Leonid Dushkin

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Leonid Stepanovich Dushkin, born August 15, 1910 in the Spirove settlement of the Tver region. He died in 1990. Dushkin was a major pioneer of Soviet rocket engine technology. He graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in mathematics and mechanics. In October 1932, he joined Fridrikh Tsander's brigade of GIRD, the Moscow rocket research group. He assisted in the creation of their first rocket engine OR-2, and after Tsander's death, he oversaw the creation of engine "10" which powered the first Soviet liquid-fuel rocket, GIRD-X.

Dushkin's engines were among the first to be regeneratively cooled, and he also experimented with uncooled engines of high-temperature ceramic. The 12K engines were of both types, and powered the Aviavnito rocket.

After the arrest of Valentin Glushko, Dushkin took over the development of rocket engines for the rocket-enhanced fighter plane RP-318. He became the leader of the department of liquid propellent rocket engines in NII-3 beginning in January of 1938. Starting with Glushko's engines (ORM-65 and RD-1), eh began a series of important engineering transformations, moving the fuel injectors to a head at one end of a cylindrical chamber, typical of modern design. The RDA-150, RDA-300 used nitric acid as an oxydizer, RDK-150 used liquid oxygen.

The 1100 kgf thrust engine, D-1-A-1100 was developed for the rocket-powered interceptor BI-1. It was also regeneratively cooled, using the kerosine to cool the chamber, and the nitric acid to cool the nozzle. Starting with that engine, Alexei Isaev began the evolution of his engines, which continued the evolution of engines toward the space-rocket engines of the 1950s.