Larry Sanger

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lawrence Mark Sanger

Larry Sanger
Born July 16, 1968 (1968-07-16) (age 39)
Bellevue, Washington, U.S.
Occupation Editor-in-Chief of Citizendium
Website
Larry Sanger

Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (born July 16, 1968[1]) is an American philosopher; professor; and the creator of Citizendium,[2] an expert-guided encyclopedia.[3][4]

As a philosopher, one of his special interests is epistemology, concerning the theory of knowledge. He has been involved with various online encyclopedia projects. He is the former editor-in-chief of Nupedia,[5] chief organizer (2001-2002) and co-founder of its successor, Wikipedia.[6][7][8] From his position at Nupedia, he assembled the process for article development. During the early years of Wikipedia, he was the community leader and formed much of its original policies. In the interim, he taught philosophy at Ohio State University and was also an early strategist for the expert-authored and edited Encyclopedia of Earth. He proposed Citizendium on September 15, 2006, first envisioned as a fork of Wikipedia.[9] It was launched on March 25, 2007.[10] Currently, he is the editor-in-chief of Citizendium.[11][12]

Contents

[edit] Early life and education

Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington, and raised in Anchorage, Alaska.[2] At seven years old, the family moved to Anchorage, Alaska, where Sanger spent his formative years and excelled in the classroom.[13] At an early age, he was interested in philosophical topics.[14] In high school, Sanger was asked, "What are you ever going to do with philosophy?" He said, "Well, change the way the world thinks, for one thing."[15] He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to Reed College, majoring in philosophy.[15] As a college student, he explored the understanding and sources of knowledge. He also became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities. These interests helped him to realize the benefits of using a wiki for an online encyclopedia.[14] He set up an early attempt with a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting."[16] He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list. The Association for Systematic Philosophy, managed by Sanger, published a journal.[17] Dated March 22, 1994, Sanger wrote in his opening manifesto:

"The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one’s intellectual forebears."[13]

He received his B.A. in philosophy from Reed College in 1991 and Ph.D. in philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000. His bachelor thesis is titled Descartes' methods and their theoretical background and his doctoral thesis concerned Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification. From 1998 to 2000 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports" (formerly at sangersreview.com), a resource for Y2K watchers.[18] In 2007 Sanger examined the possibilities for education online. He explained, "Imagine that education were not delivered but organized and managed in a way that were fully digitized, decentralized, self-directed, asynchronous, and at-a-distance." He further stated, "There would be no bureaucracy to enforce anything beyond some very basic rules, and decision-making would be placed almost entirely in the hands of teachers and students."[19] When asked in an interview with The Minnesota Daily: Do you see a role for Citizendium anywhere in academia? He responded: "Of course. The idea is it will be good enough for professors to be able to send their students and students to get reliable information from. I know a lot of students use Wikipedia as a place to start to learn about a subject. For that purpose it's fine. I actually think, as a place to start to get some information, it's a fine resource. Approved articles on Citizendium hopefully will be more reliable than articles on Wikipedia."[20]

[edit] Online encyclopedias

[edit] Nupedia and Wikipedia

Nupedia was a Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content.[21] It was founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Sanger hired as editor-in-chief.[22] He developed a review process for articles and recruited editors.[21] Frustrated at the slow progress of Nupedia,[23] in January 2001 Sanger proposed a wiki be created to spur article development,[24][25] and the result of this proposal was Wikipedia,[26] officially launched on January 15, 2001.[27][28][29] By virtue of his position with Nupedia, Sanger spearheaded and named the project, and formulated much of the original policy, including "Ignore all rules"[30] and "Neutral point of view."[31][32] Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia, a status he held from January 15, 2001, until March 1, 2002. Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002;[32] Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as "chief organizer" of Wikipedia on March 1.[33] Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer.[33] Nupedia shut down the following year.[34]

