Talk:Leaky gut syndrome

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Portal
This article is within the scope of the WikiProject on Alternative Medicine. Please visit the project page for more details, or ask questions on talk.
Stub This article has been rated as Stub-class on the quality scale.

Contents

[edit] Stephen Barrett

Referencing Stephen Barrett as an expert anything is embarrassing to Wikipedia. This entire article has a tone of condescending annoyance that is inappropriate at best. Clean it up. How hard is it to look and see that there are published articles, studies, and books on this topic that far outway Mr. Barrett's unqualified opinions and obvious bias to all things he doesn't view as "conventional" medicine?

20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)20:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)~

The last two links are extremely suspect. Does anyone else agree? Isopropyl 20:58, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm far from an expert, but I removed the one to askshelley.com. I noticed it'd been removed before also. Friday (talk) 21:42, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

[edit] References

Article needs references. This certainly is not my understanding of a leaky gut. NPOV is regarding the weasel words such as "A useful approach may be found in the thinking of doctors..." -- Samir धर्म 07:45, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Samir, eliminating the passive voice in this sentences would help immensely. Antonrojo 01:48, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

I removed three references listed on this page for these reasons:

  1. [1] The linked section is focused on a proposed treatment for the disease based in holistic/hypoallergenic medicine. After a brief and unreferenced description of the syndrome, various treatments are listed. I'm sure the various views on treatments have a place in the wiki article, however pointing the reader towards a particular one without any context or evidence in the article is confusing. Antonrojo 01:48, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
  2. [2] This article is similar to the above link. The article makes several claims about the causes and treatment of the diseases, again proposing several holistic treatments and hypoallergenic dietary changes. Initially it appears well referenced, however none of the listed references are linked in the article. A search of the terms used in the causes page such as 'caffeine' and 'hormones' shows the references don't mention these terms. There does seem to be a few good references for alcohol which might be good to mention as a cause or aggrevator of the syndrome.
  3. [3] This reference seems to be a good overview of the syndrome, unfortunately it currently has a broken link (at least at the moment). Antonrojo 01:48, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
I'm restoring the NPOV tag. A little Google finds that references are predominantly on alternative therapy, self-help and activism sites. A PubMed search finds only two references to "leaky gut syndrome". Currently the article treats the syndrome as established fact; it needs revising to make clear who believes in it, and provide a wider sysnthesis of the general medical view. Tearlach 19:52, 17 June 2006 (UTC)


Per the requests for references and citations, 150 + drawn upon by Galland, M.D. Res q68 02:29, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Crissinger, K.D., P.R. Kvietys, and D.N. Granger, Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal mucosal permeability. J Intern Med Suppl, 1990. 732: p. 145-54.

2. Anderson, K.E., Dietary Regulation of Cytochrome P450. Ann. Rev. Nutr., 1991. 11: p. 141-167.

3. Paine, A.J., Excited states of oxygen in biology: their possible involvement in cytochrome P450 linked oxidations as well as in the induction of the P450 system by many diverse compounds. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1978. 27: p. 1805-1813.

4. Braganza, J.M., et al., Lipid-peroxidation (free-radical-oxidation) products in bile from patients with pancreatic disease. Lancet, 1983. ii: p. 375-378.

5. Braganza, J.M., Pancreatic disease: a casualty of hepatic "detoxification"? Lancet, 1983. ii: p. 1000-1002.

6. Deitch, E.A., The role of intestinal barrier failure and bacterial translocation in the development of systemic infection and multiple organ failure. Arch. Surgery, 1990. 125: p. 403-404.

7. Hazenberg, M.P., et al., Are intestinal bacteria involved in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis? Review article. Apmis, 1992. 100(1): p. 1-9.

8. Peters, T.J. and I. Bjarnason, Uses and abuses of intestinal permeability measurements. Can. J. Gastroenterol., 1988. 2: p. 127-132.

9. Rooney, P.J., R.T. Jenkins, and W.W. Buchanan, A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1990. 8(1): p. 75-83.

10. Walker, W.A., Antigen absorption from the small intestine and gastrointestinal disease. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1975. 22(4): p. 731-46.

11. Bloembergen, P., et al., Endotoxin-induced auto-immunity in mice. I. Time and dose dependence of production and serum levels of antibodies against bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes and circulating immune complexes. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1987. 84(3): p. 291-7.

