List of Roman Emperors

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For a simplified list see: Concise list of Roman Emperors

This is a list of the Roman Emperors with the dates they ruled, or claimed to rule, all or part of the Roman Empire, until the final demise of the Western Empire in 476 or to the death of the last Latin-speaking emperor Justinian I in 565.

Note that Julius Caesar does not appear in the list. His position as Dictator is considered a continuation of the Roman Republic. For a more in-depth discussion of whether or not Julius Caesar might have been considered as the first emperor, see Roman Emperor.

For the worship of the Roman Emperor as a god, see Imperial cult.

The titles conferred on, or assumed by the Emperor, indicated in the Imperial name and Notes columns in the table include:
Imperator: 'Victorious Commander given power by the gods'
Pater Patriae: 'Father of the Fatherland'
Pontifex Maximus: 'Greatest Pontiff' (lit. Bridge-builder)

Key (for columns showing names in Latin):
italics: claimant who cannot be considered to have ruled, or who held power over part of the empire only
bold: name by which the individual is commonly known
bold italics: nickname by which the individual is commonly known (unless a claimant)

Contents 1 Principate 1.1 Julio-Claudian dynasty 1.2 Year of the four emperors 1.3 Flavian dynasty 1.4 Five Good Emperors 1.5 Severan dynasty 2 Crisis of the Third Century 2.1 Emperors during the height of the Crisis 2.2 Gallic Empire (260-274) 2.3 Illyrian Emperors 3 Dominate 3.1 Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty 3.2 Britannic Empire (286-297) 3.3 Valentinian dynasty 3.4 Theodosian dynasty 3.5 Western Empire 3.6 Eastern Empire to 565 4 References 5 See also 6 External links

[edit] Principate

Main article: Principate

[edit] Julio-Claudian dynasty

Main article: Julio-Claudian dynasty

Reign	Common Name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
16 January 27 BC to 19 August AD 14	Augustus Rome		GAIVS OCTAVIVS GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR OCTAVIANVS IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVS	12BC: Pontifex Maximus Possibly assassinated by poisoning
19 August 14 to 16 March 37	Tiberius Rome		TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS NERO TIBERIVS IVLIVS CAESAR	TIBERIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS	15: Pontifex Maximus Possibly assassinated by suffocation. Emperor during the time of Jesus Christ.
18 March 37 to 24 January 41	Caligula Antium, Italia		GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR GERMANICVS GAIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS CALIGVLA	GAIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS	Nickname Caligula, (Little-boots); 37: Pontifex Maximus, Pater Patriae; Assassinated
24 January 41 to 13 October 54	Claudius Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis		TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS DRVSVS TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS DRVSVS NERO GERMANICVS	TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS CAESAR AUGUSTUS GERMANICVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS	42: Pater Patriae; Suggested assassinated by poisoning
October 54 to 11 June 68	Nero Antium, Italia		LVCIVS DOMITIVS AHENOBARBVS NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR DRVSVS GERMANICVS	NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS	55: Pontifex Maximus; later Pater Patriae; Committed suicide
				(from summer AD66):- IMPERATOR NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS

[edit] Year of the four emperors

Main article: Year of the four emperors

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
8 June 68 to 15 January 69	Galba near Terracina, Italia		SERVIVS SVLPICIVS GALBA	SERVIVS GALBA IMPERATOR CAESAR AVGVSTVS	Murdered by Otho; see: Year of the four emperors
15 January 69 to 16 April 69	Otho Ferentinum, Etruria, Italia		MARCVS SALVIVS OTHO	IMPERATOR MARCVS OTHO CAESAR AVGVSTVS	Committed suicide; see: Year of the four emperors
17 April 69 to 20 December 69	Vitellius Rome		AVLVS VITELLIVS	AVLVS VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMPERATOR AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; murdered in the Forum; see: Year of the four emperors

