Lebanon Cedar

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Lebanon Cedar
Lebanon Cedar in the Forest of the Cedars of God
Lebanon Cedar in the Forest of the Cedars of God
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Cedrus
Species: C. libani
Binomial name
Cedrus libani
A. Rich.

Cedrus libani (Lebanon Cedar or Cedar of Lebanon), is a species of cedar native to the mountains of the Mediterranean region, in Lebanon, western Syria and south central Turkey, with varieties of it (some treated as separate species by some authors) in southwest Turkey, Cyprus, and the Atlas Mountains in Algeria and Morocco in northwest Africa.[1][2][3]

Contents

[edit] Description

Lebanon Cedar foliage
Lebanon Cedar foliage

The Lebanon Cedar is an evergreen coniferous tree growing up to 40 m (130 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) diameter. The crown is conic when young, becoming broadly tabular with age with more or less level branches. The shoots are dimorphic, with long shoots and short shoots. The leaves are needle-like, spaced out on the long shoots, and in clusters of 15-45 on the short shoots; they are 5-30 mm (1⁄4–1 3⁄16 in) in length, quadrangular in cross-section, and vary from green to glaucous blue-green with stomatal bands on all four sides. The seed cones are produced often every second year, and mature in 12 months from pollination; mature cones in late autumn are 8-12 cm (3–4 3⁄4 in) long and 4-6 cm (1 1⁄2–2 3⁄8 in) wide, often slightly resinous, and break up to release the winged seeds through the winter. The seeds are 15 mm (9⁄16 in) long, 6 mm (1⁄4 in) broad, with a triangular wing 20-25 mm (3⁄4–1 in) long. First cone production typically begins when the tree is 20-40 years old. The pollen cones are slender ovoid, 3–5 cm (1 3⁄16–2 in) long, produced in late summer and shedding pollen in autumn.[1][4]

[edit] Taxonomy

There are four ill-defined varieties, treated as subspecies or closely related species by some authors:

  • Cedrus libani var. libani (Lebanon Cedar): Lebanon, western Syria and south central Turkey
  • Cedrus libani var. stenocoma (Turkish Cedar): southwest Turkey
  • Cedrus libani var. brevifolia (Cyprus Cedar): Cyprus
  • Cedrus libani var. atlantica (Atlas Cedar): Atlas Mountains

The treatment of the Turkish, Cyprus and Atlas Cedars as varieties or subspecies of Lebanon Cedar is found primarily in botanical and floristic works,[5][6][7][8][9][10][2][4][11] while treatment as separate species is more widespread in popular horticultural use,[12] but also in some botanical works.[1][13][14] The discrepancy in treatment derives largely from the very narrow gene base of trees in cultivation, which gives a false impression of distinctiveness of the taxa, not borne out when the wider range of variation found in wild trees is examined.[15]

[edit] Ecology

In Lebanon and Turkey it is most abundant at altitudes of 1,000-2,000 m (3,300–6,500 ft), where it forms pure forests or mixed forests with Cilician Fir (Abies cilicica), European Black Pine (Pinus nigra), and several juniper (Juniperus) species. In Cyprus, it occurs at 1,000-1,525 m (3,300–5,000 ft) (reaching the summit of Mount Paphos). In the Atlas Mountains, it occurs at 1,370–2,200 m (4,500–7,200 ft) in pure forests or mixed with Abies species and Juniperus thurifera.[1]

[edit] History, symbolism and uses

Cedar of Lebanon pine cone showing flecks of resin.
Cedar of Lebanon pine cone showing flecks of resin.

Cedar of Lebanon was important to various civilizations. The trees were used by the ancient Phoenicians for building trade and military ships, as well as houses and temples. The Egyptians used its resin for mummification, and its sawdust was found in the pharaoh's tombs. The Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh designates the cedar groves of Lebanon as the dwelling of the gods to where Gilgamesh ventured. They once burned cedar in their ceremonies. Jewish priests were ordered by Moses to use the bark of the Lebanon Cedar in circumcision and treatment of leprosy. Isaiah used the Lebanon Cedar as a metaphor for the pride of the world[16] According to the Talmud, Jews once burned Lebanese cedar wood on the Mount of Olives to announce the new year. Kings far and near requested the wood for religious and civil constructs, the most famous of which are King Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem and David's and Solomon's Palaces. It was also used by Romans, Greeks, Persians, Assyrians and Babylonians.[17]

