List of Romance languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Romance languages include 47 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken in Europe; this language group is a part of the Italic language family.
The classification below is largely based on the analysis provided by the Ethnologue. The ISO-639-2 code roa is applied by the ISO for any Romance language that does not have its own code. The Ethnologue classification is at one extreme of linguists, who are divided into 'splitters' and 'lumpers'. The Ethnologue classification produces a very detailed classification, more precise than many other linguists would accept, but valuable as a description of varieties. Top level groups are listed roughly East to West.
This article lists also the main groups of Romance-based Creole languages.
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[edit] Eastern Romance
- Romanian- (SIL Code, RUM; ISO 639-1 code, ro; ISO 639-2(B) code, rum; ISO 639-2(T) code, ron), also known as Moldovan - (ISO 639-1 code, mo; ISO 639-2 code, mol): 28 million speakers Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Serbia
- Aromanian - (SIL Code, RUP; ISO 639-2 code, rup): 300,000 Greece, 100,000 Albania, 15,000 the Republic of Macedonia, and 10,000 Bulgaria.
- Megleno-Romanian: 5,000 Greece and the Republic of Macedonia - (SIL Code, RUQ; ISO 639-2 code, roa) - also known as Moglenitic or Meglenitic
- Istro-Romanian: 1,000 Croatia - (SIL Code, RUO; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- The language of the Morlachs: Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro (extinct)
[edit] Southern Romance
- Sardinian: 300,000 Sardinia. Four versions recognized; all are included in ISO 639-1 code, sc; ISO 639-2 code, srd)
- Sardinian, Sassarese - (SIL code, SDC)
- Sardinian, Gallurese - (SIL Code, SDN)
- Sardinian, Logudorese - (SIL Code, SRD)
- Sardinian, Campidanese - (SIL Code, SRO)
- Corsican - (SIL Code, COI; ISO 639-1 code, co; ISO 639-2 code, cos)
[edit] Italo-Western Romance
[edit] Italo-Dalmatian Romance
- Dalmatian: Croatia, extinct in 19th century - (SIL Code, DLM; ISO 639-2 code, roa).
- Regional varieties: Ragusan, Vegliot, Zara/Zadar
- Napoletano-Calabrese: about 8,000,000 in central-southern Italy- (SIL Code, NPL; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Istriot 1,000 in Istria - (SIL Code, IST; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Sicilian: 6,000,000 in Sicily, Calabria and Puglia - (SIL Code, SCN; ISO 639-2 code, scn)
- Italian: 60,000,000 in Italy; 3,000,000 in the Americas and 2,000,000 in Western Europe, Oceania and Africa- (SIL Code, ITN; ISO 639-1 code, it; ISO 639-2 code, ita). Italian dialects:
- Romanesco: spoken in Rome
- Salentino: spoken in Salento
- Judeo-Italian: 4,000 Italy - (SIL Code, ITK; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Corsican: related to Italian, and particularly Tuscan dialects
[edit] Western Romance
Western Romance languages comprise the Romance subgroup with the most languages and the most speakers. It includes three major international languages - French, Portuguese and Spanish as well as many regional languages, dialects and varieties.
[edit] Pyrenean-Mozarabic Romance
[edit] Gallo-Iberian Romance
[edit] Gallo-Romance
- Northern Italian languages (also called Padanian or Cisalpine)
- Gallo-Italic languages group (not be confused with the whole Northern Italian group)
- Emiliano-Romagnolo - (SIL Code, EML; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Ligurian - (SIL Code, LIJ; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Lombard: Over 8,800,000 speakers in Lombardy and neighboring regions. Many regional varieties. Most speakers bilingual in Standard Italian - (SIL Code, LMO; ISO 639-2 code, roa).
- Western Lombard:
- Eastern Lombard
- Gallo-siculo (also related to Sicilian and Piedmontese)
- Piedmontese: 2,000,000 in Piedmont - (SIL Code, PMS; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Venetian group
- Gallo-Italic languages group (not be confused with the whole Northern Italian group)
- Gallo-Rhaetian languages
- Franco-Provençal: endangered - Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Foggia; France: Rhône-Alpes, Franche-Comté; Switzerland: Romandy
- Franco-Provençal dialects: see Franco-Provençal Dialect List
- Oïl languages, most non-French Oïl languages now have some legal or administrative status as languages distinct from French[1][2][3], but have also been regarded by some as French dialects:[4]
- Burgundian language (Bourguignon-Morvandiau)
- Champenois: spoken in Champagne and Wallonia.
- Franc-Comtois: spoken in Franche-Comté and Romandy.
- French: 70 million Europe; 12 million Americas. Official language of France and its Overseas Territories, Monaco, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Canada, Haiti, Lebanon, Vanuatu, parts of India and many countries in Africa. One of the six official languages of the United Nations, and one of its two working languages. A language of administration in Syria, Cambodia and Laos. Spoken and studied in many other countries - (SIL Code, FRN; ISO 639-1 code, fr; ISO 639-2(B) code, fre; ISO 639-2(T) code, fra).
- French Dialects in Europe:
- Aostan French (Italy)
- Belgian French (Belgium)
- Metropolitan French (France; Standard French Language)
- Swiss French (Switzerland)
- Meridional French (France)
- French Dialects in the Americas:
- Canadian French (Canada):
- Cajun French (United States) - (SIL Code, FRC; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Zarphatic - Jewish French, extinct - (SIL Code, ZRP; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- French Dialects in Europe:
- Gallo: spoken in Brittany
- Lorrain: spoken in Lorraine region and Wallonia (as Gaumais).
