Limbers and caissons (military)

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A limber is a two-wheeled cart designed to support the trail of an artillery piece, allowing it to be towed. A caisson is a two-wheeled cart designed to carry ammunition; it was frequently towed before the limber.

1 Before the 19th century
2 19th Century
3 20th century
4 Caissons in American and British culture
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links

[edit] Before the 19th century

Limber (left) and gun, ca. 1461.

As artillery pieces developed trunnions and were placed on carriages featuring two wheels and a trail, a limber was devised. This was a simple cart with a pintle. When the piece was to be towed, it was raised over the limber and then lowered, with the pintle fitting into a hole in the trail. Horses or other draft animals were harnessed in single file to haul the limber.^[1] There was no provision for carrying ammunition on the limber, but an ammunition chest was often carried between the two pieces of the trail.^[2]

It has been suggested that Field Artillery in the American Civil War#12-pounder Napoleon be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

[edit] 19th Century

Limber (left) and field gun, ca. 1864 (side view).

Limber (left) and field gun, ca. 1864 (top view).

The British developed a new system of carriages, which was adopted by the French, then copied from the French by the United States.^[3]

During the American Civil War, U.S. Army equipment was identical to Confederate Army equipment, essentially identical to French equipment, and similar to that of other nations. The field-artillery limber assumed its archetypal form – two wheels, an ammunition chest, a pintle hook at the rear, and a central pole with horses harnessed on either side. The artillery piece had an iron ring (lunette) at the end of the trail. To move the piece, the lunette was dropped over the pintle hook (which resembles a modern trailer hitch). The connection was secured by inserting a pintle hook key into the pintle.

The quantity of ammunition in the chest, which could be detached from the limber, depended on the size of the piece. An ammunition chest for the M1857 light 12-pounder gun (“Napoleon”) carried 28 rounds. The cover of the ammunition chest was covered in sheet copper to prevent stray embers from setting the chest on fire.

Six horses were the preferred team for a field piece, with four being considered the minimum team. Horses were harnessed in pairs on either side of the limber pole. A driver rode on each left-hand (“near”) horse and held reins for both the horse he rode and the horse to his right (the "off horse").

Caisson (left) and limber, ca. 1863.

In addition to hauling the artillery piece, the limber also hauled the caisson, a two-wheeled cart that carried two extra ammunition chests, a spare wheel and extra limber pole slung beneath. There was one caisson for each artillery piece in a battery. The cannoneers could ride the ammunition chests on the limbers and the caisson when speed was required, but to do so for any length of time was too tiring for the horses, so cannoneers generally walked. The exception to this rule would be in horse-artillery batteries, where the cannoneers rode saddle horses.

When the piece was in action, the limber would have been six yards behind the piece, depending on the terrain, with the caissons farther to the rear of the firing line, preferably behind some natural cover such as a ridge. While firing the piece, if possible, the crew kept the ammunition chests on the two limbers full, preferably supplying the gun from the third ammunition chest on the limber. When the ammunition from the ammunition chest on the piece’s limber was exhausted, the limbers of the piece and the limber of the caisson exchanged places. The empty ammunition chest was removed, and then the middle chest was moved forward onto the limber. A fully-loaded ammunition chest for a "Napoleon" 12-pounder weighed 650 pounds,^[4] so the chest was dragged and pushed, rather than lifted, into place. With a full ammunition chest in place, the limber was ready to move forward and supply the piece.

traveling forge and battery wagon, ca. 1863. The battery wagon is shown attached to a limber.

Although the limber's primary purpose was to haul the artillery piece and the caisson, it also hauled the battery wagon and a traveling forge. The battery wagon carried spare parts, paint, etc., while the traveling forge was for use by a blacksmith in keeping the battery’s hardware in repair. The ammunition chest on the limber hauling the battery wagon contained carpenters' and saddlemakers' tools, and the ammunition chest on the limber hauling the traveling forge contained blacksmiths' tools.

Limber (left) and siege gun, ca. 1863.

Siege-artillery limbers, unlike field-artillery limbers, did not have an ammunition chest. Siege-artillery limbers resembled their predecessors: they were two-wheeled carts with a pintle, now somewhat behind the axle. When the piece was to be hauled, the trail was raised above the limber, then lowered, with the pintle fitting into a hole in the trail. Unlike the situation with its predecessors, horses were harnessed to the 19th-century limber in pairs, with six to ten horses needed to haul a siege gun or howitzer.^[5]

[edit] 20th century

With the complete passing of the horse, the need for limbers and caissons also largely passed. Trucks or artillery tractors could tow artillery pieces but did not completely take over until after the end of the Second World War. Many armies retained limbers seemingly from sheer inertia.^{[citation needed]} As a field artillery piece, the British 25-pdr was generally used with a limber which carried 32 rounds of ammunition though it could be towed without the limber.

Some simple limbers were kept for heavier pieces such as the 8 inch Howitzer M1 to achieve better weight distribution.

25-pdr field gun and limber being towed by a Morris-Commercial Quad.	8-inch Howitzer M1 on a Limber Heavy Carriage (limber highlighted by red box).	Image of limber, with caption in Russian.	A similar image.
Modern caisson without gun.

[edit] Caissons in American and British culture

The song "The Caissons Go Rolling Along", written during the occupation of the Philippines by the United States of America refers to these; the version adopted as the United States Army's official song has, among other changes, replaced the word caissons with Army.

The Old Guard transports the flag-draped casket of the second Sergeant Major of the Army George W. Dunaway who was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.

Caissons are also used for burials at Arlington National Cemetery and for State Funerals for United States government dignitaries including the President of the United States for the remains to be carried by members of the The Old Guard's Caisson Platoon. When the equipage is used in this way for a state funeral in Britain, the coffin is usually placed on a platform mounted on top of the gun and referred to as being carried on a gun carriage. For the funerals of British kings, there is a tradition that the horses be replaced by a detail from the Royal Navy.