Shakespeare's plays
Title |
Year written |
First publications |
Performances |
Authorship notes |
Antony and Cleopatra |
1601 - 1608 |
First published in the First Folio |
Believed to have been between 1606 and 1608. |
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Summary |
In a setting soon after Julius Caesar, Marc Antony is in love with Cleopatra, an Egyptian queen. What used to be a friendship between Emperor Octavius and Antony develops into a hatred as Antony rejects the Emperor's sister, his wife, in favor of Cleopatra. Antony attempts to take the throne from Octavius and fails, while Cleopatra commits suicide. |
Coriolanus |
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First published in the First Folio |
No recorded performances prior to the Restoration; the first recorded performance involved Nahum Tate's bloody 1682 adaptation at Drury Lane. |
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Summary |
The Roman military leader Caius Martius, after leading Rome to several victories against the Volscans, returns home as a war hero with a new last name, Coriolanus, given for the city of Coriolanus which he conquered. However, after an attempt at political office turns sour, he is banished from Rome as a traitor. Hungry for revenge, Coriolanus becomes leader of the Volscan army and marches to the gates of Rome. His mother, his wife, and his son, however, beg him to stop his attack. He agrees and makes peace between Romans and Volscans, but is assassinated by enemy Volscans. |
Hamlet |
Likely early 1600s |
First published in the so-called "bad" First Quarto, 1603 |
Earliest recorded performance of Hamlet was in June 1602, with Richard Burbage in the title role. |
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Summary |
Prince Hamlet is visited by his father's ghost and ordered to avenge his father's murder by killing King Claudius, his uncle. After struggling with several questions, including whether what the ghost said is true and whether it is right for him to take revenge, Hamlet, along with almost all the other major characters, is killed. |
Julius Caesar |
1599[2] |
First published in the First Folio |
Thomas Patter, a Swiss traveller, saw a tragedy about Julius Caesar at a Bankside theatre on September 21, 1599. This was most likely Shakespeare's play. There is no immediately obvious alternative candidate. (While the story of Julius Caesar was dramatized repeatedly in the Elizabethan/Jacobean period, none of the other plays known are as good a match with Patter's description as Shakespeare's play.)[3] |
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Summary |
Cassius persuades his friend Brutus to join a conspiracy to kill Julius Caesar, whose power seems to be growing too great for Rome's good. After killing Caesar, however, Brutus fails to convince the people that his cause was just. He and Cassius eventually commit suicide as their hope for Rome becomes a lost cause. |
King Lear |
1603 - 1606[4][5] |
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First recorded performance: December 26, 1606 |
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Summary |
An aged king divides his kingdom among two of his daughters, Regan and Goneril, and casts the youngest, Cordelia, out of his Kingdom for disloyalty. Eventually he comes to understand that it is Regan and Goneril who are disloyal, but he has already given them the kingdom. He wanders the countryside as a poor man until Cordelia comes with her husband, the King of France, to reclaim her father's lands. Regan and Goneril are defeated, but only after Cordelia has been captured and murdered. King Lear then dies of grief. |
Macbeth |
1603-1606[6] |
First published in the First Folio |
There are "fairly clear allusions to the play in 1607."[7] The earliest account of a performance of the play is April 1611, when Simon Forman recorded seeing it at the Globe Theatre.[8] |
The text of Macbeth which survives has plainly been altered by later hands. Most notable is the inclusion of two songs from Thomas Middleton's play The Witch (1615)[9] |
Summary |
Macbeth, a Scottish noble, is urged by his wife to kill King Duncan in order to take the throne for himself. He covers the king's guards in blood to frame them for the deed, and is appointed King of Scotland. However, people suspect his sudden power, and he finds it necessary to commit more and more murders to maintain power, believing himself invincible so long as he is bloody. Finally, the old king's son Malcolm besieges Macbeth's castle, and Macduff slays Macbeth in armed combat. |
Othello |
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Summary |
Othello, a Moor and military general living in Venice, elopes with Desdemona, the daughter of a senator. Later, on Cyprus, he is persuaded by his servant Iago that his wife (Desdemona) is having an affair with Michael Cassio, his lieutenant. Iago's story, however, is a lie. Desdemona and Cassio try to convince Othello of their honesty but are rejected. Pursuing a plan suggested by Iago, Othello sends assassins to attack Cassio, who is wounded, while Othello himself smothers Desdomona in her bed. Iago's plot is revealed too late, and Othello commits suicide. |
Romeo and Juliet |
1595-1596, with a possible early draft written in 1591[10][11] |
First published in 1597 in Q1[12] |