[edit] Flavian dynasty

Main article: Flavian dynasty

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
1 July 69 to 24 June 79	Vespasian Falacrine, Italia		TITVS FLAVIVS VESPASIANVS	IMPERATOR VESPASIANVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS	70: Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae co-emperor; see: Year of the four emperors
24 June 79 to 13 September 81	Titus Rome		TITVS FLAVIVS VESPASIANVS TITVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS	IMPERATOR TITVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS	70: Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae
				from August 69 IMPERATOR TITVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS
14 September 81 to 18 September 96	Domitian Rome		TITVS FLAVIVS DOMITIANVS CAESAR DOMITIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS, PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE	late 83: Germanicus; assassinated

[edit] Five Good Emperors

Main article: Five Good Emperors

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
18 September 96 to 27 January 98	Nerva Narni (?), Italia		MARCVS COCCEIVS NERVA	IMPERATOR NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS, PATER PATRIAE	buried in the Mausoleum of Augustus, the final emperor consecrated there
28 January 98 to 7 August 117	Trajan Italica, Hispania Baetica		MARCVS VLPIVS TRAIANVS MARCVS VLPIVS NERVA TRAIANVS GERMANICVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI NERVAE FILIVS NERVA TRAIANVS GERMANICVS AVGVSTVS	98: Pater Patriae; 102: Dacicus; 114: Parthicus; Aug/Sep 114: Optimus
11 August 117 to 10 July 138	Hadrian Italica, Hispania Baetica (?) / Rome (?)		PVBLIVS AELIVS HADRIANVS PVBLIVS AELIVS TRAIANVS HADRIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS
10 July 138 to 7 March 161	Antoninus Pius near Lanuvium, Italia		TITVS AVRELIVS FVLVVS BOIONIVS ARRIVS ANTONINVS IMPERATOR TITVS AELIVS CAESAR ANTONINVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR TITVS AELIVS HADRIANVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS	post7 March 161: Pius; 139: Pater Patriae
143					Acclaimed emperor a second time
7 March 161 to 17 March 180	Marcus Aurelius Rome (?) / Ucubi, Hispania Baetica (?)		MARCVS ANNIVS VERVS AVRELIVS CAESAR AVGVSTI PII FILIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS	co-emperor with Lucius Verus to March 169; 164: Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus Maximus; 166: Pater Patriae; 172: Germanicus; 175: Sarmaticus
7 March 161 to March 169	Lucius Verus Rome		LVCIVS CEIONIVS COMMODVS LVCIVS AELIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS VERVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius164: Armeniacus; 165: Parthicus Maximus; 166: Medicus, Pater Patriae
175	Avidius Cassius Cyrrhus, Syria		GAIVS AVIDIVS CASSIVS		Usurper; proclaimed emperor: ruled in Egypt and Syria; murdered by a centurion
177 to 31 December 192	Commodus Lanuvium, Italia		LVCIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS ANTONINVS LVCIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS CAESAR ANTONINVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE	Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius to 17 March 180;
from 180				IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE	Sole emperor. Murdered: strangled by a wrestler