12. Bloembergen, P., et al., Endotoxin-induced auto-immunity in mice. II. Reactivity of LPS-hyporesponsive and C5-deficient animals. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1988. 86(4): p. 370-4.

13. Bloembergen, P., et al., Endotoxin-induced auto-immunity in mice. III. Comparison of different endotoxin preparations. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1990. 92(2): p. 124-30.

14. Katz, K.D., et al., Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their healthy relatives. Gastroenterology, 1989. 97(4): p. 927-31.

15. Pearson, A.D., et al., Intestinal permeability in children with Crohn's disease and coeliac disease. Br Med J, 1982. 285(6334): p. 20-1.

16. Pironi, L., et al., Relationship between intestinal permeability to [51Cr]EDTA and inflammatory activity in asymptomatic patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci, 1990. 35(5): p. 582-8.

17. Munkholm, P., et al., Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and their first degree relatives. Gut, 1994. 35(1): p. 68-72.

18. Hollander, D., et al., Increased intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their relatives. A possible etiologic factor. Ann Intern Med, 1986. 105(6): p. 883-5.

19. Teahon, K., et al., Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their first degree relatives. Gut, 1992. 33(3): p. 320-3.

20. Jenkins, R.T., et al., Increased intestinal permeability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a side-effect of oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy? Br J Rheumatol, 1987.26(2): p. 103-7.

21. Mielants, H., Reflections on the link between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease [letter; comment].

Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1990. 8(5): p. 523-4.

22. Morris, A.J., et al., Increased intestinal permeability in ankylosing spondylitis--primary lesion or drug effect? [see comments]. Gut, 1991. 32(12): p. 1470-2.

23. Smith, M.D., R.A. Gibson, and P.M. Brooks, Abnormal bowel permeability in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol, 1985. 12(2): p. 299-305.

24. Sk:oldstam, L. and K.E. Magnusson, Fasting, intestinal permeability, and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 1991. 17(2): p. 363-71.

25. Juhlin, L. and C. Vahlquist, The influence of treatment on fibrin microclot generation in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol, 1983. 108(1): p. 33-7.

26. Juhlin, L. and G. Micha:elsson, Fibrin microclot formation in patients with acne. Acta Derm Venereol, 1983. 63(6): p. 538-40.

27. Hamilton, I., et al., Small intestinal permeability in dermatological disease. Q J Med, 1985. 56(221): p. 559-67.

28. Belew, P.W., et al., Endotoxemia in psoriasis [letter]. Arch Dermatol, 1982. 118(3): p. 142-3.

29. Jackson, P.G., et al., Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. Lancet, 1981. 1(8233): p. 1285-6.

30. Scadding, G., et al., Intestinal permeability to 51Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetraacetate in food-intolerant subjects. Digestion, 1989. 42(2): p. 104-9.

31. Jacobson, P., R. Baker, and M. Lessof, Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. Lancet, 1981. i: p. 1285-1286.

32. F:alth-Magnusson, K., et al., Gastrointestinal permeability in children with cow's milk allergy: effect of milk challenge and sodium cromoglycate as assessed with polyethyleneglycols (PEG 400 and PEG 1000). Clin Allergy, 1986. 16(6): p. 543-51.

33. F:alth-Magnusson, K., et al., Gastrointestinal permeability in atopic and non-atopic mothers, assessed with different-sized polyethyleneglycols (PEG 400 and PEG 1000). Clin Allergy, 1985. 15(6): p. 565-70.

34. F:alth-Magnusson, K., et al., Intestinal permeability in healthy and allergic children before and after sodium-cromoglycate treatment assessed with different-sized polyethyleneglycols (PEG 400 and PEG 1000). Clin Allergy, 1984. 14(3): p. 277-86.

35. Jalonen, T., Identical intestinal permeability changes in children with different clinical manifestations of cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1991. 88(5): p. 737-42.

36. Barau, E. and C. Dupont, Modifications of intestinal permeability during food provocation procedures in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1990. 11(1): p. 72-7.

37. Paganelli, R., et al., Intestinal permeability in irritable bowel syndrome. Effect of diet and sodium cromoglycate administration. Ann Allergy, 1990. 64(4): p. 377-80.

