List of Bulgarian monarchs
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This is a list of Bulgarian monarchs from the earliest historical records to 1946, when the monarchy in the country was abolished. Early Bulgarian rulers are believed to have used the title Khan (see Bulgar society for more details), later possibly kniaz, and still later the title tsar. According to Djagfar tarikhy (a 17th century Volga Bulgar source which is widely suspected to be a hoax and is generally not used in historical research), the earliest Bulgar leaders bore the title of baltavar, i.e. the Turkic "Elteber", a viceroy, known from the Chinese annals by its Chinese equivalent "Sylifa" and documented in the 10-th century by Al-Masoudi as a title used among the Dagestani Bulgars. The title Elteber or its variations like Ilutwer, Ilutver was recorded between the North Caucasian Huns, and Yiltawar or İltäbär (ibn Fadlan) in the Volga Bulgaria.
The title tsar was first adopted and used in Bulgaria by Simeon I following a decisive victory over the Byzantine Empire in 913. It was also used by all of Simeon I's successors until the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman rule in 1396 . After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its first monarch Alexander I adopted the title kniaz, but as complete independence was officially proclaimed under his successor Ferdinand in 1908, the title was changed to tsar again. Tsar was used by Ferdinand and later by his heir Boris III until the abolition of monarchy in 1946.
Note: before reaching the historical rulers (see below), the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans mention two legendary or semi-legendary rulers who are described as having lived for centuries: Avitokhol (sometimes identified as Attila the Hun, 300 years) and Irnik (sometimes identified as Attila's son Ernakh, 150 years), as well as a regent, Gostun (2 years).
Contents |
[edit] List of Bulgarian rulers (632-1946)
[edit] Great Bulgaria (632-681)
[edit] The Dulo clan (first reign, 605-753)
At times, the reign in the Bulgar lands was split.
[edit] First Bulgarian Empire (681-1018)
Portrait | Name | Khan From | Khan Until |
---|---|---|---|
Asparukh | 681 | 700 | |
Tervel | 700 | 721 | |
Kormesiy | 721 | 738 | |
Sevar | 738 | 753 |
[edit] The Ukil clan (753-766)
Portrait | Name | Khan From | Khan Until |
---|---|---|---|
Kormisosh | 753 | 756 | |
Vinekh | 756 | 762 | |
Telets | 762 | 765 | |
Sabin | 765 | 766 |
[edit] The Ugain clan (766-803)
Portrait | Name | Khan From | Khan Until |
---|---|---|---|
Umor | 766 | 766 | |
Toktu | 766 | 767 | |
Pagan | 767 | 768 | |
Telerig | 768 | 777 | |
Kardam | 777 | 803 |
[edit] Krum's dynasty, or possibly a second reign of the Dulo clan (803-997)
Portrait | Name | Khan/Emperor From | Khan/Emperor Until |
---|---|---|---|
Krum | 803 | 13 April 814 | |
Omurtag | 814 | 831 | |
Malamir | 831 | 836 | |
Presian | 836 | 852 | |
Boris I | 852 | 889 (died on 2 May 907) | |
Vladimir | 889 | 893 | |
Simeon I the Great | 893 | 27 May 927 | |
Peter I | 27 May 927 | 969 (died on 30 January 970) | |
Boris II | 969 | 971 | |
Roman I | 976 | 997 (simultaneously with Samuil 976 - 997) |
[edit] House of Comitopuli (976-1018)
Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until |
---|---|---|---|
Samuil | 997(simultaneously with Roman I 976 - 997) | 6 October 1014 | |
Gavril Radomir | October 1014 | August 1015 | |
Ivan Vladislav | August 1015 | February 1018 | |
Peter II Delyan | 1040 | 1041 | |
Peter III (Constantin Bodin) | 1072 | 1072 |
[edit] Byzantine rule (1018-1186)
[edit] Second Bulgarian Empire (1186-1395/1422)
[edit] House of Asen (1186-1280)
Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until |
---|---|---|---|
Peter IV | 1185 | 1190 | |
Ivan Asen I | 1190 | 1196 | |
Peter IV | 1196 | 1197 | |
Kaloyan | 1197 | 1207 | |
Boril | 1207 | 1218 | |
Ivan Asen II | 1218 | 1241 | |
Kaliman I Asen | 1241 | 1246 | |
Michael I Asen | 1246 | 1256 | |
Kaliman II Asen | 1256 | 1256 | |
Mitso Asen | 1256 | 1257 | |
Constantine Tikh Asen | 1257 | 1277 | |
Ivailo | 1277 | 1280 (a peasant rebel leader) | |
Ivan Asen III | 1279 | 1280 |
[edit] House of Terter (first reign, 1280-1292)
Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until |
---|---|---|---|
George I Terter | 1280 | 1292 |
[edit] House of Smilets (1292-1298)
Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until |
---|---|---|---|
Smilets | 1292 | 1298 |
[edit] Mongol monarch in Bulgaria (1298-1300)
Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until |
---|---|---|---|
Chaka | 1299 | 1300 |
[edit] House of Terter (second reign, 1300-1323)
Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until |
---|---|---|---|
Teodor II Svetoslav | 1300 | 1321 | |
George II Terter | 1321 | 1322 |
[edit] House of Shishman (1323-1396/1422)
Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until |
---|---|---|---|
Michael III Shishman | 1323 | 1330 | |
Ivan Stephen | 1330 | 1331 | |
Ivan Alexander | 1331 | 1371 | |
Ivan Shishman | 1371 | 1395 | |
Ivan Stratsimir | 1356 | 1396 | |
Constantine II | 1396 | 1422 |
[edit] Ottoman rule (1396/1422-1878)
[edit] Kingdom of Bulgaria (1878-1946)
[edit] House of Battenberg (1879-1886)
Portrait | Name | Knyaz From | Knyaz Until |
---|---|---|---|
Alexander I | 29 April 1879 | 7 September 1886 |
[edit] House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1887-1946)
Portrait | Name | King From | King Until |
---|---|---|---|
Ferdinand I | 7 July 1887 | 3 October 1918 (abdicated) | |
Boris III | 3 October 1918 | 28 August 1943 | |
Simeon II | 28 August 1943 | 15 September 1946 (deposed) |
[edit] Death of the Bulgarian monarchs
Monarch | Death |
---|---|
Asparukh | Perished in battle against the Khazars in 700 |
Tervel | Died of natural death in 721 |
Kormesiy | Died of natural death in 738 |
Sevar | Died of natural death in 753 |
Kormisosh | Murdered in 756 |
Vinekh | Murdered in 762 |
Telets | Murdered in 765 |
Sabin | Fled to Constantinople in 766 |
Umor | Fled to Constantinople in 766 |
Toktu | Killed in the forests of the Danube in 767 |
Pagan | Killed near Varna in 768 |
Telerig | Fled to Constantinople in 777 |
Kardam | Died of natural death in 802 |
Krum | Died of natural death on 13 April 814 |
Omurtag | Died of natural death in 831 |
Malamir | Died of natural death in 836 |
Presian | Died of natural death in 852 |
Boris I | Abdicated in 889, died of natural death on 2 May 907 |
Vladimir | Deposed in 893, unknown death |
Simeon I the Great | Died of natural death on 17 May 927 |
Peter I | Abdicated in 969, died of natural death on 30 January 970 |
Boris II | Abdicated in 971, killed accidentally by a Bulgarian border patrol in 977 |
Roman | Captured again in 991, died in prison in Constantinople in 997 |
Samuil | Died of natural death on 6 October 1014 |
Gavril Radomir | Murdered by his cousin Ivan Vladislav in August 1015 |
Ivan Vladislav | Perished in the siege of Drach in February 1018 |
Peter II Delyan | Perished or captured in the battle of Ostrovo in 1041 |
Peter III | Captured in December 1072, died of natural death in 1101 |
Peter IV | Abdicated 1190, murdered during his second reign in 1197 |
Ivan Asen I | Murdered by his cousin Ivanko in 1196 |
Kaloyan | Murdered by Manaster in October 1207 |
Boril | Deposed in 1218, died of natural death in monastery |
Ivan Asen II | Died of natural death on 24 June 1241 |
Kaliman I Asen | Poisoned in September 1246 |
Michael Asen | Muredered by his cousin Kaliman in 1256 |
Kaliman II Asen | Murdered in 1256 |
Mitso Asen | Fled in 1257, died of natural death in Byzantium c.1277 |
Constantine Tikh Asen | Killed in battle by Ivailo in 1277 |
Ivailo | Killed by the Tatars in 1280 |
Ivan Asen III | Fled to Constantinople in 1280, died of natural death in 1303 |
George I Terter | Abdicated in 1292, died of natural death in 1308/9 |
Smilets | Died of natural death in 1298 |
Chaka | Strangled in 1300 |
Theodore Svetoslav | Died of natural death in November 1321 |
George II Terter | Died of natural death in December 1322 |
Michael III Shishman | Mortally wounded in the battle of Velbazhd, died four days later on 31 July 1330 |
Ivan Stefan | Deposed in 1331, died of natural death in 1343 |
Ivan Alexander | Died of natural death on 17 February 1371 |
Ivan Shishman | Killed in 1395 |
Ivan Sratsimir | Deposed in 1396, strangled in 1397 |
Constantine II | Died of natural death on 17 September 1422 |
Alexander | Abdicated on 8 September 1886, died of natural death on 23 October 1893 |
Ferdinand | Abdicated on 3 October 1918, died of natural death on 10 September 1948 |
Boris III | Died on 28 August 1943 |
Simeon II | Alive, Deposed on 15 September 1946 |