In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website Kuro5hin, in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure.[35] While claiming "to appreciate the merits of Wikipedia fully" and to know and support "the mission and broad policy outlines of Wikipedia very well," Sanger maintained that there are serious problems with the project. There was, he wrote, a lack of public perception of credibility, and the project put "difficult people, trolls, and their enablers" into too much prominence; these problems,[36] he maintained, were a feature of the project's "anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise."[35] The article was the subject of much controversy in the blogosphere, and led to some reaction in the news media as well.[37][38]

[edit] Origins of Wikipedia

Wales, who is the current de facto leader of Wikipedia,[39] has publicly disputed since 2004 that Sanger is a co-founder of Wikipedia.[40] Wales described Sanger as having been merely a subordinate employee,[6] and stated of the co-founder issue, "I know of no one who was there at the company at the beginning who would think it anything other than laughable."[41] Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001.[42] Sanger was introduced to wikis at a January 2, 2001 dinner with Ben Kovitz, a computer programmer and regular on Ward Cunningham's wiki.[7][8] Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use and decided to present the idea to Jimmy Wales, at that time the head of Bomis.[43] Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it.[24] After sharing his wiki idea, Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Let's make a wiki"[24] and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia."[44][45] Wales ascribed the broader idea of an encyclopedia that "non-experts" could contribute to, i.e., the Nupedia.[46] Wales mentioned that he heard of the wiki concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld,[47] though he said earlier, in October 2001, that "Larry had the idea to use Wiki software."[25] In fact, Sanger "came up with the name 'Wikipedia', a silly name for what was at first a very silly project."[46] In response to Wales' view of his role in Wikipedia, Sanger posted on his personal webpage a collection of links which seemingly confirms his co-founder honorary appellation.[6][48] For example, Sanger provided evidence, to the best of his knowledge, that he is a co-founder of Wikipedia, by referencing earlier versions of Wikipedia pages,[49][50][51][52] citing press releases from Wikipedia in the years of 2002 - 2004,[53][54][55] and asserting that early media coverage articles[42][56][57] described Wales and Sanger as the co-founders.[6][48] In review, Sanger conceived of the wiki-based encyclopedia as an idea to assist with Nupedia's growth inefficiency, and spearheaded and guided the community as its leader in its first year.[6][46][58] During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known (never disputed) as a co-founder.[6][42][48] Moreover, Sanger has been widely cited in the media as a co-founder.[59][60][61] Wikipedia became an accidental spin-off of Nupedia,[62] originally to allow collaboration on articles prior to the editorial review process.[26]

[edit] After Wikipedia

Sanger, a philosophy professor,[63] began work as a lecturer at Ohio State University, where he taught philosophy until June 2005.[14] His professional interests are epistemology (in particular), early modern philosophy, and ethics. In his spare time, he plays and teaches Irish traditional music on the fiddle in Columbus and Dayton, Ohio, and also manages a site about the Donegal fiddle tradition.[64]

In December 2005, Digital Universe Foundation announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.[65] He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006.[66][67] The Digital Universe encyclopedia plans to recruit recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first step in this effort is the Encyclopedia of Earth,[68] an electronic reference about the Earth.[69]

In April 2006, Sanger published "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project" arguing for the importance of what he called "strong collaboration" (that is, collaboration in which people work on the parts they're interested and nobody gets to claim control), the possibility that strong collaboration could be more effective with a less anarchistic set of ground rules than Wikipedia, and the creation of a new Text Outline Project to create The Book of the World, featuring summaries of the arguments of the great philosophers, organized by topic and time, along with summaries of their debates.[70]

At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006, Sanger announced Citizendium, a fork of Wikipedia. The objectives of the fork are to address various perceived flaws in the Wikipedia system. The main differences will be no anonymous editing — every author/editor will have to be identified by his/her real name, no "top-down" hierarchy of editors, and to aspire to be a "real encyclopedia." More differences are discussed at the Citizendium website in the FAQ.[71] The initial fork is of the English language Wikipedia.[72] Prior to its March 2007 public launch, Citizendium favored an emphasis on its own original articles.[73]