- Norman: a group of languages in Normandy and the Channel Islands:
- Anglo-Norman language: used in England after the Norman conquest of 1066. Extinct.
- Auregnais: Alderney (extinct).
- Continental dialects: including Augeron, Cauchois, Cotentinais
- Guernésiais: spoken in Guernsey. Endangered.
- Jèrriais: spoken in Jersey. Endangered.
- Sercquiais: spoken in Sark. Highly endangered.
- Picard - (SIL Code, PCD; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Poitevin
- Saintongeais
- Walloon
- Welche
- Rhaeto-Romance languages
- Franco-Provençal: endangered - Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Foggia; France: Rhône-Alpes, Franche-Comté; Switzerland: Romandy
[edit] Occitano-Romance
There is a controversy about the classification of Catalan and Occitan languages. There is no consensus whether they belong to the Gallo-Romance or to the Ibero-Romance group or serve as transitional languages between those groups. Their grouping into a distinct group, Occitano-Romance languages, is disputed, too.[citation needed]
- Catalan: 6.5 million. Spoken in Spain, France, Andorra, Italy. The only official language of Andorra. Official in Catalonia, Valencian Community and Balearic Islands - (SIL Code, CLN; ISO 639-1 code, ca; ISO 639-2 code, cat). Dialects:
- Eastern Catalan
- Alguerese: spoken in the town of Alghero in Sardinia.
- Balearic
- Central Catalan
- Northern Catalan (Roussillonese)
- Western Catalan
- Ribagorçan
- Southern Catalan (Valencian) (status of Valencian is a matter of dispute)
- Eastern Catalan
- Occitan: circa 2 million in France, Italy, Spain and Monaco - Six versions recognized; all are included in ISO 639-1 code, oc; ISO 639-2 code, oci) - all are from France:
- Auvergnat also known as Auvernhat: Auvergne province - (SIL Code, AUV).
- Gascon: Bordeaux (Bordèu) country - (SIL Code, GSC)
- Aranese: official in Aran Valley.
- Lengadocian: Toulouse (Tolosa) country - (SIL Code, LNC)
- Lemosin: Arrondissement of Limoges - (SIL Code, LMS).
- Provençal: Marseilles (Marselha) country - (SIL Code, PRV)
- Niçard: County of Nice
- Shuadit: Jewish, also known as Judeo-Provençal. Extinct - (SIL Code, SDT).
- Vivaro-Alpine: Southern France and North-Western Italy.
- Cisalpenc: Piedmont western valleys
[edit] Iberian Romance
This group includes the West Iberian languages - Astur-Leonese, Spanish, Galician, Portuguese and their dialects. According to some opinions[who?] it also includes Occitan and Catalan.
- West Iberian languages
- Astur-Leonese
- Asturian - (SIL Code, AUB; ISO 639-2 code, ast)
- Cantabrian
- Extremaduran - (SIL Code, EXT; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Leonese
- Mirandese: 5,000 Portugal - (SIL Code, MWL; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Caló - (SIL Code, RMR; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Castilian (Spanish):
- Castilian (Spanish): 360 million Spain, Americas. Official in Spain, United Nations, many countries of Latin America, and Equatorial Guinea. See Spanish dialects and varieties for an exhaustive list - (SIL Code, SPN; ISO 639-1 code, es; ISO 639-2 code, spa).
- Ladino (Judæo-Spanish) - (SIL Code, SPJ; ISO 639-2 code, lad).
- Spanish, Loreto-Ucayali - (SIL Code, SPQ; ISO 639-2 code, roa)
- Galician-Portuguese
- Fala: 10,000 in Extremadura, Spain - (SIL Code, FAX; ISO 639-2 code, roa).
- Galician: 3 million in Galicia - (SIL Code, GLN; ISO 639-1 code, gl; ISO 639-2 code, glg).
- Judeo-Portuguese: extinct.
- Portuguese: 230 million Portugal, Brazil; 26 million Africa and a few thousands Asia - (SIL Code, POR; ISO 639-1 code, pt; ISO 639-2 code, por). Many mutually intelligible dialects, see Portuguese dialects for a full list.
- Astur-Leonese
[edit] Languages whose classification is unknown or disputed
- African Romance: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya (extinct).
[edit] Pidgins and creoles
The global spread of colonial Romance languages has given rise to numerous creole languages and pidgins. Some of the lesser-used languages have also had influences on varieties spoken far from their traditional regions. The following is a partial list of creole languages and pidgins, grouped by their main source language.
- Mediterranean Lingua Franca, influenced by the Romance languages of the Western Mediterranean and Arabic.
- French-based creole languages
- Portuguese-based creole languages
- Spanish-based creole languages
While not being pidgins nor creoles, English (see Middle English creole hypothesis), Basque and Albanian have a substantial Romance influence in their vocabularies.
For mixed languages based on Romance languages, see the main article on Mixed languages.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Cerquiglini, Bernard. Les langues de la France, Rapport au Ministre de l'Education Nationale, de la Recherche et de la Technologie et à la Ministre de la Culture et de la Communication. Avril 1999
- ^ Communauté française de Belgique - Service de langues régionales endogènes
- ^ British-Irish council - Indigenous, Minority and Lesser-Used Languages
- ^ Ethnologue report for Oïl
