Latte stone

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A latte stone in Latte Stone Park, Hagatna, Guam

A latte stone, or simply latte (also latde), is the term for a pillar (haligi) capped by a hemispherical stone capital (tasa) with the flat side facing up. Used as building supports by the ancient Chamorro people, they are found throughout most of the Marianas Islands. In modern times, the latte stone is seen as a sign of Chamorro identity and is used in many different contexts.

[edit] Construction

The latte quarry on Rota has several partially cut stones

Latte stones have been made of limestone, basalt or sandstone. Typical pillars range in height from 60 centimeters to three meters, and generally narrow towards the top.^[1] The pillar was normally quarried and then transported to the construction site. For small to medium sized lattes, the capstone was a large hemispherical coral head that was gathered from a reef. The massive capstones found in Rota were instead quarried, like the pillars.^[2]

In Oceania the latte stone is unique to the Marianas, though megaliths of differing construction and purpose are common to Oceanic cultures. Similarities between the latte stone and the wood posts made by the Ifugao sub-group of the Igorot in the Philippines, on which they build rice stores, have been pointed out. The rounded capstones help prevent rats from climbing up the pillar. A similar wood post construction appears to be depicted in a relief carving at Borobodur, Java,^[1] which has caused one scholar to put forward the disputed theory of a prehistorical cultural exchange between the Marianas and Java.^[2]

Latte stones varied greatly in size. The smallest were several feet tall. The largest latte still standing is 16 feet (5m) tall, located in Tinian. In Rota, quarried latte would have stood 25 feet (8m) high if erected. The largest shaft found here weighs 34 tons while the largest cap weighs 22 tons.^[3]

[edit] Use

Man standing next to largest known erected latte, at the site legend states was the house of Chief Taga, in Tinian

The history of the pre-contact Marianas is usually divided into three periods: Pre-Latte, Transitional Pre-Latte, and Latte. Latte stones began to be used in about the 800 C.E. and became increasingly more common until the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and Spanish colonization, when they fell rapidly out of use and were entirely abandoned by about 1700. Latte stones have been found on Guam and the southern islands in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, including Rota, Tinian, Aguiguan, and Saipan, as well as several small northern islands, such as Pagan.^[1]

Undisturbed stones are found usually arranged in parallel pairs of between eight and fourteen lattes framing a rectangular space.^[1] The more pairs in the structure, the taller the latte stones.^[4]One twenty latte arrangement was found in the current location of the military Ordnance Annex on southern Guam.^[2] While none of the early European visitors to the islands appear to have drawn pictures of latte stones in use, several accounts from the 1500s and 1600s state that houses were erected on the stones, with one eyewitness specifying that the structures on lattes were used to shelter proas and served as community meeting places.^[1] However, the lack of definitive, consistent evidence means that all theories are disputed. Some archaeologists believe that only high status Chamorros lived in structures built on latte stones, while others have put forward the theory that all Chamorros in the Latte Period lived in latte structures, and that the height and number of the stones in the structure indicated social status.^[4] Other structures in a latte village, which may have included cooking huts, canoe houses and public houses for unmarried men,^[4] were built on the ground, typically in an A-frame of wood poles, often bamboo, with thatched roofs of grass, coconut fronds or Nipa fronds.^[2]

[edit] Cultural context

Latte stone set on Guam

Archaeologists who have worked in the Marianas since the end of World War II have noted a distinct difference between latte stones located along the coast, as opposed to those located inland. Coastal latte tend to be placed in sand containing extensive relics of habitation, including shards of pottery, fish and animal bones, and stone and shell tools. Human burials were placed within sand containing these archaeological remnants, either within or near sets of lattes. In contrast, the soil in which inland lattes stones are placed rarely has an archaeological stratum or associated burial. The implication is that inland latte sites were temporarily occupied, and perhaps of a change in burial practice in the later Latte Period.^[1]

Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands

By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, travelers to the Marianas noted lattes only in abandoned areas, where they had apparently been left after foreign-introduced disease had decimated the Chamorro population. In modern times, latte stones are a symbol of Chamorro identity and are found in a wide variety of government, business and personal contexts. Concrete lattes are sometimes incorporated into new buildings, while residents of the Marianas will sometimes incorporate actual latte stones into the landscaping around their homes.^[1]

[edit] See also

The sign for the University of Guam is flanked by decorative latte stones

• History of Guam
• Moai
• Nan Madol

[edit] Notes and references

[edit] Further reading

• Laguana, Andrew, Hiro Kurashina, Rebecca A. Stephenson and Thomas J. Iverson. The Megalithic Heritage Sites of the Marianas: Latte Stones in Past, Present and Future Contexts. Chap. 9, Working Group 3 of Heritage Tourism and Local Communities, edited by Wiendu Nuryanti, 259-282. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1999.
• Russell, Scott. "Later Cultural Changes and the Emergence of the Latte Builders." Chapter 2 in Tiempon I Manmofo’na: Ancient Chamorro Culture and History of the Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report 32. Saipan: CNMI Division of Historic Preservation, 1998.
• Thompson, Laura. "The Function of Latte in the Marianas." Journal of the Polynesian Society 49, no. 3 (1940): 447-465.