 1237^[13]

Of Innocent IV (1243-1254)

• Guglielmo Fieschi, elevated May 28, 1244^[11][9]
• Ottobono Fieschi, elevated December 1251 (future Pope Adrian V)^[9][11]

Of Urban IV (1261-1264)

• Anchero Pantaleone, elevated May 22, 1262^[9]

Of Gregory X (1271-1276)

• Vicedomino de Vicedominis, elevated June 3, 1273 (future pope elect, died before proclamation)^[9][14]
• Giovanni Visconti, possibly elevated in 1275^[15]

Of Nicholas III (1277-1280)

• Latino Malabranca Orsini, elevated March 12, 1278^[9]
• Giordano Orsini, elevated March 12, 1278 (brother)^[9][16]

Of Honorius IV (1285-1287)

• Giovanni Boccamazza (or Boccamiti), elevated December 22, 1285 (relative)^[9]

Of Boniface VIII (1294-1303)

• Benedetto II Caetani, elevated between January 23 and May 13, 1295^[9][17]
• Giacomo Tomasi Caetani (Iacopo Tommasi), elevated December 17, 1295^[9][17]
• Francesco Caetani, elevated December 17, 1295^[9][17]
• Leonardo Patrasso, elevated March 2, 1300 (uncle)^[9]

[edit] 14th century

Of Clement V (1305-1314)

• Berenger Fredoli, elevated December 15, 1305^[18]
• Arnaud Frangier de Chanteloup, elevated December 15, 1305^[18]
• Arnaud de Pellegrue, elevated December 15, 1305^[18]
• Raymond de Got, elevated December 15, 1305^[18]
• Guillaume Ruffat des Forges, or Guillaume Arrufat elevated December 15, 1305^[18]
• Raymond Guillaume des Forges, elevated December 19, 1310^[18]
• Bernard Jarre (or Garve), elevated December 19, 1310 (relative)^[18]
• Berenguer Fredol, elevated December 23, 1312 (grand-nephew)^[18]

Of John XXII (1316-1334)

• Jacques de Via, elevated December 17 (or 18), 1316^[18]
• Gauscelin Jean d'Euse, elevated December 17 (or 18), 1316^[18]
• Bertrand du Pouget, elevated December 17 (or 18), 1316^[18]
• Arnaud de Via, elevated June 20, 1317^[18]
• Raymond Le Roux, elevated December 19 (or 20), 1320^[18]
• Jacques Fournier, elevated December 18, 1327 (nephew on his mother side, future Pope Benedict XII)^[19]
• Imbert Dupuis, elevated December 18, 1327^[18]

Of Benedict XII (1334-1342)

• Guillaume Court, elevated December 18, 1338^[18]

Of Clement VI (1342-1352)

• Aymeric de Chalus, elevated September 20, 1342 (cousin) ^[20]
• Hugues Roger, elevated September 20, 1342 (brother)^[18][21]
• Adhémar Robert, elevated September 20, 1342^[18]
• Gérard Domar, elevated September 20, 1342 (cousin)^[18]
• Bernard de la Tour, elevated September 20, 1342^[18]
• Guillaume de la Jugée (Guillaume II Roger), elevated September 20, 1342^[18][21]
• Nicolas de Besse, elevated May 19, 1344 (cousin) ^[22]
• Pierre-Roger de Beaufort, elevated May 28 (or 29), 1348 (future Pope Gregory XI)^[18][23][21]
• Raymond de Canillac, elevated December 17, 1350^[18]
• Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille, seniore, elevated December 17, 1350 ^[24]
• Pierre du Cros, elevated December 17, 1350^[18]

Of Innocent VI (1352-1362)

• Andouin Aubert, elevated February 15, 1353^[18]
• Pierre de Salvete Monteruc, elevated December 23, 1356^[18]
• Etienne Cardinal Aubert, elevated September 17, 1361^[18]

Of Urban V (1362-1370)

• Angelic de Grimoard, elevated September 18, 1366 (brother)^[18]
• Pierre d'Estaing, elevated June 7, 1370 (relative) ^[25]

Of Gregory XI (1370-1378)

