List of Germanic languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is a part of the Indo-European language family. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.

Categories

• East Germanic languages
• North Germanic languages
• West Germanic languages

List

Proto-Indo-European†

• Proto-Germanic†
  • West Germanic languages
    • High German languages
      • German
        • Central German
          • East Central German
          • West Central German
            • Luxembourgish
            • Pennsylvania German (spoken by the Amish and other groups in southeastern Pennsylvania)
        • Upper German
          • Alemannic German
            • Swabian German, including Stuttgart
            • Low Alemannic German, including the area of Lake Constance and Basel German
              • Alsatian
            • High Alemannic German, including Zürich German and Bernese German
            • Highest Alemannic German, including the Bernese Oberland dialects and Walliser German
        • Austro-Bavarian German
          • Old Austro-Bavarian†
            • Middle Austro-Bavarian†
              • Modern Austro-Bavarian
                • Northern Austro-Bavarian (including Nuremberg)
                • Central Austro-Bavarian (including Munich and Vienna)
                • Southern Austro-Bavarian (including Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, and Bolzano, Italy)
                  • Mócheno
                  • Cimbrian
        • Hutterite German aka "Tirolean"
        • Yiddish (with a significant influx of vocabulary from Hebrew and other languages, and traditionally written in the Hebrew alphabet)
        • Wymysorys (with a significant influence from Low Saxon, Dutch, Polish, and Scots)
    • Low Franconian
      • Dutch
        • Old Dutch†
          • Middle Dutch†
            • Modern Dutch
              • Brabantic
              • Zealandic
              • West Flemish
              • East Flemish
              • Hollandic
              • Limburgish
              • Zuid-Gelders
      • Afrikaans (with a significant influx of vocabulary from other languages)
    • Low German
      • West Low German
        • Northern Low Saxon
          • East Frisian Low Saxon
        • Westphalian language
        • Eastphalian language
      • East Low German
        • Plautdietsch (Mennonite Low Saxon)
    • Anglo-Frisian
      • Old Frisian†
        • Frisian
          • Stadsfries language
          • West Frisian language (spoken in the Netherlands)
            • Clay Frisian (Klaaifrysk)
            • Wood Frisian (Wâldfrysk)
              • Noardhoeks
            • South Frisian (Súdhoeks)
            • Southwest Frisian (Súdwesthoeksk)
            • Schiermonnikoogs
            • Hindeloopers
            • Aasters
            • Westers
          • East Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
            • Saterland Frisian
            • Wangerooge Frisian†
            • Wursten Frisian†
          • North Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
            • Mainland Frisian
              • Mooring
              • Goesharde Frisian
              • Wiedingharde Frisian
              • Halligen Frisian
              • Karrharde Frisian
            • Island Frisian
              • Söl'ring
              • Fering
              • Öömrang
              • Heligolandic
      • Anglic
        • English language
          • Old English†
            • Middle English† (significant influx of words from Old French)
              • Early Modern English†
                • Modern English
                  • British English (English English, including Northern English, Midlands English, Southern English, and others, Welsh English, Scottish English) and Irish English
                  • North American English (American English and Canadian English)
                  • Australian English and New Zealand English
                  • South African English
                  • South Asian English (Indian English)
                  • South-East Asian English (Singapore English, Malaysian English)
                  • West Indian English (Caribbean English)
        • Lowland Scots
          • Early Scots†^[1] (from Northern Middle English with a significant influx of words from Anglo-Norman and Norse)
            • Middle Scots†
              • Modern Scots
                • South Northern
                  • North Northern
                  • Mid Northern
                    • North East Scots
                • Central Scots
                  • North East
                  • South East Central
                  • West Central
                  • South West Central Scots
                • South Scots a.k.a. Border Tongue
                • Insular Scots
                  • Orcadian
                  • Shetlandic
                • Ulster Scots a.k.a. Ullans (Ulster/Lallans)
        • Yola†
  • North Germanic
    • Proto-Norse†
      • Old Norse†
        • West Scandinavian
          • Norwegian (generally Western branch, but heavy influence from Eastern branch)
            • Bokmål (official written standard)
            • Høgnorsk (unofficial written standard)
            • Landsmål (unofficial written standard)
            • Nynorsk (official written standard)
            • Riksmål (unofficial written standard)
            • Vestlandsk
              • Sørlandsk
              • South-West Norwegian
              • Bergen Norwegian/Bergensk
              • North-West Norwegian
            • Nord-Norsk
              • Helgeland Norwegian
              • Nordland Norwegian
              • Troms Norwegian
              • Finnmark Norwegian
            • East Norwegian
              • Vikvær Norwegian
              • Middle East Norwegian
              • Oppland Norwegian
              • Østerdal Norwegian
            • Midland Norwegian
              • Gudbrandsdal Norwegian
              • Valdres and Hallingdal
              • Western Telemark Norwegian
              • Eastern Telemark Norwegian
            • Trøndelag Norwegian
              • Outer Trøndelag Norwegian
              • Inner Trøndelag Norwegian
              • Namdal Norwegian
              • South-eastern Trøndersk
              • Jamtlandic (significant influx of words from Swedish)
              • Herdalian (significant influx of words from Swedish)
          • Icelandic
            • Old Icelandic^†
              • Middle Icelandic^†
                • Modern Icelandic
          • Gøtudanskt (Faroese Street Danish)
          • Faroese
            • Old Faroese^†
              • Middle Faroese^†
                • Modern Faroese
          • Norn†
            • Caithness Norn†
            • Orkney Norn†
            • Shetland Norn†
        • East Scandinavian
          • Danish
            • Old Danish
              • Middle Danish
                • Modern Danish
                  • Eastern Danish (Amager, Bornholm, Skåne, Halland, Blekinge)
                    • Bornholmsk
                    • Scanian (significant influx of words from Swedish)
                  • Island Danish
                    • Jutlandic/Jutish
                    • North Jutlandic
                    • East Jutlandic
                    • West Jutlandic
                    • South Jutlandic (Danish: Slesvig; German: Schleswig)
          • Swedish
            • Old Swedish
              • Modern Swedish
                • Svealand Swedish
                  • Dalecarlian
                    • Elfdalian (considered a Swedish Sveamål dialect, but has official orthography and is, because of a lower degree of mutual intelligibility with Swedish, considered a separate language by many linguists, see p. 6 in this reference)
                • Norrlandic
                • Götish
                • East Swedish/Finland Swedish
                • South Swedish
                • Götalandic
        • Gutnish
          • Old Gutnish†
            • Modern Gutnish
  • East Germanic^†
    • Burgundian^†
    • Crimean Gothic^†
    • Gothic^†
    • Vandalic^†

Alternate classification of contemporary North Germanic languages

• Insular Scandinavian
  • Icelandic
  • Faroese
• Continental Scandinavian
  • Danish
  • Norwegian
  • Swedish

Languages with considerable Germanic Influence

• Romansh
• Ladin
• Friulian
• Estonian
• Finnish
• Latvian

denotes extinct (†)

[edit] External links

• Germanic language tree

[edit] References