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The following is a list of United Nations resolutions that concern Israel only or bordering states (such as Lebanon).[1][2] From 1967 to 1989 the UN Security Council passed 131 resolutions directly dealing with the Arab-Israeli conflict. Of the 131 resolutions passed, 43 could be considered neutral while the remaining 88 either criticized and opposed the actions of Israel or judged against its interests. Nearly half of the 88 resolutions against Israel "condemned", "censured" or "deplored" the member state or its actions.[3] During this time, in the UN General Assembly, 429 resolutions against Israel were passed, and Israel was condemned 321 times.[4] The United States has used its veto power to prevent resolutions concerning Israel from passing through the Security Council on 42 occasions since 1970. [1] Resolutions condemning Israel were not made under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, but rather under Chapter VI, which relates to the "Pacific Settlement of Disputes" between parties, and as such have no enforcement mechanisms and are generally considered to have no binding force under international law.[5]
David Harsanyi has accused the UN of heavy anti-Israel prejudice.[6] The Negotiations Affairs Department of the Palestine Liberation Organization has accused the UN of serious bias in favor of Israel.[7]
[edit] United Nations General Assembly resolutions
- See also: United Nations General Assembly resolution
[edit] United Nations Security Council resolutions
- See also: United Nations Security Council resolution
- Resolution 42: The Palestine Question (5 March 1948) Requests recommendations for the Palestine Commission
- Resolution 43: The Palestine Question (1 Apr 1948) Recognizes "increasing violence and disorder in Palestine" and requests that representatives of "the Jewish Agency for Palestine and the Arab Higher Committee" arrange, with the Security Council, "a truce between the Arab and Jewish Communities of Palestine...Calls upon Arab and Jewish armed groups in Palestine to cease acts of violence immediately."
- Resolution 44: The Palestine Question (1 Apr 1948) Requests convocation of special session of the General Assembly
- Resolution 46: The Palestine Question (17 Apr 1948) As the United Kingdom is the Mandatory Power, "it is responsible for the maintenance of peace and order in Palestine." The Resolutions also "Calls upon all persons and organizations in Palestine" to stop importing "armed bands and fighting personnel...whatever their origin;...weapons and war materials;...Refrain, pending the future government of Palestine...from any political activity which might prejudice the rights, claims, or position of either community;...refrain from any action which will endager the safety of the Holy Places in Palestine."
- Resolution 48: The Palestine Question (23 Apr 1948)
- Resolution 49: The Palestine Question (22 May 1948)
- Resolution 50: The Palestine Question (29 May 1948)
- Resolution 53: The Palestine Question (7 Jul 1948)
- Resolution 54: The Palestine Question (15 Jul 1948)
- Resolution 56: The Palestine Question (19 Aug 1948)
- Resolution 57: The Palestine Question (18 Sep 1948)
- Resolution 59: The Palestine Question (19 Oct 1948)
- Resolution 60: The Palestine Question (29 Oct 1948)
- Resolution 61: The Palestine Question (4 Nov 1948)
- Resolution 62: The Palestine Question (16 Nov 1948)
- Resolution 66: The Palestine Question (29 Dec 1948)
- Resolution 72: The Palestine Question (11 Aug 1949)
- Resolution 73: The Palestine Question (11 Aug 1949)
- Resolution 89 (17 November 1950): regarding Armistice in 1948 Arab-Israeli War and "transfer of persons".
- Resolution 92: The Palestine Question (8 May 1951)
- Resolution 93: The Palestine Question (18 May 1951)
- Resolution 95: The Palestine Question (1 Sep 1951)
- Resolution 100: The Palestine Question (27 Oct 1953)
- Resolution 101: The Palestine Question (24 Nov 1953)
- Resolution 106: The Palestine Question (29 Mar 1955) 'condemns' Israel for Gaza raid.
