Legend of the White Cowl
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The Legend of the White Cowl (Russian: Легенда о белом клобуке) is a Russian Orthodox story first recorded by the monk Philotheus of Pskov in 1510. It tells of the passage of a religious relic of great significance through great danger from Rome to Constantinople and finally to Moscow, just as many Russians at the time believed the pre-eminent Christian Church in the world was now in Moscow.
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[edit] Historical context
In the early 1500s, the Russian Orthodox Church was in the process of asserting its independence from the Byzantine Church and the recently-destroyed Byzantine Empire. The Legend of the White Cowl asserts the historical and religious inevitability of Russia's place as the heir to the Byzantine Empire's temporal and religious authority. The Patriarch of Constantinople eventually recognized the independence of the Russian church in 1589.
The Legend of the White Cowl also fits into the Third Rome ideology in Russia of the time. Just as Constantinople had been the Second Rome, so would Russia rise to become the Third. In this interpretation, the Cowl functions almost as a baton in a footrace, being passed from one city to the next and bearing with it pre-eminence.
[edit] The legend
In the mid-1300s, the Patriarch of Constantinople was Philotheos, of legendary Christian virtue and piety. One night, he had a vision of a radiant youth, who told him that Constantine gave Pope Sylvester I a White Cowl for the glory of the Church. This was for a time in the possession of the Roman Catholic Popes in the West, but they eventually sent the Cowl to Philotheos. The youth told Philotheos that he should accept the gift, and then immediately forward it to Novgorod in Russia before the corrupt Western Church could demand its return.
The Pope did indeed demand the return of the Cowl, but the Patriarch of Constantinople wisely refused. Initially, the Patriarch wished to keep the holy relic in his own city, but the radiant youth appeared to him again and told him of the Empire's impending doom at the hands of the Turks. The Patriarch saw the wisdom in this warning and promptly sent the Cowl on to Novgorod, where it arrived safely. It was presented the Archbishop Vasilii Kalika (1330-1352). The White Cowl or hood became a special symbol unique to the Archbishop of Novgorod. In fact, a church council in 1564 confirmed the right of the archbishops to wear the white cowl and use red wax seals on their correspondence (the latter privilege had previously been reserved for the grand prince and patriarch).
Today the Patriarch and metropolitans wear white cowls. The archbishop of Novgorod wears a black cowl like other bishops.
[edit] Notes
Since the previous sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the idea that the Byzantine Empire could not withstand a crusade had gained much credibility. Therefore, hiding such a relic would be viewed by Russian Orthodox readers as quite rational. Similarly, with the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, Russian Orthodox readers in 1510 would have identified with the urgency of protecting such relics.
[edit] References
- Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role. (1980 ed.)
- Georges Florovsky, The Ways of Russian Theology. (1937, English Translation 1979)
- Miroslav Labunka, The Legend of the Novgorodian White Cowl. (Munich, Germany, 1998) In English.
[edit] External links
- Georges Florovsky, The Ways of Russian Theology: http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/florovsky_ways.html
- Keeping the Faiths. Religion and Ideology in the Soviet Union, by Paul D. Steeves: http://www.stetson.edu/departments/russian/keepingthefaiths01.html