[edit] Severan dynasty

Main article: Severan dynasty family tree

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
1 January 193 to 28 March 193	Pertinax Alba, Italia		PVBLIVS HELVIVS PERTINAX	IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS HELVIVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS	recognized as emperor by Septimius Severus; murdered by soldiers on the Palatine
28 March 193 to 1 June 193	Didius Julianus Milan, Italia		MARCVS DIDIVS SEVERVS IVLIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS DIDIVS SEVERVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS	Sentenced to death by the Senate; murdered on the Palatine
9 April 193 to 4 February 211	Septimius Severus Leptis Magna, Africa		LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS SEPTIMVS SEVERVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS PROCONSVL	9 June 193: Pontifex Maximus; late193: Pater Patriae; 195: Divi Marci Pii filius Divi Commodi Frater; Pius; Arabicus, Adiabenicus; 198: Parthicus Maximus; 209/210: Britannicus Maximus; Dies in York, 211.
193 to 194/195	Pescennius Niger ?, Italia		GAIVS PESCENNIVS NIGER		Claimant: emperor in Syria
193/195 to 197	Clodius Albinus ?, Africa		DECIMVS CLODIVS SEPTIMIVS ALBINVS		Claimant: emperor in Britain
198 to 4 April 217	Caracalla Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis		LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS BASSIANVS CARACALLA	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ANTONINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS	199: Pater Patriae; 200: Pius Felix; 209/210: Britannicus Maximus
4 February 211 to 8 February 217				IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS PROCONSVL	213: Germanicus Maximus; Murdered by Macrinus
209 to 4 February 211	Geta Rome		PVBLIVS SEPTIMVS GETA		Murdered by Caracalla
4 February 211 to December 211				IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS SEPTIMIVS GETA AVGVSTVS
11 April 217 to June 218	Macrinus Iol Caesarea, Mauretania		MARCVS OPELLIVS MACRINVS	IMPERATOR MARCVS OPELLIVS SEVERVS MACRINVS AVGVSTVS PIVS FELIX PROCONSVL	?June 217: Pater Patriae; Pontifex Maximus; Executed
May 217 to June 218	Diadumenian ?		MARCVS OPELLIVS DIADVMENIANVS	IMPERATOR MARCVS OPELLIVS ANTONINVS DIADVMENIANVS CAESAR SEVERVS	Executed
June 218 to 222	Elagabalus Emesa, Syria		VARIVS AVITVS BASSIANVS MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS ELAGABALVS	IMPERATOR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS PROCONSVL	July 218: Pater Patriae, Pontifex Maximus; 220: Sacerdos Amplissimus Dei Invicti Solis Elagabali Assassinated
13 March 222 to ?March 235	Alexander Severus Arca Caesarea, Iudaea		BASSIANVS ALEXIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ALEXANDER PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Pontifex Maximus Assassinated

[edit] Crisis of the Third Century

[edit] Emperors during the height of the Crisis

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
February/March 235 to March/April 238	Maximinus Thrax Serbia- Thrace or Moesia		GAIVS IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS THRAX	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS JVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by troops
early January/March 238 to late January/April 238	Gordian I possibly Phrygia		MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS	Committed suicide
early January March 238 to late January/April 238	Gordian II ?		MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS	Killed in battle
early February 238 to early May 238	Pupienus Maximus ?		MARCVS CLODIVS PVPIENVS MAXIMVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS PVPIENVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by the Praetorians
early February 238 to early May 238	Balbinus ?		DECIMVS CAELIVS ANTONIVS BALBINVS DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS BALBINVS		Murdered by the Praetorians
May 238 to February 244	Gordian III Rome		MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS PIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Murdered
240	Sabinianus ?				Proclaimed himself emperor; defeated in battle
February 244 to September/October 249	Philip the Arab Shahba, Syria		MARCVS IVLIVS PHILLIPVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS IVLIVS PHILLIPVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Killed in battle by Decius
248	Pacatianus ?		TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS MARINVS PACATIANVS		Proclaimed himself emperor; murdered by his own soldiers
248	Iotapianus some place at Near East		MARCVS FVLVIVS RVFVS IOTAPIANVS		Claimant; killed by his own soldiers
248	Silbannacus ?				Usurper ; death unknown
249 to June 251	Decius Budalia, Lower Pannonia		GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS DECIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS DECIVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Killed in battle
249 to 252	Priscus possibly Damascus, Syria		GAIVS IVLIVS PRISCVS		Proclaimed himself emperor in the Eastern provinces ; murdered
250	Licinianus ?		IVLIVS VALENS LICINIANVS		Claimant; murdered
early 251 to 1 July 251	Herennius Etruscus Pannonia		QVINTVS HERENNIVS ETRVSCVS MESSIVS DECIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR QVINTVS HERENNIVS ETRVSCVS MESSIVS DECIVS AVGVSTVS	Killed in battle
251	Hostilian ?		CAIVS VALENS HOSTILIANVS MESSIVS QVINTVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR CAIVS VALENS HOSTILIANVS MESSIVS QVINTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Gallus, died of the plague
June 251 to August 253	Trebonianus Gallus Italia		GAIVS VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by his own soldiers
July 251 to August 253	Volusianus ?		GAIVS VIBIVS VOLVSIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS AFINIVS GALLVS VELDVMNIANVS VOLVSIANVS AVGVSTVS	Son and co-ruler of Trebonianus Gallus. Murdered by his own soldiers
August 253 to October 253	Aemilianus Africa		MARCVS AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by his own soldiers
253 to June 260	Valerian ?		PVBLIVS LICINIVS VALERIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS VALERIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Gallienus; captured by Persians: died in captivity
253 to September 268	Gallienus ?		PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Valerian 253 to 260; murdered
260	Saloninus ?		PVBLIVS LICINIVS CORNELIVS SALONINVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR CORNELIVS LICINIVS SALONINVS VALERIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Gallienus; murdered
258 or June 260	Ingenuus ?				Proclaimed himself emperor; killed in battle
260	Regalianus ?		PVBLIVS C[AIVS] REGALIANVS		Proclaimed emperor; killed by his own people
260 to 261	Macrianus Major ?		FVLVIVS MACRIANVS		Proclaimed emperor; defeated and killed in battle
260 to 261	Macrianus Minor ?		TITVS FVLVIVS IVNIVS MACRIANVS		Proclaimed emperor; defeated and killed in battle
260 to 261	Quietus ?		TITVS FVLVIVS IVNIVS QVIETVS		Claimant; murdered
261 to 261 or 262	Mussius Aemilianus ?		LVCIVS MVSSIVS AEMILIANVS		Proclaimed emperor; strangled while being held captive
268 to 268	Aureolus ?		MANIVS ACILIVS AVREOLVS		Proclaimed himself emperor; surrendered to Claudius II Gothicus; killed by Praetorian Guard