- Resolution 107: The Palestine Question (30 Mar)
- Resolution 108: The Palestine Question (8 Sep)
- Resolution 111: " ... 'condemns' Israel for raid on Syria that killed fifty-six people".
- Resolution 127: " ... 'recommends' Israel suspends its 'no-man's zone' in Jerusalem".
- Resolution 162: " ... 'urges' Israel to comply with UN decisions".
- Resolution 171: " ... determines flagrant violations' by Israel in its attack on Syria".
- Resolution 228: " ... 'censures' Israel for its attack on Samu in the West Bank, then under Jordanian control".
- Resolution 237: " ... 'urges' Israel to allow return of new 1967 Palestinian refugees".
- Resolution 242 (November 22, 1967): Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area. Calls on Israel's neighbors to end the state of belligerency and calls upon Israel to reciprocate by withdraw its forces from land claimed by other parties in 1967 war. Interpreted commonly today as calling for the Land for peace principle as a way to resolve Arab-Israeli conflict
- Resolution 248: " ... 'condemns' Israel for its massive attack on Karameh in Jordan".
- Resolution 250: " ... 'calls' on Israel to refrain from holding military parade in Jerusalem".
- Resolution 251: " ... 'deeply deplores' Israeli military parade in Jerusalem in defiance of Resolution 250".
- Resolution 252: " ... 'declares invalid' Israel's acts to unify Jerusalem as Jewish capital".
- Resolution 256: " ... 'condemns' Israeli raids on Jordan as 'flagrant violation".
- Resolution 259: " ... 'deplores' Israel's refusal to accept UN mission to probe occupation".
- Resolution 262: " ... 'condemns' Israel for attack on Beirut airport".
- Resolution 265: " ... 'condemns' Israel for air attacks for Salt in Jordan".
- Resolution 267: " ... 'censures' Israel for administrative acts to change the status of Jerusalem".
- Resolution 270: " ... 'condemns' Israel for air attacks on villages in southern Lebanon".
- Resolution 271: " ... 'condemns' Israel's failure to obey UN resolutions on Jerusalem".
- Resolution 279: " ... 'demands' withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon".
- Resolution 280: " ... 'condemns' Israeli's attacks against Lebanon".
- Resolution 285: " ... 'demands' immediate Israeli withdrawal form Lebanon".
- Resolution 298: " ... 'deplores' Israel's changing of the status of Jerusalem".
- Resolution 313: " ... 'demands' that Israel stop attacks against Lebanon".
- Resolution 316: " ... 'condemns' Israel for repeated attacks on Lebanon".
- Resolution 317: " ... 'deplores' Israel's refusal to release Arabs abducted in Lebanon".
- Resolution 332: " ... 'condemns' Israel's repeated attacks against Lebanon".
- Resolution 337: " ... 'condemns' Israel for violating Lebanon's sovereignty".
- Resolution 338 (22 October 1973): cease fire in Yom Kippur War
- Resolution 339 (23 October 1973): Confirms Res. 338, dispatch UN observers.
- Resolution 347: " ... 'condemns' Israeli attacks on Lebanon".
- Resolution 3379: "...'establishes' Zionism as a form of racism and racial discrimination. Repealed by Resolution 46|86
- Resolution 425 (1978): 'calls' on Israel to withdraw its forces from Lebanon". Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon was completed as of 16 June 2000.
- Resolution 350 (31 May 1974) established the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, to monitor the ceasefire between Israel and Syria in the wake of the Yom Kippur War.
- Resolution 427: " ... 'calls' on Israel to complete its withdrawal from Lebanon.
- Resolution 444: " ... 'deplores' Israel's lack of cooperation with UN peacekeeping forces".
- Resolution 446 (1979): 'determines' that Israeli settlements are a 'serious obstruction' to peace and calls on Israel to abide by the Fourth Geneva Convention".
- Resolution 450: " ... 'calls' on Israel to stop attacking Lebanon".