• Jean du Cros, elevated May 30, 1371^[18]
• Jean de La Tour, elevated May 30, 1371 ^[26]
• Pierre de la Jugée (or Jugie), elevated December 20, 1375 (cousin)^[18]
• Gui de Malsec, elevated December 20, 1375 ^[27]
• Gérard du Puy, elevated December 20, 1375^[18]

Of Urban VI (1378-1389)

• Francesco Moricotti Prignani, elevated September 18, 1378 ^[28]
• Francesco Renzio, elevated December 21, 1381 (relative) ^[29]
• Pietro Tomacelli (future Pope Boniface IX), elevated December 21, 1381 (relative) ^[30]
• Marino Bulcani, elevated December 17, 1384 (relative, nephew of cardinal Francesco Renzio)^[31]

Of Boniface IX (1378-1389)

• Francesco Carbone Tomacelli (probably adopted while already a cardinal, having been elevated by Urban VI on December 17, 1384, because he began to use a last name Carbone Tomacelli after Boniface's IX election. It seems that his mother married Pope's brother after the death of cardinal's father.)^[32]

[edit] 15th century

Of Innocent VII (1404-1406)

• Giovanni Migliorati, elevated June 12, 1405^[33]

Of Gregory XII (1406-1415)

• Antonio Correr, elevated May 9, 1408^[33]
• Gabriele Condulmer, elevated May 9, 1408 (future Pope Eugene IV)^[34]
• Cardinal Barbarigo, elevated September 19, 1408^[34]

Of Martin V (1417-1431)

• Prospero Colonna, elevated May 24, 1426 and published November 8, 1430^[33]

Of Eugene IV (1431-1447)

• Francesco Condulmer, elevated September 19, 1431^[34]
• Pietro Barbo, elevated July 1, 1440 (future Pope Paul II)^[34]

Of Nicholas V (1447-1455)

• Filippo Calandrini, elevated December 20, 1448 (half-brother)^[33]

Of Callixtus III (1455-1458)

• Rodrigo Borja, elevated February 20, 1456 (published September 17, 1456, future Pope Alexander VI)^[33]
• Luis Juan del Mila y Borja, elevated February 20, 1456 (published September 17, 1456)^[33]

Of Pius II (1458-1464)

• Francesco Piccolomini, elevated March 5, 1460 (future Pope Pius III)^[33]
• Niccolò Fortiguerra, elevated March 5, 1460 (relative on mother's side)^[33]
• Giacomo Ammannati-Piccolomini, elevated December 18, 1461 (adopted)^[33]

Of Paul II (1464-1471)

• Marco Barbo, elevated September 18, 1467^[33]
• Giovanni Battista Zeno, elevated November 21, 1468^[33]
• Giovanni Michiel, elevated November 21, 1468^[33]

Of Sixtus IV (1471-1484)

• Pietro Riario, elevated December 16, 1471^[33]
• Giuliano della Rovere, elevated December 16, 1471, (future Pope Julius II)^[33]
• Girolamo Baso della Rovere, elevated December 10, 1477^[33]
• Raffaele Riario, elevated December 10, 1477^[33]
• Cristoforo della Rovere, elevated December 10, 1477^[33]
• Domenico della Rovere, elevated February 10, 1478^[33]

Of Innocent VIII (1484-1492)

• Lorenzo Cybo de Mari, elevated March 9, 1489^[33]

Of Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503)

• Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor, elevated August 31, 1492 (cousin)^[33]
• Cesare Borgia, elevated September 20, 1493, resigned August 18, 1498 (son)^[35]
• Giuliano Cesarini, iuniore, elevated September 20, 1493 (brother-in-law of daughter, Gerolama Borgia)^[36]
• Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el menor, elevated February 19, 1496 (grand-nephew)^[33]
• Amanieu d'Albret, elevated March 20, 1500 (brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia)^[37]
• Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, elevated March 20, 1500 (grand-nephew)^[33]
• Francisco de Borja, elevated September 28, 1500 (disputed relationship)^[38]
• Juan de Vera, elevated September 28, 1500 (relative)^[38]
• Juan Castellar y de Borja, elevated May 31, 1503 (cousin of Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor) ^[39]
• Francisco Lloris y de Borja, elevated May 31, 1503 (grand-nephew)^[40]

