List of Oregon judges

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of Oregon judges that have served within the confines of the United States sub-political entity known as the state of Oregon, as well as people from Oregon that have served in federal courts outside of the state. These include judges that served prior to statehood on February 14, 1859, including the judges of the Provisional Government of Oregon. Those listed include judges of the Oregon Supreme Court, the Oregon Tax Court, and the Oregon Court of Appeals at the state level. Judges for the United States District Court for the District of Oregon and judges from Oregon that have served on other federal courts are also listed. The judges of the Oregon circuit courts, who generally serve a single county, are not listed.

Contents

[edit] Pre-Provisional Government

People recorded to have served as a judge prior to the establishment of the Provisional Government of Oregon in 1843. No formal judicial system existed in the region prior to 1843.

Name Years Notes
John Kirk Townsend 1835 Oversaw murder trial of Thomas J. Hubbard at Fort William.[1]
Ira L. Babcock 1841–1843 Chosen by pioneers to be supreme judge with probate powers, dealt with Ewing Young estate.[2]

[edit] Provisional Government

Seal of the Provisional Government
Seal of the Provisional Government
James W. Nesmith
James W. Nesmith

In 1843, the Provisional Government of Oregon was created.[2] This government constructed a judicial system headed by a single supreme judge.

Name Years Notes
Albert E. Wilson 1843 Elected at Champoeg Meetings, but never served.
Osborne Russell October 2, 1843-May 14, 1844 Served as circuit judge and presiding judge
Ira L. Babcock June 27, 1844-November 11, 1844 Served as circuit judge and presiding judge
James W. Nesmith December 25, 1844-August 9, 1845 Appointed by Executive Committee before election in 1845, served as circuit judge and presiding judge.
Nathaniel Ford never served Elected by Provisional Legislature on August 9, 1845, declined to serve.
Peter Hardeman Burnett September 6, 1845-December 29, 1846 Elected by legislature as supreme judge.
J. Quinn Thornton February 20, 1847-November 9, 1847 Appointed by Governor George Abernethy as supreme judge.
Columbia Lancaster November 30, 1847-April 9, 1849 Appointed by Governor George Abernethy as supreme judge.
Asa Lovejoy no record Elected by Provisional Legislature on February 16, 1849 as supreme judge.

[edit] Oregon Supreme Court

Seal of the State of Oregon
Seal of the State of Oregon
George Henry Williams
George Henry Williams
Reuben P. Boise
Reuben P. Boise
Erasmus D. Shattuck
Erasmus D. Shattuck
James Kerr Kelly
James Kerr Kelly
William Paine Lord
William Paine Lord
John B. Waldo
John B. Waldo
William Wallace Thayer
William Wallace Thayer
Woodson T. Slater
Woodson T. Slater
Charles L. McNary
Charles L. McNary
Wallace McCamant
Wallace McCamant
Hall S. Lusk
Hall S. Lusk
E. M. Page
E. M. Page
Ted Kulongoski
Ted Kulongoski
See also: List of Chief Justices of the Oregon Supreme Court

The Oregon Territory was created in 1848 by the United States Congress. Congress then created a three judge supreme court for the territory. In 1859, the territory became the state of Oregon, with the Oregon Supreme Court remaining, eventually expanded to seven justices.[2]