38. Batash, S., et al., Intestinal permeability in HIV infection: proper controls are necessary [letter]. Am J Gastroenterol, 1992. 87(5): p. 680.

39. Lim, S.G., et al., Intestinal permeability and function in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1993. 28(7): p. 573-580.

40. Tepper, R.E., et al., Intestinal permeability in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Gastroenterol, 1994. 89: p. 878-882.

41. Lichtman, S.N., et al., Hepatic injury associated with small bowel bacterial overgrowth in rats is prevented by metronidazole and tetracycline. Gastroenterology, 1991. 100(2): p. 513-9.

42. Mack, D.R., et al., Correlation of intestinal lactulose permeability with exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. J. Pediatr., 1992. 120: p. 696-701.

43. Lahesmaa-Rantala, R., et al., Intestinal permeability in patients with yersinia triggered reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 1991. 50(2): p. 91-4.

44. Serrander, R., K.E. Magnusson, and T. Sundqvist, Acute infections with Giardia lamblia and rotavirus decrease intestinal permeability to low-molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400). Scand J Infect Dis, 1984. 16(4): p. 339-44.

45. Serrander, R., et al., Acute yersinia infections in man increase intestinal permeability for low-molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400). Scand J Infect Dis, 1986. 18(5): p. 409-13.

46. Lim, S.G., et al., Intestinal permeability and function in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. A comparison with coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1993. 28(7): p. 573-80.

47. Bjarnason, I., R. Wise, and T. Peters, The leaky gut of alcoholism: Possible route of entry for toxic compounds. Lancet, 1984. i: p. 79-82.

48. Worthington, B.S., L. Meserole, and J.A. Syrotuck, Effect of daily ethanol ingestion on intestinal permeability to macromolecules. Am J Dig Dis, 1978. 23(1): p. 23-32.

49. Bjarnason, I., et al., Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the human small intestine. Drugs, 1986. 1: p. 35-41.

50. Rooney, P.J. and R.T. Jenkins, Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID's) and the bowel mucosa: changes in intestinal permeability may not be due to changes in prostaglandins [letter]. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1990. 8(3): p. 328-9.

51. Ohri, S.K., et al., Cardiopulmonary bypass impairs small intestinal transport and increases gut permeability. Ann Thorac Surg, 1993. 55(5): p. 1080-6.

52. Ohri, S.K., et al., The effect of intestinal hypoperfusion on intestinal absorption and permeability during cardiopulmonary bypass. Gastroenterology, 1994. 106(2): p. 318-23.

53. Grisham, M.B., et al., Effects of neutrophil-derived oxidants on intestinal permeability, electrolyte transport, and epithelial cell viability. Inflammation, 1990. 14(5): p. 531-42.

54. Bjarnason, I., et al., Intestinal permeability to 51Cr-EDTA in rats with experimentally induced enteropathy. Gut, 1985. 26(6): p. 579-85.

55. Lifschitz, C.H. and D.H. Mahoney, Low-dose methotrexate-induced changes in intestinal permeability determined by polyethylene glycol polymers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1989. 9(3): p. 301-6.

56. Berg, R.D., The translocation of the normal flora bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs. Microecology Therapy, 1981. 11: p. 27-34.

57. Andr:e, C., [Food allergy. Objective diagnosis and test of therapeutic efficacy by measuring intestinal permeability]. Presse Med, 1986. 15(3): p. 105-8.

58. Andr:e, C., F. Andr:e, and L. Colin, Effect of allergen ingestion challenge with and without cromoglycate cover on intestinal permeability in atopic dermatitis, urticaria and other symptoms of food allergy. Allergy, 1989. 9: p. 47-51.

59. Andre, C., et al., Measurement of intestinal permeability to mannitol and lactulose as a means of diagnosing food allergy and evaluating therapeutic effectiveness of disodium cromoglycate. Ann Allergy, 1987. 59(5 Pt 2): p. 127-30.

60. Barau, E. and C. Dupont, Allergy to cow's milk proteins in mother's milk or in hydrolyzed cow's milk infant formulas as assessed by intestinal permeability measurements. Allergy, 1994. 49(4): p. 295-8.