[edit] Gallic Empire (260-274)

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
260 to 269	Postumus Gaul		MARCVS CASSIANIVS LATINIVS POSTVMVS	Postumus|IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CASSIANVS LATINIVS POSTVMVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered
269	Laelianus possibly Hispania		VLPIVS CORNELIVS LAELIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VLPIVS CORNELIVS LAELIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Proclaimed himself emperor of the Gallic Empire
269	Marius ?		MARCVS AVRELIVS MARIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS MARIVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Murdered
269 to 271	Victorinus ?		MARCVS PIAVONIVS VICTORINVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS PIAVONIVS VICTORINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered
270 to 271	Domitianus ?			IMPERATOR CAESAR DOMITIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Proclaimed emperor of the Gallic Empire
271 to 274	Tetricus I ?		CAIVS PIVS ESVVIVS TETRICVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS PIVS ESVVIVS TETRICVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS

[edit] Illyrian Emperors

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
268 to August 270	Claudius II Gothicus Sirmium, Pannonia or Dardania, Moesia		MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS CLAVDIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Died of plague
August 270 to September 270	Quintillus Serbia - Sirmium, Pannonia or Dardania, Moesia		MARCVS AVRELIVS QVINTILLVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS QVINTILLVS INVICTVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Briefly Co-emperor with Aurelian; committed suicide
August 270 to 275	Aurelian Dacia or possibly Sirmium, Pannonia		LVCIVS DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by the Praetorian Guard
271	Septimius ?				Proclaimed emperor in Dalmatia; killed by his own soldiers
November/December 275 to July 276	Tacitus Interamna, Italia		MARCVS CLAVDIVS TACITVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CLAVDIVS TACITVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Murdered
July 276 to September 276	Florianus ?		MARCVS ANNIVS FLORIANVS PIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANNIVS FLORIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Murdered
July 276 to late September 282	Probus Sirmium, Pannonia		MARCVS AVRELIVS EQVITIVS PROBVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS PROBVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by his own soldiers
280	Saturninus Gaul		IVLIVS SATVRNINVS		Claimant: forced by his soldiers; proclaimed himself emperor; killed by his soldiers
280	Proculus Albingaunum, Italia				Claimant: acceding to the request of the people of Lugdunum; killed by Probus
280	Bonosus Hispania		GALLVS QVINTVS BONOSVS		Proclaimed himself emperor; defeated by Probus and committed suicide
September 282 to July/August 283	Carus probably Narbo, Gaul		MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS CARVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Uncertain cause of death; disease, lightning injury, a wound received in battle against the Huns and murder by the Praetorian Guard have all been suggested
spring 283 to summer 285	Carinus ?		MARCVS AVRELIVS CARINVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Numerian; Murdered
July/August 283 to November 284	Numerian ?		MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Carinus