Historically, extensive deforestation has occurred, with only small remnants of the original forests surviving. Deforestation has been particularly severe in the Lebanon and Cyprus; on Cyprus, only small trees up to 25 m (82 ft) tall survive, though Pliny the Elder recorded cedars 40 m (130 ft) tall there.[18] Extensive reforestation of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region, particularly Turkey, where over 50 million young cedars are being planted annually.[19] The Lebanese populations are also now expanding through a combination of replanting and protection of natural regeneration from browsing by goats.[20]

[edit] Regional significance

The Lebanese flag, with the Lebanon Cedar in the middle
The Lebanese flag, with the Lebanon Cedar in the middle

The Lebanon Cedar has always been the national emblem of Lebanon, and it is seen on the Lebanese Flag. It is also the main symbol of the Cedar Revolution, along with many political parties in Lebanon.[21]

As a result of long exploitation, very few old trees remain in Lebanon, but there is now an active program to conserve and regenerate the forests. The forest of the Cedars of God in Bsharri and the Barouk forest are national reserves in Lebanon.[22][23][24] Extensive replanting is taking place in Turkey, where approximately 300 square kilometres (74,000 acres) of cedar are planted annually.[20]

[edit] Horticultural use

The Lebanon Cedar is widely planted as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, often being planted in avenues, and as focal point trees in large lawns.

[edit] Location

Map of the the cedar's forests and the surrounding mountains (www.mount-lebanon.com)

[edit] References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
  1. ^ a b c d Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
  2. ^ a b Greuter, W., Burdet, H. M., & Long, G. (eds.), (1984). Med-Checklist – A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries. Cedrus libani
  3. ^ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Cedrus libani. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
  4. ^ a b Frankis, M. & Lauria, F. (1994). The maturation and dispersal of cedar cones and seeds. International Dendrology Society Yearbook 1993: 43-46.
  5. ^ Hooker, J. D. (1862). On the Cedars of Lebanon, Taurus, Algeria and India. Nat. Hist. Rev. 2: 11-18.
  6. ^ Battander, J.-A. & Trabut, L. (1905). Flora de l'Algérie.
  7. ^ Schwarz, O. (1944). Anatolica. Feddes Repertorium 54: 26-34.
  8. ^ Coode, M. J. E., & Cullen, J., eds. (1965). Pinaceae. In: Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 1: 67-85. Edinburgh University Press.
  9. ^ Meikle, R. D. (1977). Flora of Cyprus vol. 1. Bentham - Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. London.
  10. ^ Browicz, K. & Zielinski, J. (1982). Chorology of Trees and Shrubs in southwest Asia vol. 1.
  11. ^ Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., & Başer, K. H. C. (ed.). 2000. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 11 (Supplement 2): 5-6. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1409-5
  12. ^ Walters, W. M. (1986). European Garden Flora Vol 1. ISBN 0-521- 24859-0.
  13. ^ Christou, K. A. (1991). The genetic and taxonomic status of Cyprus Cedar, Cedrus brevifolia (Hook.) Henry. Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Greece.
  14. ^ Gymnosperm database: Cedrus.
  15. ^ Gaussen, H. (1964). Genre Cedrus. Les Formes Actuelles. Trav. Lab. For. Toulouse T2 V1 11: 295-320
  16. ^ Isaiah 2:13
  17. ^ History of the Cedars
  18. ^ Willan, R. G. N. (1990). The Cyprus Cedar. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbk. 1990: 115-118.
  19. ^ Anon. History of Turkish Forestry. Turkish Ministry of Forestry.
  20. ^ a b Khuri, S., & Talhouk, S. N. (1999). Cedar of Lebanon. Pages 108-111 in Farjon, A., & Page, C. N. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: Conifers. IUCN/SSC Conifer Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0465-0.
  21. ^ Lebanon, the Cedars' Land
  22. ^ Talhouk, S. N. & Zurayk, S. 2003. Conifer conservation in Lebanon. Acta Hort. 615: 411-414.
  23. ^ Semaan, M. & Haber, R. 2003. In situ conservation on Cedrus libani in Lebanon. Acta Hort. 615: 415-417.
  24. ^ Cedars of Lebanon Nature Reserve

Lebanon Cedar in Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve, Barouk, Lebanon

Atlas Cedar Cedrus libani var. atlantica at Kew Gardens

Cedrus libani var. atlantica 'Glauca' Branches

Cedrus libani var. atlantica, Domaine de Mariemont, Belgium

Small Lebanon Cedar in half barrel pot, Noda, Chiba Japan