Le chemin de fer
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Le chemin de fer (French for "the railway"), Op. 27, is a programmatic étude for piano composed by Charles-Valentin Alkan in 1844,[1], frequently cited as the first musical representation of a railway.[2][3] It is a perpetuum mobile composition at an extremely fast tempo, in D minor,[3] and performance at tempo lasts approximately five minutes.[4]
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[edit] Composition
The composition is marked vivacissimamente (extremely brisk, from vivace),[5] 112 half notes per minute. The first theme is sixteenth notes accompanied by a repetitive ostinato bass in eighth notes, illustrating the fleeting steam locomotive.[3] The second is a more lightweight melody in the relative major, F major, still comprising just sixteenth notes, which depicts the happy journey of the passengers.[6] The only respite from the torrent comes at the coda, in which the note durations lengthen and the piece comes to a close, portraying the train pulling into a station.[4] The piece's length, in printing (506 measures), not performance (5 minutes), is humorously referred to as describing a very long trip.[7]
[edit] Reception
The most recurrent criticism of the étude is disparaging its banal programmatic nature,[3] and it is rated very poorly compared with Alkan's other compositions.[8] It is dismissed as "amusing", with no technical innovations.[9] Although he demanded strict adherence to the metronome, one analysis of the extreme tempo showed that it is nearly impossible to play at the correct speed, and that at that speed the notes become impossible to distinguish.[6] One published edition agrees with this statement, suggesting that Alkan's metronomic indications do not need to be taken too literally,[7] and most examinations agree, one proposing that there is a printing error and it should be played half as fast (112 quarter notes per minute).[10] Its historical accuracy was also questioned, given that it was composed in 1844, a period in railway history when trains seldom travelled faster than 19 mph (30 km/h).[6] Despite these denigrations, its joyful melody has been celebrated as a forerunner to Arthur Honegger's famous orchestral work, Pacific 231, which also represents a locomotive.[10]
[edit] Recording
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Complete recording (at tempo) Complete recording at the original tempo - 9.2 MB Beginning section (slow) Beginning section at half tempo - 823 KB - Problems playing the files? See media help.
[edit] References
- ^ Brisson, Eric (2008). Alkan - Le chemin de fer, étude, op.27. Pianopedia. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
- ^ Hitching, George (2006-08-24). Charles-Valentin Alkan (1813-1888). George Hitching personal page. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
- ^ a b c d Murray, Christopher J. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850. London: Taylor and Francis, 12. ISBN 1-5795-8422-5.
- ^ a b Delaborde, Elie M. (2000). Le Chemin de Fer, Op. 27 (score). London: Ludwig Masters Publications.
- ^ Cole, Richard (2007). Vivacissimamente. Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
- ^ a b c (German) Weller, Wolfgang (1996). The Piano Music of Charles-Valentin Alkan. Weller Music. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
- ^ a b (French) Beck, Charles (1969). Œuvres choisies pour piano. Paris: Huegel et Cie, iv, v.
- ^ (French) Fernandez, Claude (2006-01-01). Opinion of the Works. critique musicale. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
- ^ Bellamann, H.. The Piano Works of C.V. Alkan (PDF). The Musical Quarterly. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
- ^ a b Eddie, William A. (2007). Charles Valentin Alkan: His Life And His Music. France: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 1-8401-4260-X.