[edit] Dominate

[edit] Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
20 November 284 to 1 May 305	Diocletian Dioclea, Dalmatia		DIOCLES (full name not known) GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS DIOCLETIANVS IOVIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS DIOCLETIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE PROCONSVL	Co-emperor with Maximian; 285: Germanicus Maximus, Sarmaticus Maximus; 286: Iovius; 287: Germanicus Maximus; 295: Persicus Maximus; 297: Britannicus Maximus, Carpicus Maximus; 298: Armenicus Maximus, Medicus Maximus, Adiabenicus Maximus Abdicated
1 April 286 to 1 May 305	Maximian Serbia - near Sirmium, Pannonia		MAXIMIANVS (full name not known) MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS HERCVLIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	co-emperor with Diocletian; 286: Germanicus Maximus, Sarmaticus Maximus; 287: Iovius; 288: Germanicus Maximus; 294: Persicus Maximus; 298: Britannicus Maximus, Carpicus Maximus; 299: Armenicus Maximus, Medicus Maximus, Adiabenicus Maximus; Forced to abdicate
1 May 305 to 25 July 306	Constantius I Chlorus Serbia- Dardania, Moesia		FLAVIVS VALERIVS CONSTANTIVS CHLORVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS	Dies in York, 306.
1 May 305 to May 311	Galerius Serbia -near Serdica, Dacia Aureliana		CAIVS GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	co-emperor with Severus II; Dies of terrible illness
August 306 to 16 September 307	Severus II ?		FLAVIVS VALERIVS SEVERVS	IMPERATOR SEVERVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	co-emperor with Galerius; Murdered or forced to commit suicide in captivity
28 October 306 to 28 October 312	Maxentius ?		MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXENTIVS	MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXENTIVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Dies in battle by drowning in the Tiber
307 to 308	Maximian near Sirmium, Pannonia		MAXIMIANVS (full name not known) MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS HERCVLIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS HERCVLIVS GERMANICVS MAXIMVS SARMATICVS MAXIMVS IOVIVS GERMANICVS MAXIMVS PERSICVS MAXIMVS BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS CARPICVS MAXIMVS ARMENICVS MAXIMVS MEDICVS MAXIMVS ADIABENICVS MAXIMVS	Abdicated; Forced to commit suicide
307 to 22 May 337	Constantine I Serbia - Naissus, Moesia Superior		GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS CONSTANTINVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE PROCONSVL	307: Germanicus Maximus; 312: Maximus; 323: Sarmaticus Maximus; 324: Victor substituting Invictus; 328: Gothicus Maximus; 336:Dacicus Maximus
308	Domitius Alexander probably Phrygia		LVCIVS DOMITIVS ALEXANDER		Proclaimed himself emperor; Executed
11 November 308 to 18 September 324	Licinius Serbia - Moesia Superior		VALERIVS LICINIANVS LICINIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VALERIVS LICINIVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; abdicated; (executed early 325)
1 May 310 to July/August 313	Maximinus Daia Dacia Aureliana		DAIA MAXIMINVS GAIVS GALERIVS VALERIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMINVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; committed suicide
December 316 to 1 March 317	Valerius Valens ?		AVRELIVS VALERIVS VALENS	IMPERATOR CAESAR AVRELIVS VALERIVS VALENS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Licinius; executed by Constantine I
July to 18 September 324	Martinianus ?		SEXTVS MARCIVS MARTINIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR SEXTVS MARCIVS MARTINIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Licinius; executed early 325
337 to 340	Constantine II Arles, Gaul		FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTANTINVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS VALERIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; killed in battle
337 to 361	Constantius II Sirmium, Pannonia		FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANTIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; Dies of illness
337 to 350	Constans ?		FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANS	Constans|IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; killed by Magnentius
January 350 to 11 August 353	Magnentius Samarobriva, Gaul		FLAVIVS MAGNVS MAGNENTIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS MAGNVS MAGENTIVS AVGVSTVS	Usurper; committed suicide
c. 350	Vetranio ?		not known		Proclaimed himself emperor against Magnentius, recognized by Constantius II.
c. 350	Nepotianus ?				Proclaimed himself emperor against Magnentius.
November 361 to June 363	Julian Constantinople, Thracia		FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS IVLIANVS	Julian the Apostate|IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS	Mystery surrounds his death. During a skirmish with the Sassanids he is wounded by a javelin. Whether the missle was from the enemy or a christian soldier in his army have both been attested. Regardless he died of his wound soon after.
363 to 17 February 364	Jovian Serbia - Singidunum, Moesia		FLAVIVS IOVIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IOVIANVS AVGVSTVS	Died accidentally, suffocated in his sleep