61. Doe, W.F., An overview of intestinal immunity and malabsorption. Am J Med, 1979. 67(6): p. 1077-84.

62. Williamson, R.C., Intestinal adaptation (first of two parts). Structural, functional and cytokinetic changes. N Engl J Med, 1978. 298(25): p. 1393-402.

63. Williamson, R.C., Intestinal adaptation (second of two parts). Mechanisms of control. N Engl J Med, 1978. 298(26): p. 1444-50.

64. Lunn, P.G., C.A. Northrop-Clewes, and R.M. Downes, Recent developments in the nutritional management of diarrhoea. 2. Chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition in The Gambia: studies on intestinal permeability. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1991. 85(1): p. 8-11.

65. Behrens, R.H., et al., Factors affecting the integrity of the intestinal mucosa of Gambian children. Am J Clin Nutr, 1987. 45(6): p. 1433-41.

66. Galland, L. and S. Barrie, Intestinal dysbiosis and the causes of disease. J. Advancement Med., 1993. 6: p. 67-82.

67. Avakian, H., et al., Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27 and Klebsiella. II. Cross-reactivity studies with human tissue typing sera. Br J Exp Pathol, 1980. 61(1): p. 92-6.

68. Ebringer, R., et al., Ankylosing spondylitis: klebsiella and HL-A B27. Rheumatol Rehabil, 1977. 16(3): p. 190-6.

69. Ebringer, A. and M. Ghuloom, Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27, and klebsiella: cross reactivity and antibody studies [letter]. Ann Rheum Dis, 1986. 45(8): p. 703-4.

70. Ebringer, A., The relationship between Klebsiella infection and ankylosing spondylitis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol, 1989. 3(2): p. 321-38.

71. Geczy, A.F., et al., Cross-reactivity of anti-Klebsiella K43 BTS 1 serum and lymphocytes of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: antipodean curiosity? [letter]. Lancet, 1985. 1(8438): p. 1169.

72. Geczy, A.F., et al., HLA-B27, molecular mimicry, and ankylosing spondylitis: popular misconceptions. Ann Rheum Dis, 1987. 46(2): p. 171-2.

73. Husby, G., et al., Cross-reactive epitope with Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in articular tissue of HLA-B27+ patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum, 1989. 32(4): p. 437-45.

74. Ilowite, N.T., et al., The rheumatoid factor cross-reactive idiotype in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: role of the CD5-positive B cell. Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 1993. 67(3 Pt 2): p. S74-82.

75. Khalafpour, S., et al., Antibodies to Klebsiella and Proteus microorganisms in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis patients measured by ELISA. Br J Rheumatol, 1988. 2: p. 86-9.

76. Phillips, P.E., Evidence implicating infectious agents in rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exper. Rheumatol., 1988. 6: p. 87-94.

77. Ramakrishnan, T.P., et al., The major rheumatoid factor crossreactive idiotype and IgA rheumatoid factor in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol, 1991. 18(7): p. 1068-72.

78. Sullivan, J.S., et al., Cross-reacting bacterial determinants in ankylosing spondylitis. Am J Med, 1988. 85(6A): p. 54-5.

79. Trull, A.K., et al., IgA antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae in ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol, 1983. 12(3): p. 249-53.

80. Welsh, J., et al., Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27 and Klebsiella. I. Cross-reactivity studies with rabbit antisera. Br J Exp Pathol, 1980. 61(1): p. 85-91.

81. Yu, D.T., S.Y. Choo, and T. Schaack, Molecular mimicry in HLA-B27-related arthritis [see comments]. Ann Intern Med, 1989. 111(7): p. 581-91.

82. Katz, K.D. and D. Hollander, Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol, 1989. 3(2): p. 271-84.

83. Davies, G.R., M.E. Wilkie, and D.S. Rampton, Effects of metronidazole and misoprostol on indomethacin-induced changes in intestinal permeability. Dig Dis Sci, 1993. 38(3): p. 417-25.

84. Bjarnason, I., et al., Effect of prostaglandin on indomethacin-induced increased intestinal permeability in man. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1989. 164: p. 97-102.

85. Bjarnason, I., et al., Misoprostol reduces indomethacin-induced changes in human small intestinal permeability. Dig Dis Sci, 1989. 34(3): p. 407-11.