- Resolution 452: " ... 'calls' on Israel to cease building settlements in occupied territories".
- Resolution 465: " ... 'deplores' Israel's settlements and asks all member states not to assist Israel's settlements program".
- Resolution 467: " ... 'strongly deplores' Israel's military intervention in Lebanon".
- Resolution 468: " ... 'calls' on Israel to rescind illegal expulsions of two Palestinian mayors and a judge and to facilitate their return".
- Resolution 469: " ... 'strongly deplores' Israel's failure to observe the council's order not to deport Palestinians".
- Resolution 471: " ... 'expresses deep concern' at Israel's failure to abide by the Fourth Geneva Convention".
- Resolution 476: " ... 'reiterates' that Israel's claim to Jerusalem are 'null and void'".
- Resolution 478 (20 August 1980): 'censures (Israel) in the strongest terms' for its claim to Jerusalem in its 'Basic Law'.
- Resolution 484: " ... 'declares it imperative' that Israel re-admit two deported Palestinian mayors".
- Resolution 487: " ... 'strongly condemns' Israel for its attack on Iraq's nuclear facility".
- Resolution 497 (17 December 1981) decides that Israel's annexation of Syria's Golan Heights is 'null and void' and demands that Israel rescinds its decision forthwith.
- Resolution 498: " ... 'calls' on Israel to withdraw from Lebanon".
- Resolution 501: " ... 'calls' on Israel to stop attacks against Lebanon and withdraw its troops".
- Resolution 508:
- Resolution 509: " ... 'demands' that Israel withdraw its forces forthwith and unconditionally from Lebanon".
- Resolution 515: " ... 'demands' that Israel lift its siege of Beirut and allow food supplies to be brought in".
- Resolution 517: " ... 'censures' Israel for failing to obey UN resolutions and demands that Israel withdraw its forces from Lebanon".
- Resolution 518: " ... 'demands' that Israel cooperate fully with UN forces in Lebanon".
- Resolution 520: " ... 'condemns' Israel's attack into West Beirut".
- Resolution 573: " ... 'condemns' Israel 'vigorously' for bombing Tunisia in attack on PLO headquarters.
- Resolution 587 " ... 'takes note' of previous calls on Israel to withdraw its forces from Lebanon and urges all parties to withdraw".
- Resolution 592: " ... 'strongly deplores' the killing of Palestinian students at Bir Zeit University by Israeli troops".
- Resolution 605: " ... 'strongly deplores' Israel's policies and practices denying the human rights of Palestinians.
- Resolution 607: " ... 'calls' on Israel not to deport Palestinians and strongly requests it to abide by the Fourth Geneva Convention.
- Resolution 608: " ... 'deeply regrets' that Israel has defied the United Nations and deported Palestinian civilians".
- Resolution 636: " ... 'deeply regrets' Israeli deportation of Palestinian civilians.
- Resolution 641: " ... 'deplores' Israel's continuing deportation of Palestinians.
- Resolution 672: " ... 'condemns' Israel for "violence against Palestinians" at the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount.
- Resolution 673: " ... 'deplores' Israel's refusal to cooperate with the United Nations.
- Resolution 681: " ... 'deplores' Israel's resumption of the deportation of Palestinians.
- Resolution 694: " ... 'deplores' Israel's deportation of Palestinians and calls on it to ensure their safe and immediate return.
- Resolution 726: " ... 'strongly condemns' Israel's deportation of Palestinians.
- Resolution 799: ". . . 'strongly condemns' Israel's deportation of 413 Palestinians and calls for their immediate return.
- Resolution 1559 (2 September 2004) called upon Lebanon to establish its sovereignty over all of its land and called upon Syria to end their military presence in Lebanon by withdrawing its forces and to cease intervening in internal Lebanese politics. The resolution also called on all Lebanese militias to disband.