Order Name Years on the Court Notes
1. William P. Bryant 1848-1850 Appointed by U.S. President, chief justice 1848-1850.
2. Orville C. Pratt 1848-1852 Appointed by U.S. President.
3. Thomas Nelson 1850-1853 Appointed by U.S. President, chief justice 1850-1853.
4. William Strong 1850-1853 Appointed by U.S. President.
5. George Henry Williams 1853-1858 Appointed by U.S. President, chief justice 1853-1858.
6. Cyrus Olney 1853-1858 Appointed by U.S. President.
7. Matthew Deady 1853-1859 Appointed by U.S. President.
8. Obadiah B. McFadden 1853-1854 Appointed by U.S. President.
9. Reuben P. Boise 1858-1870, 1876-1880 Appointed by U.S. President in 1858, elected in 1859, 1876. Appointed by Governor 1878. Chief justice 1862-1864, 1867-1870.
10. Aaron E. Wait 1859-1862 Elected in 1858, chief justice 1859-1862.
11. Riley E. Stratton 1859-1866 Elected in 1858, died in office December 26, 1866.
12. Paine Page Prim 1859-1880 Appointed by Governor in 1859 and 1878, elected 1860, 1866, 1872. Chief justice 1864-1866, 1870-1872, and 1876-1878.
13. William W. Page 1862 Appointed by Governor.
14. Erasmus D. Shattuck 1862-1867, 1874-1878 Elected in 1862, 1874. Chief justice 1866-1867.
15. Joseph G. Wilson 1862-1870 Appointed by Governor in 1862, elected 1864.
16. Alonzo A. Skinner 1866-1867 Appointed by Governor in 1866.
17. William W. Upton 1867-1874 Appointed by Governor 1867, elected in 1868. Chief justice 1872-1874.
18. John Kelsay 1868-1870 Elected in 1868.
19. Benoni Whitten 1870 Appointed by Governor in 1870.
20. Lewis Linn McArthur 1870-1878 Elected in 1870 and 1876.
21. Andrew J. Thayer 1870-1873 Elected in 1870, died in office April 26, 1873.
22. Benjamin F. Bonham 1870-1876 Elected in 1870. Chief justice 1874-1876.
23. Lafayette F. Moser 1873-1874 Appointed by Governor in May 1873.
24. John Burnett 1874-1876 Elected in 1874.
25. James F. Watson 1876-1878 Elected in 1876.
26. James Kerr Kelly 1878-1880 Appointed by Governor in 1878. Chief justice 1878-1880.
27. William Paine Lord 1880-1894 Elected in 1880, 1882, and 1888. Chief justice 1880-1882, 1886-1888, and 1892-1894.
28. Edward B. Watson 1880-1884 Elected in 1880. Chief justice 1882-1884.
29. John B. Waldo 1880-1886 Elected in 1880. Chief justice 1884-1886.
30. William Wallace Thayer 1884-1890 Elected in 1884. Chief justice 1888-1890.
31. Reuben S. Strahan 1886-1892 Elected in 1886. Chief justice 1890-1892.
32. Robert S. Bean 1890-1909 Elected in 1890, 1896, 1902, 1908. Chief justice 1894-1896, 1900-1902, and 1905-1909.