First performed sometime between 1591 and March 1597[13] |
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Summary |
In Verona, Italy, two families, the Montagues and the Capulets, are in the midst of a bloody feud. Romeo, a Montague, and Juliet, a Capulet, fall in love and struggle to maintain their relationship in the face of familial hatred. After Romeo kills Juliet's cousin Tybalt in a fit of passion, things fall apart. Both lovers eventually commit suicide within minutes of each other, and the feuding families make peace over their recent grief. |
Timon of Athens |
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Brian Vickers and others argue that Timon of Athens was co-written with Thomas Middleton, though some commentators disagree.[14] |
Summary |
Timon of Athens is an apparently wealthy man in his community who freely gives of his abundance to those around him. Eventually, it becomes apparent that he is living on credit, when all of his creditors ask for payment on the same day. Timon asks for his friends to help, but is refused. Angry at mankind's double nature, he leaves the city for the wilderness, and lives in a cave. Despite the efforts of several men to cheer his spirits, he dies full of hatred for humanity. |
Titus Andronicus |
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Brian Vickers argues that Titus Andronicus was co-written with George Peele, though Jonathan Bate, the play's most recent editor for the Arden Shakespeare, believes it to be wholly the work of Shakespeare.[15] |
Summary |
Roman war hero Titus Andronicus returns victorious in his wars against the Goths. He kills one of the sons of the Queens of the Goths in a revenge ritual, despite her pleadings. When the queen becomes the Empress of Rome, she takes revenge on the house of Andronici for her son's blood. She has her sons rape and mutilate Titus' daughter, Lavinia, over her husband's murdered corpse, then frames Titus' own sons for the murder. Lavinia, however, manages to communicate to her father who the true murderers were, and Andronicus takes revenge, killing the queen and her two sons, but being killed in the act. |
Troilus and Cressida |
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Summary |
The Trojans are under siege by the Grecian army of Agamemnon. Troilus, a Trojan, falls in love with Cressida, a Greek captive. When Cressida is given back to the Greeks as part of a prisoner exchange, Troilus fears that she will fall in love with one of them. His fears prove to be true when he crosses enemy lines during a truce and sees her and a Greek man together. |
Shakespeare's plays
Title |
Year written |
First publications |
Performances |
Authorship notes |
All's Well That Ends Well |
1601 - 1608 |
First published in the First Folio |
Believed to have been between 1606 and 1608. |
No recorded performances before The Restoration. The earliest recorded performance was in 1741 at Goodman's Fields, with another the following year at Drury Lane. |
Summary |
Helena, a ward of the Countess of Rousillion, falls in love with the Countess's son, Bertram. Daughter of a famous doctor, and a skilled physician in her own right, Helena cures the King of France - who feared he was dying - and he grants her Bertram's hand as a reward. Bertram, however, offended by the inequality of the marriage, sets off for war, swearing he will not live with his wife until she can present him with a son, and with his own ring - two tasks which he believes impossible. However with the aid of a bed trick, Helena fulfils his tasks, Bertram realises the error of his ways, and they are reconciled. |
As You Like It |
1599 - 1600 |
First published in the First Folio |
No recorded performances prior to the Restoration; the first recorded performance involved Nahum Tate's bloody 1682 adaptation at Drury Lane. |
No recorded performances before The Restoration, though there was a possible performance at Wilton House in Wiltshire; the King's Men were paid £30 to come to Wilton House and perform for the King and Court (remaining there due to an outburst of the bubonic plague) on December 2, 1603. A Herbert family tradition states the play was As You Like It.[16] The King's Company was assigned the play by royal warrant in 1669, and it was acted at Drury Lane in 1723 in an adapted form called Love in a Forest.[17] |
Summary |
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The Comedy of Errors |
1592 - 1594 |
First published in the First Folio |
The first recorded performance was by "a company of base and common fellows," mentioned in the Gesta Grayorum ("The Deeds of Gray") as having occurred in Gray's Inn Hall on Dec. 28, 1594. The second also took place on "Innocents' Day" but ten years later - in 1604, at Court.[II] |
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Summary |
Egeon, about to be executed for unlawfully entering Ephesus, tells the sad tale of his search for his twin sons and wife. The Duke agrees to spare him if his family is found. Meanwhile, his twin sons, both of whom are named Antipholus, are actually in Ephesus, each unaware that he even has a twin. After a series of hilarious events involving mistaken identity almost ending in catastrophe, the twins are reunited with their mother and father, and realize their relation to each other. |
Cymbeline |