[edit] 16th century

Of Julius II (1503-1513)

• Clemente Grosso della Rovere, November 29, 1503^[41]
• Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere, November 29, 1503^[41]
• Marco Vigerio della Rovere, December 1, 1505 (distant relative)^[41]
• Leonardo Grosso della Rovere, December 1, 1505 (cousin) ^[41]
• Sisto Gara della Rovere, September 11, 1507^[41]

Of Pope Leo X (1513-1521)

• Giulio de' Medici, elevated September 23, 1513 (cousin, future Pope Clement VII)^[35]
• Innocenzo Cybo, elevated September 23, 1513^[41]
• Francesco Armellini de' Medici, elevated July 1, 1517 (adopted)
• Niccolò Ridolfi, elevated July 1, 1517
• Luigi de' Rossi, elevated July 1, 1517 (cousin)^[41]

Of Clement VII (1523-1534)

• Ippolito de' Medici (illegitimate son of Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici), elevated January 10, 1529^[42]

Of Paul III (1534-1549)

• Alessandro Farnese, elevated December 18, 1534 (grandson)^[35][41]
• Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora, elevated December 18, 1534 (grandson)^[41]
• Niccolò Caetani, elevated December 22, 1536 (son of cousin, published March 13, 1538)^[41]
• Tiberio Crispo, elevated December 19, 1544 (brother, on his mother's side, of pope's daughter Constanza Farnese; possibly natural son of Paul III)^[43]
• Ranuccio Farnese, elevated December 16, 1545 (grandson)^[41]
• Giulio Feltre della Rovere, elevated July 27, 1547 (relative)^[44]

Of Julius III (1550-1555)

• Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte, elevated May 30, 1550 (adopted)^[41]
• Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte, elevated November 20, 1551 (cousin)^[41]
• Roberto de' Nobili, elevated December 22, 1553 (grand-nephew)^[41]
• Girolamo Simoncelli, elevated December 22, 1553 (grand-nephew)^[41]

Of Paul IV (1555-1559)

• Carlo Carafa, elevated June 7, 1555^[45]
• Diomede Carafa, elevated December 20, 1555 (relative)^[41]
• Alfonso Carafa, elevated March 15, 1557 (grand-nephew)^[46]

Of Pius IV (1559-1565)

• Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni, elevated January 31, 1560 (cousin of Charles Borromeo)^[47]
• St. Charles Borromeo, elevated January 31, 1560 (nephew)^[48][41]
• Mark Sittich von Hohenems (or Marco Sittico d'Altemps^[49]), elevated February 26, 1561 (nephew)^[41]
• Alfonso Gesualdo, elevated February 26, 1561 (brother-in-law of Charles Borromeo)^[50]
• Gianfrancesco Gàmbara, elevated February 26, 1561 (stepbrother of Charles Borromeo)^[50]
• Francesco Alciati, elevated March 12, 1565 (relative)^[51]
• Guido Luca Ferrero, elevated March 12, 1565 (cousin of Charles Borromeo)^[51]
• Gianfrancesco Commendone, elevated March 12, 1565 (relative)^[51]

Of Pius V (1576-1572)

• Michele Bonelli†, elevated March 6, 1566 (grand-nephew)^[52]

Of Gregory XIII (1572-1585)

• Filippo Boncompagni†, elevated June 2, 1572^[53]
• Filippo Guastavillani, elevated July 5, 1574^[41]

Of Sixtus V (1585-1590)

• Alessandro Peretti di Montalto†, elevated March 13, 1585^[54][41]

Of Gregory XIV (1590-1591)

• Paolo Emilio Sfondrato†, elevated December 19, 1590^[55]
• Flaminio Piatti, elevated March 6, 1591 (relative)^[56]

Of Innocent IX (1591)

• Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce†, elevated December 18, 1591 (grand-nephew)^[41]

Of Clement VIII (1592-1605)