33. Frank A. Moore 1892-1918 Elected in 1892, 1898, 1904, 1910, 1916. Chief justice 1896-1898, 1902-1905, 1909-1911, and 1915-1917. Died in office September 25, 1918.
34. Charles E. Wolverton 1894-1905 Elected in 1894 and 1900. Chief justice 1898-1900, and 1905.
35. Thomas G. Hailey 1905-1907 Appointed by Governor in 1905.
36. Robert Eakin 1907-1917 Elected in 1906 and 1912. Chief justice 1911-1913.
37. William R. King 1909-1911 Appointed by Governor in 1909.
38. Woodson T. Slater 1909-1911 Appointed by Governor in 1909.
39. Thomas A. McBride 1909-1930 Appointed by Governor in 1909, elected in 1914, 1920, and 1926. Died in office September 9, 1930. Chief justice 1913-1915, 1917-1921, and 1923-1927.
40. Henry J. Bean 1911-1941 Elected in 1910, 1914, 1920, 1926, 1932, and 1938. Died in office May 8, 1941. Chief justice 1931-1933 and 1937-1939.
41. George H. Burnett 1911-1927 Elected in 1910, 1916, and 1922. Died in office September 10, 1927. Chief justice 1921-1923, and 1927.
42. Charles L. McNary 1913-1915 Appointed in 1913.
43. William Marion Ramsey 1913-1915 Appointed in 1913.
44. Henry L. Benson 1915-1921 Elected in 1914, 1920. Died in office October 16, 1921.
45. Lawrence T. Harris 1915-1924 Elected in 1914 and 1920.
46. Wallace McCamant 1917-1918 Appointed by Governor in 1917.
47. Charles A. Johns 1918-1921 Appointed by Governor in 1918. Elected in 1918.
48. Conrad P. Olson 1918-1919 Appointed by Governor in 1918.
49. Alfred S. Bennett 1919-1920 Elected in 1918.
50. George M. Brown 1920-1933 Appointed by Governor in 1920. Elected in 1920 and 1926.
51. John McCourt 1921-1924 Appointed by Governor in 1921. Elected in 1922. Died in office September 12, 1924.
52. John L. Rand 1921-1942 Appointed by Governor in 1921. Elected in 1922, 1928, 1934, and 1940. Died in office November 19, 1942. Chief justice 1927-1929, 1933-1935, and 1939-1941.
53. Oliver P. Coshow 1924-1931 Appointed by Governor in 1924. Elected in 1924. Chief justice 1929-1931.
54. Martin L. Pipes 1924 Appointed by Governor in 1924.
55. Harry H. Belt 1925-1950 Elected in 1924, 1930, 1936, 1942, 1948. Chief justice 1945-1947. Died in office August 6, 1950.
56. George Rossman 1927-1965 Appointed by Governor in 1927. Elected in 1928, 1934, 1940, 1946, 1952, and 1958. Chief justice 1947-1949.
57. Percy R. Kelly 1930-1949 Appointed by Governor in 1930. Elected in 1930, 1936, 1942, and 1948. Chief justice 1941-1943. Died in office June 14, 1949.
58. James U. Campbell 1931-1937 Elected in 1930 and 1936. Chief justice 1935-1937.