This play is hard to date, though a relationship with a tragicomedy that Beaumont and Fletcher wrote ca. 1609-10 tends to support this dating around 1609; though it is not clear which play preceded the other.[18] |
First published in the First Folio |
Only one early performance is recorded with certainty,[III] which occurred on Wednesday night of Jan. 1, 1634, at Court. |
Possible collaboration[IV] |
Summary |
The princess Imogen loves the commoner Posthumus, and marries him, but her father, king Cymbeline, disapproves of the match and exiles Posthumus. In exile, he meets the rogue Jachimo - who, to win a wager, persuades Posthumus, wrongly, that he (Jachimo) has slept with Imogen. Enraged, Posthumus orders a servant, Pisanio, to murder Imogen, but he cannot go through with his orders, and instead she finds herself befriended by the wild-living Polydore and Cadwal - who turn out to be her own brothers: Cymbeline's princes who had been stolen from his palace in their infancy. The repentant Posthumus fights alongside Polydore and Cadwal in a battle against the Romans, and following the intervention of the god Jupiter, the various truths are revealed, and everyone is reconciled. |
Love's Labour's Lost |
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Summary |
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Measure for Measure |
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Summary |
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Merchant of Venice |
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Summary |
Antonio borrows money from Shylock, a Jewish moneylender, in order to lend money to his friend Bassanio. Bassanio uses the money to successfully woo Portia, a wealthy and intelligent woman with a large inheritance. Unfortunately, a tragic accident makes Antonio unable to repay his debt to Shylock, and he must be punished as agreed by giving a pound of his flesh to the moneylender. Portia travels in disguise to the court and saves Antonio by pointing out that Shylock may only take flesh, and not any blood. Shylock is foiled, Portia reveals her identity, and Antonio's wealth is restored. |
Merry Wives of Windsor |
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Summary |
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A Midsummer Night's Dream |
Approximately 1595 |
Registered in the 1600 quarto by Thomas Fisher on October 8, 1600[19] |
The title page assures it was "sundry times publicly acted by the Right Honorable the Lord Chamberlain and his Servants" prior to 1600 publication. |
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Summary |
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Much Ado about Nothing |
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Summary |
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Pericles, Prince of Tyre |
Either 1607 - 1608, or written at an earlier date and revised at that time[20] |
1609 quarto[20] |
The Venetian ambassador to England, Zorzi Giustinian, saw a play titled Pericles during his time in London, which ran from Jan. 5, 1606 to Nov. 23, 1608. As far as is known, there was no other play with the same title that was acted in this era; the logical assumption is that this must have been Shakespeare's play.[21] |
Shakespeare is thought to be responsible for the main portion of the play after scene 9.[22] The first two acts were likely written by a relatively untalented reviser or collaborator, possibly George Wilkins.[23] |
Summary |
This episodic story, covering many years, charts the history of Pericles, who believes he has lost both his daughter and his wife, but is ultimately reunited with both. His daughter Marina, sold into prostitution, proves to be a paragon of virtue; and his wife Thaisa, recovered by a skilled doctor having been buried at sea, becomes a priestess of the goddess Diana. |
The Taming of the Shrew |
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Summary |
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The Tempest |
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Summary |
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Twelfth Night |
1600-1601[24] |
First Folio |
Earliest known performance 2 February 1602[25] |
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Summary |
Viola finds herself shipwrecked in Illyria and, assuming that her brother Sebastian has died in the wreck, disguises herself as a man in order to gain a position in Duke Orsino's court. Orsino sends Viola (whom he knows as Cesario) to deliver a message to his love, Olivia. Olivia, however, dislikes the Duke. She falls in love with Viola, who she thinks is a man. Eventually, Viola's brother Sebastian, who in fact was unharmed in the wreck, reappears. At a critical moment, Viola's true identity is revealed when members of the court notice the similarities between her and Sebastian. Olivia quickly falls in love with Sebastian, and Viola confesses her love for the Duke. |
The Two Gentlemen of Verona |
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Summary |
Two close fiends, Proteus and Valentine, are divided when Valentine is sent to the Duke's court in Milan. Proteus later follows, leaving behind his loyal beloved, Julia, and he and Valentine both fall in love with the Duke's daughter, Silvia. Valentine proves himself brave and honourable, while Proteus is underhand and deceitful - and eventually attempts to rape Silvia. Julia follows her betrothed to Milan, disguised as a boy, Sebastian, who becomes Proteus' page. Eventually Proteus sees the error of his ways and returns to Julia, while Valentine marries Silvia. |