86. Bjarnason, I., et al., Metronidazole reduces intestinal inflammation and blood loss in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced enteropathy. Gut, 1992. 33: p. 1204-1208.

87. O'Dwyer, S.T., et al., A single dose of endotoxin increases intestinal permeability in healthy humans. Arch Surg, 1988. 123(12): p. 1459-64.

88. Severijnen, A.J., et al., Intestinal flora of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: induction of chronic arthritis in rats by cell wall fragments of Eubacterium aerofaciens strain. Br J Rheumatol, 1990. 29: p. 433-439.

89. Dearlove, M., et al., The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of faecal flora and bacterial antibody levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol, 1992. 31: p. 443-447.

90. Alarcon, G.S. and I.S. Mikhail, Antimicrobials in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides: a clinical perspective. Am. J. Med. Sci., 1994. 309: p. 201-209.

91. Brown, The puzzling problem of the rheumatic diseases. Maryland State Med. J., 1856. 2: p. 88-109.

92. Caperton, E.M., et al., Ceftriaxone therapy of chronic inflammatory arthritis. A double-blind placebo controlled trial. Arch. Intern. Med., 1990. 150: p. 1677-1682.

93. Brown, T.M., et al., Antimycoplasma approach to the mechanism and the control of rheumatoid disease. Inflammatory Diseases anbd Copper. edited by J.R.J. Sorenson., 1982. Humana Press, Clifton, N.J.

94. Porter, D., et al., Prospective trial comparing the use of sulphasalazine and auranofin as second line drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 1992. 51(4): p. 461-4.

95. Porter, D.R. and H.A. Capell, The use of sulphasalazine as a disease modifying antirheumatic drug. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol, 1990. 4(3): p. 535-51.

96. Pybus, P.K., Metronidazole in rheumatoid arthritis. S. African Med. J., 1982. (February 20): p. 261-262.

97. Tilley, B.C., et al., Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis. A 48-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Int Med, 1995. 122(2): p. 81-89.

98. Wojtulewski, J.A., P.J. Gow, and J. Waller, Clotrimazole in rheumtoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 1980. 39: p. 469-472.

99. Kloppenburg, M., et al., Antibiotics as disease modifiers in arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 1993. 11 Suppl 8: p. S113-S115.

100. Peltonen, R., et al., Changes of faecal flora in rheumatoid arthritis during fasting and one-year vegetarian diet. Br J Rheumatol, 1994. 33: p. 638-643.

101. Whitcomb, D.C. and G.D. Block, Association of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use. JAMA, 1994. 272(23): p. 1845-1850.

102. Sudduth, W.H., The role of bacteria and enterotoxemia in physical addiction to alcohol. Microecology and Therapy, 1989. 18: p. 77-81.

103. Ukabam, S.O. and B.T. Cooper, Small intestinal permeability as an indicator of jejunal mucosal recovery in patients with celiac sprue on a gluten-free diet. J Clin Gastroenterol, 1985. 7(3): p. 232-6.

104. Cobden, I., J. Rothwell, and A.T. Axon, Intestinal permeability and screening tests for coeliac disease. Gut, 1980. 21(6): p. 512-8.

105. Hamilton, I., et al., Intestinal permeability in coeliac disease: the response to gluten withdrawal and single-dose gluten challenge. Gut, 1982. 23(3): p. 202-10.

106. Mulder, C.J., et al., Coeliac disease. Diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1993. 200: p. 42-7.

107. Hallert, C. and T. Derefeldt, Psychic disturbances in adult coeliac disease. I. Clinical observations. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1982. 17(1): p. 17-9.

108. Hallert, C. and J. Astr:om, Psychic disturbances in adult coeliac disease. II. Psychological findings. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1982. 17(1): p. 21-4.

109. Hallert, C., J. Astr:om, and G. Sedvall, Psychic disturbances in adult coeliac disease. III. Reduced central monoamine metabolism and signs of depression. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1982. 17(1): p. 25-8.

110. Hallert, C., J. Astr:om, and A. Walan, Reversal of psychopathology in adult coeliac disease with the aid of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Scand J Gastroenterol, 1983. 18(2): p. 299-304.