[edit] Britannic Empire (286-297)

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
286 to 293	Carausius Gallia Belgica		MARCVS AVRELIVS MAVSAEVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR CARAVSIVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS
293 to 297	Allectus ?		not known	IMPERATOR CAESAR ALLECTVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS

[edit] Valentinian dynasty

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
26 February 364 to 17 November 375	Valentinian I Cibalae, Pannonia		FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Emperor in the west.
28 March 364 to 9 August 378	Valens Cibalae, Pannonia		FLAVIVS IVLIVS VALENS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS VALENS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Emperor in the east. Killed in battle
September 365 to 27 May 366	Procopius Cilicia				Usurper; executed by Valens
24 August 367 to 383	Gratian Sirmium, Pannonia		FLAVIVS GRATIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS GRATIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Assassinated
375 to 392	Valentinian II Milan, Italia		FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Deposed; died in suspicious circumstances
383 to 388	Magnus Maximus Hispania		MAGNVS MAXIMVS		Usurper in the west; once recognised by Theodosius I, then deposed and executed
c.386 to 388	Flavius Victor ?		FLAVIVS VICTOR		Son of Magnus Maximus, murdered on order of Theodosius I
392 to 394	Eugenius ?		FLAVIVS EVGENIVS		Usurper in the west; killed in battle

[edit] Theodosian dynasty

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
379 to 17 January 395	Theodosius I Cauca, Hispania		FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; emperor in the east from 379
383 to January 395	Arcadius ?		FLAVIVS ARCADIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS ARCADIVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Becoming Emperor in the East January 395
23 January 393 to 395	Honorius ?		FLAVIVS HONORIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS HONORIVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Becoming Emperor in the West