The Two Noble Kinsmen |
1613-1614[26] |
Published as a quarto in 1635[26] |
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Thought to be a collaboration with John Fletcher. Shakespeare is thought to have written the following parts of this play: Act I, scenes 1-3; Act II, scene 1; Act III, scene 1; Act V, scene 1, lines 34-173, and scenes 3 and 4.[27] |
Summary |
Two close friends, Palamon and Arcite, are divided by their love of the same woman: Duke Theseus' sister-in-law Emelia. They are eventually forced to compete publicly for her hand, but once the bout is over, the victor dies tragically and the other marries their love. |
The Winter's Tale |
Estimates vary widely, from 1594-1611[28] |
First published in the First Folio. |
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Summary |
In Sicilia, King Leontes becomes convinced that his wife, Hermione, is having an affair with his friend Polixenes, King of Bohemia. He has her imprisoned and sends delegates to ask an oracle if his suspicions are true. While in prison, Hermione gives birth to a girl and Leontes has it sent to Bohemia to be placed alone in the wild. When the delegates return and state that the oracle has exonerated Hermione, Leontes remains stubborn and his wife and son die. Sixteen years later, a repentant Leontes is reunited with his daughter, who is in love with the Prince of Bohemia. His wife is also later reunited with him by extraordinary means. |
Shakespearean histories
Title |
Year written |
First publications |
Performances |
Authorship notes |
Henry IV, Part 1 |
Likely early - mid 1590s |
First published in a 1598 quarto by Andrew Wise |
Though 1 Henry IV was almost certainly in performance by 1597, the earliest recorded performance was on March 6, 1600, when it was acted at Court before the Flemish Ambassador. Other Court performances followed in 1612 and 1625. |
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Henry IV, Part II |
1597 - 1599 |
First published in a quarto in 1600 by Valentine Simms |
The quarto's title-page states that the play had been "sundry times publicly acted" before publication. Extant records suggest that both parts of Henry IV were acted at Court in 1612—the records rather cryptically refer to the plays as Sir John Falstaff and Hotspur. |
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Henry V |
1599 |
Published in a "bad quarto"[V] in 1600 by Thomas Millington and John Busby; reprinted in "bad" form in 1603 and 1619, it was published fully for the first time in the First Folio. |
A tradition, impossible to verify, holds that Henry V was the first play performed at the new Globe Theatre in the spring of 1599; the Globe would have been the "wooden O" mentioned in the Prologue. In 1600 the first printed text states that the play had been performed "sundry times", though the first recorded performance was on January 7 1605, at Court. |
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Henry VI, Part I |
1588 - 1592 |
First published in the First Folio |
Philip Henslowe's diary records a performance of a Henry VI on March 3, 1592, by the Lord Strange's Men. Thomas Nashe refers in 1592 to a popular play about Lord Talbot, seen by "ten thousand spectators at least" at separate times.[29] [VI] |
There is stylistic evidence that Part 1 is not by Shakespeare alone, but co-written by a team with three or more unknown playwrights (though Thomas Nashe is a possibility[30]). |
Henry VI, Part II |
1590 - 1591 |
A version was published in 1594, and again in 1600 (Q2) and 1619 (Q3); the last as part of William Jaggrd's False Folio. |
See notes for Henry VI, Part I above. Parts I and III of Henry VI are known to have been playing in 1592, and it is assumed (but not reliably known) part 2 was presented at the same times. |
Probably a collaboration, as above |
Henry VI, Part III |
1590 - 1591 |
A version was published in 1594, and again in 1600 (Q2) and 1619 (Q3); the last as part of William Jaggrd's False Folio. |
Performed before 1592, when Robert Greene parodied one of the play's lines in his pamphlet A Groatsworth of Wit. See notes for Part II and I above. |
Probably collaboration, see notes for Henry VI, Part I above |
Henry VIII |
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A fire destroyed the Globe Theatre during a performance of this play on June 29, 1613, as recorded in several contemporary documents.[31] While some modern scholars believe the play was relatively new (one contemporary report states that it "had been acted not passing 2 or 3 times before"),[32] the value of this has been questioned, since London diarist Samuel Pepys also referred to Henry VIII as "new" in 1663, when the play was at least 50 years old.[33] |
Thought to be a collaboration between Shakespeare and John Fletcher, due to the style of the verse. Shakespeare is thought to have written Act I, scenes i and ii; II,ii and iv; III,ii, lines 1-203 (to exit of King); V,i. |
King John |
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Richard II |
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Richard III |
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