Died in office July 16, 1937.
59. John O. Bailey 1933-1950 Elected in 1932, 1938, and 1944. Chief justice 1943-1945
60. Hall S. Lusk 1937-1960, 1961-1968 Appointed by Governor in 1937. Elected in 1938, 1944, 1950, 1956. Temporary service from 1961-1968. Chief justice 1949-1951.
61. James T. Brand 1941-1958 Appointed by Governor in 1941. Elected in 1942, 1948 and 1952. Chief justice 1951-1953.
62. Arthur D. Hay 1942-1952 Appointed by Governor in 1942. Elected in 1944 and 1950. Died in office December 19, 1952.
63. E. M. Page 1949-1950 Appointed by Governor in 1949.
64. Earl C. Latourette 1950-1956 Appointed by Governor in 1950. Elected in 1950. Chief justice 1953-1955. Died in office August 18, 1956.
65. Harold J. Warner 1950-1963 Appointed by Governor in 1950. Elected in 1950 and 1956. Chief justice 1955-1957.
66. Walter L. Tooze 1950-1956 Appointed by Governor in 1950. Elected in 1950 and 1956. Died in office December 21, 1956.
67. William C. Perry 1952-1970 Appointed by Governor in 1952. Elected in 1954, 1960, and 1966. Chief justice 1957-1959 and 1967-1970.
68. William M. McAllister 1956-1976 Appointed by Governor in 1956. Elected in 1956, 1962, 1968, and 1974. Chief justice 1959-1967.
69. Randall B. Kester 1957-1958 Appointed by Governor in 1957.
70. Gordon Sloan 1958-1970 Appointed by Governor in 1958. Elected in 1958 and 1964.
71. Kenneth J. O'Connell 1958-1977 Appointed by Governor in 1958. Elected in 1958, 1964, and 1970. Chief justice 1970-1976.
72. Alfred T. Goodwin 1960-1969 Appointed by Governor in 1960. Elected in 1960 and 1966.
73. Arno H. Denecke 1963-1982 Elected in 1962, 1968, 1974, and 1980. Chief justice 1976-1982.
74. Ralph M. Holman 1965-1980 Elected in 1964, 1970, and 1976.
75. Thomas Tongue 1969-1982 Appointed by Governor in 1969. Elected in 1970 and 1976.
76. Edward H. Howell 1970-1980 Appointed by Governor in 1970. Elected in 1970 and 1976.
77. Dean F. Bryson 1970-1979 Elected in 1970 and 1976, also appointed by Governor in 1970.
78. Berkeley Lent 1977-1988 Elected in 1976 and 1982. Chief justice 1982-1983.
79. Hans A. Linde 1977-1990 Appointed by Governor in 1977. Elected in 1978 and 1984.
80. Edwin J. Peterson 1979-1993 Appointed by Governor in 1979. Elected in 1980, 1986, and 1992. Chief justice 1983-1991.
81. Jacob Tanzer 1980-1982 Appointed by Governor in 1980. Elected in 1980.
82. J. R. Campbell 1980-1988 Appointed by Governor in 1980. Elected in 1982.
83. Betty Roberts 1982-1986 Appointed by Governor in 1982. Elected in 1982. First woman on court.
84. Wallace P. Carson, Jr. 1982-2007 Appointed by Governor in 1982. Elected in 1982, 1988, 1994 and 2000. Chief justice 1991-2006.
85. Robert E. Jones 1983-1990 Appointed by Governor in 1982. Elected in 1984.
86. W. Michael Gillette 1986-current Appointed by Governor in 1986. Elected in 1986, 1992, 1998, and 2004.
87. George Van Hoomissen 1988-2001 Elected in 1988 and 1994.
88. Edward N. Fadeley 1988-1998 Elected in 1988 and 1994.
89. Richard Unis 1990-1996 Appointed by Governor in 1990. Elected in 1990.
90. Susan P. Graber 1990-1998 Appointed by Governor in 1990 and 1991. Elected in 1992.
91. Robert D. Durham 1994-current Appointed by Governor in 1994. Elected in 1994, 2000, and 2006.
92. Ted Kulongoski 1997-2001 Elected in 1996.
93. Susan M. Leeson 1998-2003 Appointed by Governor in 1998. Elected in 1998.
94. R. William Riggs 1998-2006 Appointed by Governor in 1998. Elected in 1998 and 2004.
95. Paul J. De Muniz 2001-current Elected in 2000 and 2006. Chief justice 2006 to current.
96. Thomas A. Balmer 2001-current Appointed by Governor in 2001. Elected in 2002.
97. Rives Kistler 2003-current Appointed by Governor in 2003. Elected in 2004.
98. Martha Lee Walters 2006-current Appointed by Governor in 2006.
99. Virginia L. Linder 2007-current Elected in 2006.

