Le Fresne (lai)

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"Le Fresne" is one of the Lais of Marie de France. It was likely written in the late 12th century. As a Breton lai, it is an example of Anglo-Norman literature.

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[edit] Plot summary

Le Fresne begins with two wedded knights. The wife of one knight gives birth to twins, and upon hearing a message to that effect, the other wife declares that in order to have two children at one time, a woman must have slept with two men. Many consider this comment to be slanderous, and the husband of the woman who gave birth to twins shuts her away. Appropriately, the wife who made the comment about twins being a mark of adultery gives birth, in turn, to twin daughters.

More willing to make amends with God than shame herself, the wife plans to secretly kill the extra child and deny its existence. A handmaiden offers to hide it instead. After an ornate brocade is tied to the baby's arm signifying its noble birth, the handmaiden leaves it under as ash tree outside of an abbey. A porter finds the girl and names her Le Fresne (modern French frêne, "ash tree"), and gives her to a gentle abbess to raise.

Le Fresne grows into an exceedingly beautiful woman, and a respected lord named Gurun becomes enamored with her. Gurun makes a great donation to the abbey as an excuse for his constant visits, and secretly gains the love of Le Fresne. Fearing the wrath of the abbess if Le Fresne would become pregnant in her house, Gurun convinces her to run away with him, making her his concubine.

Gurun's knights become concerned that if he does not marry a noblewoman for the sake of a legitimate heir, his lands and lineage will be lost upon his death. They find a noble and beautiful woman named La Codre (modern French coudrier, "hazel tree"). Gurun's knights convince him that for the sake of carrying on his noble lineage, he should marry La Codre instead of Le Fresne, creating a metaphor of the fertile hazel tree and the barren ash. The marriage is planned. While La Codre's mother originally plans to move Le Fresne as far away from Gurun as possible, she discovers upon meeting her that Le Fresne is very kind, and none wish her any harm. The night of the wedding, Le Fresne helps to prepare the wedding bed, for she knows how Gurun likes things. Not finding it sufficiently beautiful, she adds her brocade to the wedding bed. This is discovered by the mother of La Codre, who recognizes that the brocade is her own, and that Le Fresne is the twin sister of La Codre whom they had abandoned at birth. All people welcome Le Fresne, and the marriage of La Codre and Gurun is finished and then annulled the next day. Le Fresne and Gurun marry, a husband is found for La Codre, and all characters are happy.

[edit] Motifs

The motifs of Le Fresne are found in popular ballads, both in English and Scandavian form, such as Fair Annie. The popular tales more often feature a heroine who was kidnapped by pirates when young and ransomed by the hero, thus ending as ignorant of her birth as this heroine.[1]

[edit] Allusions

  • The idea equating twins with infidelity was a common folkloric belief at the time.[2]
  • The hazel tree also makes an appearance in both Laüstic and Chevrefoil, two of Marie's other Lais.

[edit] Translations

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Francis James Child, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, v 2, p 67-8, Dover Publications, New York 1965
  2. ^ Marie de France, "Les Lais de Marie de France", p. 91, traduits et annotés par Harf-Lancner, L., Livre de Poche 1990.

[edit] References

  • Marie de France. The Lais of Marie de France. (Burgess and Busby translation) 1986, Penguin
  • Marie de France. Lais de Marie de France. (traduits, présentés et annotés par Laurence Harf-Lancner) 1990, Livre de Poche, Lettres gothiques
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