[edit] Western Empire

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
395 to 15 August 423	Honorius ?		FLAVIVS HONORIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS HONORIVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Constantius III (421)
407 to 411	Constantine III ?		FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTANTINVS		Claimant
409 to 411	Constans II ?				Claimant, co-ruler with Constantine III
409 to 411	Maximus Hispania				Claimant, ruling on Hispania
409 to 410	Priscus Attalus ?			IMPERATOR CAESAR PRISCVS ATTALVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths
411 to 413	Jovinus Gaul				Claimant
412 to 413	Sebastianus Gaul				Claimant, co-ruler with Jovinus
414 to 415	Priscus Attalus ?			IMPERATOR CAESAR PRISCVS ATTALVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths
421	Constantius III Serbia - Naissus, Moesia Superior		FLAVIVS CONSTANTIVS		Co-emperor with Honorius
423 to 425	Joannes ?		IOHANNES		Claimant
425 to 16 March 455	Valentinian III Ravenna, Italia		FLAVIVS PLACIDVS VALENTINIANVS
17 March 455 to 31 May 455	Petronius Maximus ?		FLAVIVS PETRONIVS MAXIMVS
June 455 to 17 October 456	Avitus ?		MARCVS MAECILIVS FLAVIVS EPARCHIVS AVITVS
457 to 2 August 461	Majorian ?		IVLIVS VALERIVS MAIORIANVS		Abdicated
461 to 465	Libius Severus Lucania, Italia		LIBIVS SEVERVS
12 April 467 to 11 July 472	Anthemius ?		PROCOPIVS ANTHEMIVS		Executed
July 472 to 2 November 472	Olybrius ?		ANICIVS OLYBRIVS
5 March 473 to June 474	Glycerius ?				Abdicated
June 474 to 25 April 480	Julius Nepos ?				Emperor in the West until 475, deposed by Orestes; fled; From 476 recognised by Odoacer; murdered 480
31 October 475 to 4 September 476	Romulus Augustus Romulus Augustulus ?		FLAVIVS ROMVLVS ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS		Deposed by Odoacer; fate unknown.

Further information: Barbarian kings of Italy

[edit] Eastern Empire to 565

Further information: List of Byzantine emperors

Reign	Incumbent & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name	Imperial name	Notes
395 to 1 May 408	Arcadius ?			FLAVIVS ARCADIVS
408 to 28 July 450	Theodosius II ?			FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS
450 to 457	Marcian Thrace or Illyria			FLAVIVS MARCIANIVS
457 to 474	Leo I ?			FLAVIVS VALERIVS LEO
474 to 474	Leo II ?		TARASICODISSEVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS LEO AVGVSTVS
474 to 475 and 476 (restoration) to 491	Zeno Isauria, Cilicia			IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS ZENO AVGVSTVS
475 to 476	Basiliscus ?			FLAVIVS BASILISCVS
491 to 518	Anastasius Dyrrhachium			IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS ANASTASIVS AVGVSTVS
518 to 527	Justin I ?			IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVSTINVS AVGVSTVS
527 to 565	Justinian Serbia -Tauresium		FLAVIVS PETRVS SABBATIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVSTINIANVS AVGVSTVS	Re-conquered large parts of the Western Empire

[edit] References

• Chris Scarre, Chronicle of the Roman Emperors, Thames & Hudson, 1995, Reprinted 2001, ISBN 0-500-05077-5
• Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, Penguin Classics, Michael Grant Publications Ltd, 1971, Reprinted 1985, ISBN 0-14-044060-7
• Martha Ross, Rulers and Governments of the World, Vol.1 Earliest Times to 1491, Bowker, 1978, ISBN 0-85935-021-5
• Clive Carpenter, The Guinness Book of Kings Rulers & Statesmen, Guinness Superlatives Ltd, 1978, ISBN 0-900424-46-X
• R.F.Tapsell, Monarchs Rulers Dynasties and Kingdoms of The World, Thames & Hudson, 1981, Reprinted 1987, ISBN 0-500-27337-5

[edit] See also

• List of Roman dictators (501 - 44 BC)
• Second Triumvirate (43 - 33 BC)
• Roman usurper

[edit] External links

• There are good biographies of most of the Roman Emperors in De Imperatoribus Romanis.
• List of the Roman Emperors 27 BC - 395 AD
• Portraits and fact files

Roman Emperors by Epoch
see also: List of Roman Emperors · Concise list of Roman Emperors · Roman Empire
Principate Crisis of the 3rd century Dominate Division Successors Julio-Claudian dynasty Four Emperors (68–69) Flavian dynasty Nervan-Antonian dynasty Five Emperors (192–193) Severan dynasty Barracks Emperors Illyrian Emperors Gallic Emperors Britannic Emperors Tetrarchies Constantinian dynasty Valentinian dynasty Theodosian dynasty Western Roman Emperors Eastern Roman Emperors Barbarian kings of Italy Holy Roman Emperors Byzantine Emperors