111. Singh, M.M. and S.R. Kay, Wheat gluten as a pathogenic factor in schizophrenia. Science, 1976. 191(4225): p. 401-2.

112. Storms, L.H., J.M. Clopton, and C. Wright, Effects of gluten on schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1982. 39(3): p. 323-7.

113. Wood, N.C., et al., Abnormal intestinal permeability. An aetiological factor in chronic psychiatric disorders? Br J Psychiatry, 1987. 150: p. 853-6.

114. Dohan, F.C., et al., Is schizophrenia rare if grain is rare? Biol Psychiatry, 1984. 19(3): p. 385-99.

115. O'Farrelly, C., et al., Association between villous atrophy in rheumatoid arthritis and a rheumatoid factor and gliadin-specific IgG. Lancet, 1988. 2(8615): p. 819-22.

116. Wyatt, J., et al., Intestinal permeability and the prediction of relapse in Crohn's disease. Lancet, 1993. 341(8858): p. 1437-9.

117. Vanderhoof, J.A., et al., Effects of berberine, a plant alkaloid, on the growth of anaerobic protozoa in axenic culture. Tokai J Exp Clin Med, 1990. 15(6): p. 417-23.

118. Gupte, S., Use of berberine in treatment of giardiasis. Am J Dis Child, 1975. 129(7): p. 866.

119. Rabbani, G.H., et al., Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis, 1987. 155(5): p. 979-84.

120. Subbaiah, T.V. and A.H. Amin, Effect of berberine sulphate on Entamoeba histolytica. Nature, 1967. 215(100): p. 527-8.

121. Buchanan, H.M., et al., Is diet important in rheumatoid arthritis? [see comments]. Br J Rheumatol, 1991. 30(2): p. 125-34.

122. Darlington, L.G. and N.W. Ramsey, Is diet important in rheumatoid arthritis? [letter; comment]. Br J Rheumatol, 1991. 30(4): p. 315-6.

123. Darlington, L.G. and N.W. Ramsey, Review of dietary therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol, 1993. 6: p. 507-14.

124. Prudden, J.F. and L.L. Balassa, The biological activity of bovine cartilage preparations. Sem Arthritis Rheumatism, 1974. 3(4): p. 287-321.

125. Sperling, R.I., Dietary omega-3 fatty acids: effects on lipid mediators of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 1991. 17(2): p. 373-89.

126. Bjarnason, I., et al., Importance of local versus systemic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in increasing small intestinal permeability in man. Gut, 1991. 32(3): p. 275-7.

127. Kirsch, M., Bacterial overgrowth. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1990. 85: p. 231-237.

128. Stockbrugger, R.W. and U. Armbrecht, Bacterial overgrowth in the upper gastrointestinal tract and possible consequences: report of a workshop in Brussels, Belgium, 9-10 February, 1990. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis., 1991. 4: p. i-vii.

129. Brandt, J., B. L.H., and A. Wagle, Production of vitamin B12 analogues in patients with small-bowel bacterial overgrowth. Ann. Int. Med., 1977. 87: p. 546-551.

130. Giannella, R.A., S.A. Broitman, and N. Zamcheck, Competition between bacteria and intrinsic factor for vitamin B 12 : implications for vitamin B 12 malabsorption in intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Gastroenterology, 1972. 62(2): p. 255-60.

131. Playford, R.J., et al., Effect of luminal growth factor preservation on intestinal growth [see comments]. Lancet, 1993. 341(8849): p. 843-8.

132. Surawicz, C.M., et al., Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis with vancomycin and Saccharomyces boulardii. Am J Gastroenterol, 1989. 84(10): p. 1285-7.

133. Surawicz, C.M., et al., Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii: a prospective study. Gastroenterology, 1989. 96(4): p. 981-8.

134. Buts, J.-P., et al., Stimulation of secretory IgA and secretory component of immunoglobulins in small intestine of rats treated with Saccharomyces boulardii. 1990. .

135. Eibl, M.M., et al., Prophylaxis of necrotizing enterocolitis by oral IgA-IgG: review of a clinical study in low birth weight infants and discussion of the pathogenic role of infection. J Clin Immunol, 1990. 10(6 Suppl): p. 77S-79S.

