List of butterflies of India (Coeliadinae)
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A total of 22 species belonging to four genera of the Coeliadinae (family Hesperiidae), or the Awls, Awlets and Awlkings, as they are commonly called, are found in India. These are relatively large skippers which inhabit dense forests, mostly evergreen, and have dicotyledonous host-plants. The vividly marked, smooth, cylindrical caterpillars construct cells from leaves within which they metamorphose into stout pupae. These skippers tend to synchronise egg-laying followed by migration, sometimes to sub-optimal habitats in search of fresh supplies of host-plants.
The Awls and related genera have long, narrow fore wings, rounded hind wings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus. The adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings. They have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye. The eyes are large, an adaptation to the crespuscular habits of this species.
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[edit] Checklist
[edit] Badamia - The Brown Awl
- Brown Awl, Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775)[1][2]
[edit] Bibasis - The diurnal Awlets
Note: Bibasis contains just three diurnal species, of which only one occurs in India; the crepuscular remainder having been removed to Burara. The species now shifted to Burara are morphologically and behaviorally distinct from Bibasis, within which many authors have formerly included them.[3]
- Orange-tail Awl, Bibasis sena (Moore, 1865)[4][5]
[edit] Burara - The crepuscular Awlets
- Pale Green Awlet, Burara gomata (Moore, 1865),[4][6] formerly Bibasis gomata.
- Small Green Awlet Burara amara (Moore, 1865),[4][7][8] formerly Bibasis amara.
- Plain Orange Awlet Burara anadi De Nicéville, 1883[4][7][9] formerly Bibasis anadi.
- Orange Awlet Burara harisa (Moore, 1865),[4][7][10] formerly Bibasis harisa.
- Orange-striped Awl, Burara jaina (Moore, 1865),[4][11] formerly Bibasis jaina.
- Branded Orange Awlet Burara oedipodea ((Swainson, 1820),[4][7][12] formerly Bibasis oedipodea.
- Green Awlet Burara vasutana Moore, 1865[4][7][13] formerly Bibasis vasutana.
[edit] Choaspes - The Awlkings
- Indian Awlking, Choaspes benjaminii Guérin-Méneville, 1843)[14][15][16]
- Branded Awlking Choaspes plateni (Staudinger, 1888)[7][15][16][17]
[edit] Hasora - The Awls
- Slate Awl, Hasora anura De Nicéville, 1889 [22][23][24]
- White Banded Awl, Hasora taminatus (Hübner, 1818)[22][24][27]
- Yellow Banded Awl, Hasora schoenherr (Latreille, 1824)[22][24][28]
- Common Awl, Hasora badra (Moore, 1857)[22][24][29]
- Plain Banded Awl, Hasora vitta (Butler, 1870)[22][24][30]
- Large Banded Awl Hasora khoda (Mabille, 1876)[22][24][31]
- Violet Awl, Hasora leucospila (Mabille, 1891) [32][33]
- Green Awl, Hasora salanga (Plötz, 1885) [34][35]
This list forms part of the full list of butterflies of India (Hesperiidae) which itself is part of the complete list of butterflies of India.
[edit] Cited references
- ^ Marrku Savela's Website on Lepidoptera Page on Badamia genus.
- ^ Marrku Savela's Website on Lepidoptera. Page on genus Badamia exclamationis.
- ^ Vane-Wright and de Jong (2003) (see TOL web pages on genus Bibasis and genus Burara in the Tree of Life Web Project)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Marrku Savela's Website on Lepidoptera Page on Bibasis genus.
- ^ Card for Bibasis sena in LepIndex. Accessed 16 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Bibasis gomata in LepIndex. Accessed 16 October 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Haribal, Meena (1994) The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History
- ^ Card for Bibasis amara in LepIndex. Accessed 16 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Bibasis anadi in LepIndex. Accessed 16 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Bibasis harisa in LepIndex. Accessed 16 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Bibasis jaina in LepIndex. Accessed 16 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Bibasis oedipodea in LepIndex. Accessed 16 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Bibasis vasutana in LepIndex. Accessed 16 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Choaspes benjaminii in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ a b c d Marrku Savela's Website on Lepidoptera - page on genus Choaspes.
- ^ a b c d TOL web page on genus Choaspes
- ^ Card for Choaspes plateni in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Choaspes xanthopogon in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ The common name Similar Awlking is that of taxon similis (vide Evans (1932)) which is not recognised as a valid species by Savela and by TOLWeb (ref its page on genus Choaspes). Taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon.
- ^ Card for Choaspes furcata in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ The species is considered to be furcata by [ LepIndex], and as furcatus by TOLWeb. Savela gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change. Accordingly it is being retained as furcata, with furcatus as redirect, pending the availability of a proper reference.
- ^ a b c d e f g Marrku Savela's Website on Lepidoptera Page on Hasora genus.
- ^ Card for Hasora anura in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g TOL web page on genus Hasora
- ^ Hasora alexis (Fabricius, 1775) is a synonym of H. chromus vide LepIndex [1]
- ^ Card for Hasora chromus in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Hasora taminatus in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Hasora schoenherr in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Hasora badra in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Hasora vitta in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ Card for Hasora khoda in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ Evans in The Identification of Indian Butterflies, (1932) (ser no I 1.9, pp 224) records it as occurring in the Nicobars.
- ^ Card for Hasora leucospila in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.
- ^ Evans in The Identification of Indian Butterflies, (1932) (ser no I 1.10, pp 224) records it as occurring in the Nicobars.
- ^ Card for Hasora salanga in LepIndex. Accessed 02 October 2007.
[edit] References
- Evans, W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. 2nd Ed, (i to x, pp454, 9 figs, Plates I to XXXII), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
- Gay,Thomas; Kehimkar,Isaac & Punetha,J.C. (1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
- Haribal, Meena. (1992) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History (pp 217). Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.
- Kunte, Krushnamegh. (2000) Butterflies of Peninsular India, (i to xviii, pp254, Plates 1 to 32) Universities Press (India) Ltd, Hyderabad (reprint 2006). ISBN 81-7371-354-5
- Watson, E. Y. (1891) Hesperiidae indicae. Vest and Co. Madras.
- Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
Online
- Beccaloni, G. W., Scoble, M. J., Robinson, G. S. & Pitkin, B. (Editors). 2003. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). World Wide Web electronic publication. [2] (accessed 26 September 2007).
- Brower, Andrew V. Z. and Warren, Andrew, (2007). Coeliadinae Evans 1937. Version 21 February 2007 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Coeliadinae/12150/2007.02.21 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/.
- Savela, Marrku Website on Lepidoptera and some other life forms [3] (accessed 26 September 2007)
[edit] See also
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