[edit] Oregon Court of Appeals

In 1969, the state of Oregon created an intermediate level appeals court. Judges from the Oregon Court of Appeals decide cases appealed from the Oregon Circuit Court.[3] The court has a total of ten judgeships.

Name Years Notes
Virgil Langtry 1969-1976 Appointed by governor in 1969. Elected in 1970. Resigned in 1976.
Robert H. Foley 1969-1976 Appointed by governor in 1969. Elected in 1970. Resigned in 1976.
Herbert M. Schwab 1969-1980 Appointed by governor in 1969. Elected in 1970 & 1976. Resigned in 1980. Chief judge 1969-1980.
William S. Fort 1969-1977 Appointed by governor in 1969. Elected in 1970.
Edward H. Branchfield 1969-1971 Appointed by governor in 1969.
Robert Y. Thornton 1971-1983 Elected in 1970 & 1976.
Jacob Tanzer 1973-1975, 1976-1980 Appointed by governor in 1973 & 1976. Elected in 1976. Resigned in 1980.
Jason Lee 1975-1980 Elected in 1974. Died in office February 19, 1980.
Lee Johnson 1977-1978 Elected in 1976. Resigned in 1978.
William L. Richardson 1976-1997 Elected in 1976, 1982, 1988, and 1994. Appointed by governor in 1976. Resigned in 1997. Chief judge 1993-1997.
John H. Buttler 1977-1992 Appointed by governor in 1977. Elected in 1978, 1984, and 1990. Resigned in 1992.
George M. Joseph 1977-1992 Appointed by governor in 1977. Elected in 1978, 1984, and 1990. Resigned in 1992. Chief judge 1981-1992.
W. Michael Gillette 1977-1986 Appointed by governor in 1977. Elected in 1978 & 1984. Resigned in 1986.
Betty Roberts 1977-1982 Appointed by governor in 1977. Elected in 1978. Resigned in 1982.
J. R. Campbell 1979-1980 Appointed by governor in 1979. Elected in 1980. Resigned in 1980.
John C. Warden 1980-1988 Appointed by governor in 1980 & 1981. Elected in 1982. Resigned in 1988.
Edward H. Warren 1980-1999 Appointed by governor in 1980. Elected in 1980, 1986 & 1992. Resigned in 1999.
George Van Hoomissen 1981-1988 Elected in 1980 & 1986. Resigned in 1988.
Thomas F. Young 1981-1988 Appointed by governor in 1981. Elected in 1982. Died in office on January 3, 1988.
Kurt C. Rossman 1982-1994 Appointed by governor in 1982. Elected in 1982 & 1988. Resigned in 1994.
Jonathan Newman 1983-1991 Elected in 1982 & 1988. Resigned in 1991.
Mary J. Deits 1986-2004 Appointed by governor in 1986. Elected in 1986, 1992, & 1998. Chief judge 1997-2004.
R. William Riggs 1988-1998 Appointed by governor in 1988. Elected in 1988 & 1994. Resigned in 1998.
Susan P. Graber 1988-1990 Appointed by governor in 1988. Elected in 1988. Resigned in 1990.
Walter I. Edmonds, Jr. 1989-current Appointed by governor in 1989. Elected in 1990, 1996, and 2002.
Paul De Muniz 1990-2000 Appointed by governor in 1990. Elected in 1990 & 1996. Resigned in 2000.
Robert D. Durham 1991-1994 Appointed by governor in 1991. Elected in 1992. Resigned in 1994.
Jack L. Landau 1993-current Appointed by governor in 1992. Elected in 1994, 2000, & 2006.
Susan M. Leeson 1993-1998 Appointed by governor in 1992. Elected in 1994. Resigned in 1998.
Rick Haselton 1994-current Appointed by governor in 1994. Elected in 1994, 2000, & 2006.
Rex Armstrong 1995-current Elected in 1994, 2000, & 2006.
Virginia L. Linder 1999-2007 Appointed by governor in 1997. Elected in 1998 & 2004. Resigned in 2007.
Robert D. Wollheim 1998-current Appointed by governor in 1998. Elected in 1998 & 2004.
David Brewer 1999-current Appointed by governor in 1999. Elected in 2000 & 2006. Chief judge 2004-current.
Rives Kistler 1999-2003 Appointed by governor in 1999. Elected in 2000. Resigned in 2003.
David Schuman 2001-current Appointed by governor in 2001. Elected in 2002.
Darleen Ortega 2003-current Appointed by governor in 2003. Elected in 2004.
Ellen F. Rosenblum 2005-current Appointed by governor in 2005. Elected in 2006.[4]
Timothy Sercombe 2007-current Appointed by governor in 2007.

[edit] Federal district court

Seal of the District of Oregon
Seal of the District of Oregon
Matthew Deady
Matthew Deady

Upon Oregon's entry into the Union, the federal government created the United States District Court for the District of Oregon, a federal trial level court. At first there was a single judge, but currently there are six judgeships.[5] Those who have served as the chief judge are listed in italics.[6]