- Resolution 1583 (28 January 2005) calls on Lebanon to assert full control over its border with Israel. It also states that "the Council has recognized the Blue Line as valid for the purpose of confirming Israel's withdrawal pursuant to resolution 425.
- Resolution 1648 (21 December 2005) renewed the mandate of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force until 30 June 2006.
- Resolution 1701 (11 August 2006) called for the full cessation of hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah.
[edit] References
- ^ Israel and the UN - An Uneasy Relationship (Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations).
- ^ ifamericansknew.org.
- ^ The U.N.'s Record Vis A Vis Israel Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ The United Nation's War Against Israel by David Harsanyi: Capitalism Magazine, 27 May 2002. Retrieved 23 July 2006.
- ^ No binding force under international law
- "Some analysts have pointed out that Security Council resolutions condemning or criticizing Israel have been passed under Chapter VI of the U.N. Charter, which are different from the Chapter VII resolutions against Iraq." Ayoob, Mohammad. "The war against Iraq: normative and strategic implications", in Robinson, Mary & Weiss, Thomas G. & Crahan, Margaret E. & Goering, John (eds). Wars on Terrorism and Iraq: human rights, unilateralism, and U.S. foreign policy, Routledge (UK), May 1, 2004, p. 164.
- "The UN distinguishes between two sorts of Security Council resolution. Those passed under Chapter Six deal with the peaceful resolution of disputes and entitle the council to make non-binding recommendations. Those under Chapter Seven give the council broad powers to take action, including warlike action, to deal with “threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression”. Such resolutions, binding on all UN members, were rare during the cold war. But they were used against Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait. None of the resolutions relating to the Israeli-Arab conflict comes under Chapter Seven." Iraq, Israel and the United Nations: Double standards?, The Economist, October 10, 2002.
- "...there is a difference between the Security Council resolutions that Israel breaches (nonbinding recommendations under Chapter 6) and those Iraq broke (enforcement actions under Chapter 7)." Kristof, Nicholas D. Calling the Kettle Black, The New York Times, February 25, 2004.
- "There is a hierarchy of resolutions... Chapter 6, under which all resolutions relating to the middle east have been issued, relates to the pacific resolution of disputes. Above that, there are the mandatory chapter 7 resolutions, which impose the clearest possible obligations, usually on a single state rather than on two or three states, which is what chapter 6 is there for. Chapter 7 imposes mandatory obligations on states that are completely out of line with international law and policy, and the United Nations has decided in its charter that the failure to meet those obligations may be met by the use of force." Straw, Jack. House of Commons debates, Hansard, Column 32, September 24, 2002.
- "There is another characteristic of these resolutions which deserves a mention, and that is that they are under chapter 7 of the United Nations charter. Chapter 7 has as its heading 'Action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression'. This is the very serious chapter of United Nations rules, regulations, laws and principles, which the United Nations activates when they intend to do something about it. If the United Nations announces under chapter 7 that it intends to do something about a matter and it is not done, that will undermine the authority of the United Nations; that will render it ineffective. There are many other resolutions under other chapters. Resolution 242 gets a bit of a guernsey here every now and then. Resolution 242 is under chapter 6, not chapter 7. It does not carry the same mandate and authority that chapter 7 carries. Chapter 6 is the United Nations trying to put up resolutions which might help the process of peace and it states matters of principle that are important for the world to take into consideration. Resolution 242 says that Israel should withdraw from territories that it has occupied. It also says that Israel should withdraw to secure and recognised boundaries and that the one is dependent upon the other. Resolution 242 says that, but it is not a chapter 7 resolution." Beazley, Kim, Waiting for blow-back (speech delivered in Parliament on February 4, 2003, The Sydney Morning Herald, February 5, 2003.
- ^ The United Nation's War Against Israel, David Harsanyi, May 27, 2002.
- ^ Double Standards., Marc Weller of Cambridge University and Barbara Metzger, Negotiations Affairs Department of the Palestine Liberation Organization, September 24, 2002.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