136. Siitonen, S., et al., Effect of Lactobacillus GG yoghurt in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Ann Med, 1990. 22(1): p. 57-9.

137. Salminen, E., et al., Preservation of intestinal; integrity during radiotherapy using live Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures. Clin Radiol, 1988. 39: p. 435-437.

138. Oksanen, P.J., et al., Prevention of travellers' diarrhoea by Lactobacillus GG. Ann Med, 1990. 22(1): p. 53-6.

139. Gorbach, S.L., T.W. Chang, and B. Goldin, Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG [letter]. Lancet, 1987. 2(8574): p. 1519.

140. Klimberg, V.S., et al., Oral glutamine accelerates healing of the small intestine and improves outcome after whole abdominal radiation. Arch Surg, 1990. 125(8): p. 1040-5.

141. Souba, W.W., The gut-a key metabolic organ following surgical stress:Benefits of glutamine supplementation. Contem Surg, 1989. 35(5A): p. 5-13.

142. Souba, W.W., Glutamine: a key substrate for the splanchnic bed,. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 1991. 11: p. 285-308.

143. van der Hulst, R.R., et al., Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet, 1993. 341(8857): p. 1363-5.

144. Hagen, T.M., et al., Fate of dietary glutathione: disposition in the gastrointestinal tract. A,. J. Physiol., 1990. 259: p. G530-G535.

145. Cody, V., et al., ed. Plant Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine II. Biochemical, Cellular and Medicinal Properties. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol. 280. 1988, Aland R. liss, Inc.: New York. 481.

146. Vanderhoof, J.A., et al., Effect of dietary menhaden oil on normal growth and development and on ameliorating mucosal injury in rats. Am J Clin Nutr, 1991. 54(2): p. 346-50.

147. Stark, J.M. and S.K. Jackson, Sensitivity to endotoxin is induced by increased membrane fatty-acid unsaturation and oxidant stress. J Med Microbiol, 1990. 32(4): p. 217-21.

148. Eisenhans, B. and W.F. Caspary, Differential changes in the urinary excretion of two orally administered polyethylene glycol markers (PEG 900 and PEG 4000) in rats after feeding various carbohydrate gelling agents. J Nutr, 1989. 119: p. 380-387.

149. Gyory, C.P. and G.W. Chang, Effects of bran, lignin and deoxycholic acid on the permeability of the rat cecum and colon. J Nutr, 1983. 113: p. 2300-2307.

150. Shiau, S.Y. and G.W. Chang, Effects of certain dietary fibers on apparent permeability of the rat intestine. J Nutr, 1986. 116(2): p. 223-32.

151. Spaeth, G., et al., Food without fiber promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surgery, 1990. 108(2): p. 240-6.

152. Fukushi, T., Studies on edible rice bran oils. Part 3. Antioxidant effects of oryzanol. Rep Hokaido Inst Pub Health, 1966. 16: p. 111.

153. Yagi, K. and N. Ohishi, Action of ferulic acid and its derivatives as anti-oxidants. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 1979. 205: p. 127-135.

[edit] Uhh mmm

Pubmed "leaky gut syndrome" yields two papers. This article should clearly state that gut leakiness is an alternative medicine theory not quite supported by mainstream medicine in that form. JFW | T@lk 09:03, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

I have redone this article to actually state clearly that this is a diagnosis in alternative medicine. As the sections on diagnosis, treatment and actual signs and symptoms were not verifiable due to a lack of reliable sources I turn to other editors to supply these sources. The 153 references above are not themselves proof of how this condition should be diagnosed and treated. JFW | T@lk 19:20, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Merge with Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome

This seems to me to be exactly the same topic as SBBOS, so I think they should be merged and appropriate redirects placed. Arthurrh 10:21, 12 August 2007 (UTC)


It seems to me that perhaps SBBO is a condition similar to leaky gut - the difference being that one is "treated" using conventional medicine and the other is treated using "alternative" methods such as diet. Go to http://www.albatherapeutics.com/ - that's all the proof you need that leaky gut is a "real" medical condition.


And..... what about gut dysbiosis? Nevertheless, the most common terminology used by far, at least in the U.S., is leaky gut syndrome Friarslantern (talk) 10:24, 22 January 2008 (UTC)