Order Name Years on the Court Notes
1. Matthew Deady 1859-1893
2. Charles B. Bellinger 1893-1905
3. Charles E. Wolverton 1905-1926
4. Robert S. Bean 1909-1931
5. John H. McNary 1927-1936
6. James A. Fee 1931-1954 Chief judge from 1948 to 1954.[6]
7. Claude C. McColloch 1937-1959 Chief judge from 1954 to 1958.[6]
8. Gus J. Solomon 1949-1987 Chief judge from 1958 to 1971.[6]
9. William G. East 1955-1985
10. John Kilkenny 1959-1969
11. Robert C. Belloni 1967-1999 Chief judge from 1971 to 1976.[6]
12. Alfred Goodwin 1969-1971
13. James M. Burns 1972-2001 Chief judge from 1979 to 1984.[6]
14. Otto R. Skopil, Jr. 1972-1979 Chief judge from 1976 to 1979.[6]
15. Helen J. Frye 1980-current
16. Owen M. Panner 1980-current Chief judge from 1984 to 1990.[6]
17. James A. Redden 1980-current Chief judge from 1990 to 1995.[6]
18. Edward Leavy 1984-1987
19. Malcolm F. Marsh 1987-current
20. Robert E. Jones 1990-current
21. Michael R. Hogan 1991-current Chief judge from 1995 to 2002.[6]
22. Ancer L. Haggerty 1994-current Chief judge from 2002 to current.[6]
23. Ann Aiken 1998-current
24. Garr King 1998-current
25. Anna J. Brown 1999-current
26. Michael W. Mosman 2003-current

[edit] Other federal

Seal of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
Seal of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
Nicholas J. Sinnott
Nicholas J. Sinnott

Judges from Oregon who have served on federal courts other than the District Court of Oregon. This includes judges who have been assigned to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals' duty station at the Pioneer Courthouse in Portland, Oregon.

Name Court Years Notes
William A. Ekwall United States Customs Court 1942-1956 Nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[7]
James Alger Fee Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1954–1959 Nominated by President Eisenhower
William Ball Gilbert Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1892–1931 Nominated by President Harrison
Alfred Goodwin Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1971-current Chief judge of the court from 1988 to 1991.[8]
Susan P. Graber Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1998-current President Bill Clinton nominated Graber on July 30, 1997.[9]
Bert Emory Haney Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1935–1943 Nominated by Franklin Roosevelt
John Kilkenny Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1969-1971 Assumed senior judge status in 1971.[10]
Edward Leavy Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1987-current Assumed senior status on the court in 1997.[11]
Wallace McCamant Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1925-1926 Served as a recess appointment, never confirmed by Senate.[12]
Diarmuid O'Scannlain Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1986-current Nominated by President Ronald Reagan on August 11, 1986.[13]
Nicholas J. Sinnott United States Court of Claims 1928-1929 Nominated by President Calvin Coolidge on July 20, 1929.[14]
Otto Richard Skopil, Jr. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 1979-1986 Nominated by President Jimmy Carter on June 14, 1979.[15]

[edit] Oregon Tax Court

In 1962, the state of Oregon created a specialized court to handle state tax cases. The Oregon Tax Court consists of a single state-wide elected judge.[16]

Name Years Notes
Peter M. Gunnar 1962-1965 Appointed by governor in 1962. Elected in 1962. Resigned in 1965.
Edward H. Howell 1965-1970 Appointed by governor in 1965. Elected in 1966. Resigned in 1970.
Carlisle B. Roberts 1970-1983 Appointed by governor in 1970. Elected in 1970 & 1976.
Samuel B. Stewart 1983-1985 Elected in 1982. Died in office on February 25, 1985.
Carl N. Byers 1985-2001 Appointed by governor in 1985. Elected in 1986, 1992, & 1998. Retired in 2001.
Henry C. Breithaupt 2001-current Appointed by governor in 2001. Elected in 2002.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Narrative of a Journey: Introduction. OSU Press. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c Oregon Blue Book: Supreme Court Justices of Oregon. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  3. ^ Oregon Blue Book: Appeals Court Judges of Oregon. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ^ Judge of the Court of Appeals, Ellen F. Rosenblum. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ List of Oregon District judges. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chief judges of the District of Oregon. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  7. ^ Board of General Appraisers & U.S. Customs Court. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  8. ^ Alfred Goodwin. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  9. ^ Susan Graber. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  10. ^ John Kilkenny. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  11. ^ Edward Leavy. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  12. ^ Wallace McCamant. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  13. ^ Diarmuid O'Scannlain. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  14. ^ Court of Claims judges. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  15. ^ Otto Richard Skopil, Jr. Federal Judicial Service. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  16. ^ Oregon Blue Book: Tax Court Judges of Oregon. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved January 31, 2008.