• Pietro Aldobrandini†, elevated September 17, 1593^[57][58]
• Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini†, elevated September 17, 1593^[59]
• Silvestro Aldobrandini, elevated September 17, 1603 (grand-nephew)^[41]
• Giovanni Battista Deti, elevated March 3, 1599 (relative) ^[60]
• Bonifazio Bevilacqua Aldobrandini, elevated March 3, 1599 (adopted while already a cardinal on April 3, 1601)^[61]

[edit] 17th century

Of Paul V (1605-1621)

• Scipione Borghese Caffarelli†, elevated July 18, 1605 (adopted)
• Giambattista Leni, elevated November 24, 1608 (distant relative) ^[62]

Of Gregory XV (1621-1623)

• Ludovico Ludovisi†, elevated February 15, 1621^[63]
• Francesco Boncompagni, elevated April 19, 1621^[63]
• Marcantonio Gozzadini, elevated July 21, 1621 (cousin)^[63]

Of Urban VIII (1623-1644)

• Francesco Barberini†, elevated October 2, 1623^[63]
• Lorenzo Magalotti, elevated October 7, 1624 (brother in law)^[63]
• Antonio Barberini, seniore, elevated October 7, 1624 (brother)^[63]
• Antonio Barberini, iuniore, elevated August 30, 1627^[63]

Of Innocent X (1644-1655)

• Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphilj†, elevated November 14, 1644, resigned January 21, 1647 (son of Innocent X's sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini)^[63]
• Francesco Maidalchini†, elevated October 7, 1647 (nephew of Olimpia Maidalchini)
• Camillo Astalli† elevated September 19, 1650 (cousin of Olimpia Maidalchini; deprived of the title of nipote in 1653) ^[64]
• Carlo Gualterio, elevated March 2, 1654 (relative)

Of Alexander VII (1655-1667)

• Flavio Chigi, seniore†, elevated April 9, 1657^[63]
• Antonio Bichi, elevated April 9, 1657^[65]

Of Clement IX (1667-1669)

• Giacomo Rospigliosi†, elevated December 12, 1667^[63]

Of Clement X (1670-1676)

• Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni† (adopted while already a cardinal, having been elevated by Alexander VII on January 24, 1664)^[66][67][68]

Of Innocent XI (1676-1689)

• Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri, elevated September 2, 1686 (distant relative)^[69]

Of Alexander VIII (1689-1691)

• Pietro Ottoboni† (grandnephew), elevated November 7, 1689^[70]
• Giambattista Rubini, elevated February 13, 1690^[63]

[edit] 18th century

Of Clement XI (1700-1721)

• Annibale Albani, elevated December 23, 1711^[71]
• Fabio Olivieri, elevated May 6, 1715^[72]

Of Innocent XIII (1721-1724)

• Bernardo Maria Conti, elevated June 16, 1721 (brother)^[73]

Of Clement XII (1730-1740)

• Neri Maria Corsini, elevated August 14, 1730^[74]
• Giovanni Antonio Guadagni, elevated September 24, 1731 ^[75]

Of Clement XIII (1758-1769)

• Carlo Rezzonico, elevated September 11, 1758^[76]

Of Pius VI (1775-1799)

• Giovanni Carlo Bandi, elevated May 29, 1775 (uncle)^[74]
• Romualdo Braschi-Onesti, elevated December 18, 1786^[77]

[edit] 19th century

Of Leo XIII (1878-1903)

• Giuseppe Pecci, elevated May 12, 1879 (brother) ^[78]

[edit] Similar creatures

[edit] Pseudo-cardinal-nephews

Quasi-cardinal	Nephew of	Elevated	Notes
Giacomo Alberti	Antipope Nicholas V	May 15, 1328	Excommunicated by Pope John XXII.[18]
Amedeo Saluzzo	Antipope Clement VII	December 23, 1383	Abandoned Avignon Pope Benedict XIII after having been deposed by him on October 21, 1408; participated in the Council of Pisa, the election of Pope Alexander V (now regarded as an antipope), the Council of Constance, and the conclave of Pope Martin V.[18]
Tommaso Brancaccio	Antipope John XXIII	June 6, 1411	Attended the Council of Constance, and the conclave of Pope Martin V.[79]
Gil Sánchez Muñoz	Antipope Clement VIII	July 26, 1429	Submitted to Pope Martin V after his uncle abdicated.[33]

[edit] Nephews of other popes

Cardinal	"Nephew" of	Elevator	Elevated	Notes
Giovanni Aniceo (relative)	Gregory I	Pelagius II	circa 580
Pope Paul I (brother)[80]	Stephen II	Pope Zachary	Before 750	Future Pope Paul I
Romano Marin[81]	Pope Marinus I	Pope Nicholas I	cira 867
Cristoforo (relative)[82]	Leo V	Sergius III	circa 904-911
Leone (brother)[82]	Pope Leo VI	Pope John XI	circa 931-936	Future Pope Leo VII
Giovanni[5]	Pope Benedict IX	Pope Gregory VI	1045
Cinzio Papareschi[6]	Pope Innocent II	Pope Adrian IV	February 1158
Ottaviano di Paoli (or Conti) (relative)[6]	Innocent III	Lucius III	1182
Pietro de Morra (relative)[9]	Gregory VIII	Innocent III	1205
Tommaso del Vescovo[83]	Pope Honorius IV	Pope Innocent III	1216
Bertrando Savelli	Pope Honorius IV	Pope Honorius III[84]	December 1216 or ca. 1219[85]
Goffredo da Castiglione[9]	Pope Urban III	Pope Gregory IX	September 18, 1227	future Pope Celestine IV
Goffredo Castiglioni (relative)[9]	Celestine IV	Innocent IV	May 28, 1244	Celestine IV did not create cardinals
Matteo Rosso Orsini[9][16]	Pope Nicholas III	Pope Urban IV	May 22, 1262
Napoleone Orsini Frangipani[9]	Pope Nicholas III	Pope Nicholas IV	May 16, 1288
Francesco Napoleone Orsini[9]	Pope Nicholas III	Pope Boniface VIII	December 12, 1295
Luc Fieschi[9]	Pope Adrian V	Pope Boniface VIII	March 2, 1300
Gaillard de la Mothe[18]	Pope Clement V	Pope John XXII	December 17 (or 18), 1316
Jean de Carmin[18]	Pope John XXII	Pope Clement VI	December 17, 1350
Gilles Aycelin de Montaigu[18]	Pope Clement VI	Pope Innocent VI	September 17, 1361
Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille[18]	Pope Clement VI	Pope Urban V	May 12, 1367
Baldassare Cossa (distant relative)[86]	Boniface IV	Boniface IX	February 27, 1402	Future Antipope John XXIII
Agostino Spinola (grand-nephew)[87]	Pope Sixtus IV	Pope Clement VII	May 3, 1527
Alessandro Sforza[41]	Pope Paul III	Pope Pius IV	March 12, 1565
Giovanni Aldobrandini (brother) [88]	Pope Clement VIII	Pope Pius V	May 17, 1570
Roberto Ubaldini[89]	Pope Leo XI	Pope Paul V	December 2, 1615
Ippolito Aldobrandini (grand-nephew) [90]	Pope Clement VIII	Pope Gregory XV	April 19, 1621
Carlo Barberini [91]	Pope Urban VIII	Pope Innocent X	June 23, 1653
Felice Rospigliosi [92]	Pope Clement IX	Pope Clement X	January 16, 1673
Benedetto Pamphilij (grand-nephew)[93]	Pope Innocent X	Pope Innocent XI	September 1, 1681
Francesco Pignatelli [94]	Pope Innocent XII	Pope Clement XI	December 17, 1703
Alessandro Albani (cousin)[95]	Pope Clement XI	Pope Innocent XIII	July 16, 1721
Domenico Orsini d'Aragona[74]	Pope Benedict XIII	Pope Benedict XIV	September 9, 1743
Andrea Corsini (grand-nephew)[74]	Pope Clement XII	Pope Clement XIII	September 24, 1759
Gabriel della Genga Sermattei	Pope Leo XII	Pope Gregory XVI	February 1, 1836

[edit] References