Sanger took a leave of absence from Digital Universe, announced on the September 27, 2006, "in order to set up a fully independent Citizendium Foundation."[9]

[edit] Citizendium launched

Main article: Citizendium

On March 25, 2007, Citizendium, an English-language wiki-based free encyclopedia project, ended its pilot phase, entering a live and publicly readable beta phase.[74] The launch coincided with a feature-length Associated Press article that ran widely, with a title in USA Today of "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia."[10] Unlike Wales, who has compared his role in Wikipedia with that of a British monarch,[75] Sanger said he would not head Citizendium indefinitely, and has already announced his planning to step off the leadership team in two or three years.[76]

Two weeks after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger criticized Wikipedia, stating the latter was "broken beyond repair," and had a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals."[77] Citizendium has a form of peer-review and is oversighted by experts.[78][79][80] Sanger stated in part:

"The work of the Wikipedians has astounded the world, but the amateur nature of Wikipedia's contributions, whose authors remain anonymous, is not for everyone. Some experts are hostile toward the idea of Wikipedia and many avoid Wikipedia altogether. We may take Wikipedia as an early prototype of the application of open source hacker principles to content rather than code. I want to argue that it is just that, an early prototype, rather than a mature model of how such principles should be applied to reference, scholarly and educational content. Where Wikipedia shares the culture of anonymity found in the broader Internet, the Citizendium will have a culture of real-world, personal responsibility."[60]

In reference to the creation of a more credible online encyclopedia Sanger said: "I think there is a need for a more reliable and free [online] encyclopedia. If we can create a more reliable and free encyclopedia, particularly if we adopt a different system than Wikipedia's, then we should."[81] Citizendium's editor-in-chief Sanger commented in late October 2007 about Citizendium's one-year anniversary from its initial private launch date of October 30, 2006.[82][83] According to Sanger, the Citizendium’s readers have only just begun to see the power of the project's model:[84]

"Simply put, we’ve pioneered a new and better way to use wikis, and an interesting, dynamic way to build an online knowledge base. Increasingly, the Citizendium is looking like the next step in the evolution of the collaborative Internet.[84] The project's fundamentals are solid and growing stronger through motivated, diligent effort. Given enough time and enough people, the results would surely be amazing. If this possibility is amazing, it is even more amazing that it's within our grasp. What I do know is that if we do have a good chance to create something so stupefyingly useful for humanity, we must try."[85][86]

[edit] Citizendium v. Wikipedia

With experience from earlier encyclopedias,[8] Citizendium founder Larry Sanger started a new project in an effort to establish a scholarly and credible online encyclopedia.[76][81] In an interview with CNET News Sanger explained the reasons for starting a Wikipedia alternative:

“ I think we absolutely need another wiki—first of all, simply because Wikipedia lacks credibility, unfortunately. It’s a good starting place, as people say—on some subjects anyway—but it isn’t really what we want out of a reliable reference resource. And frankly, I don’t think that the Wikipedia community is prepared to make the changes that I think need to be made in order to transform Wikipedia into something that’s really reliable. „

—Larry Sanger, [87]

There are three clear differences between Citizendium and Wikipedia. Both projects have wiki similarities, though, the main differences include:

  • Prospective contributors are required to apply for membership under their real names.[88][89] The nature of Wikipedia is mostly anonymous editing.[90][91][92]
  • Experts in their field of expertise guide the Citizendium project to create stable, "approved" articles.[93] Wikipedia seeks consensus and not truth.[94][95][96]
  • Citizendium has a very low tolerance for vandals, trolls, or disruption.[88][97] Wikipedia has been prone to disruption and welcomes the newcomers.[98][99][100]

[edit] Selected writings

A partial list of academic work, essays, and presentations Sanger has written include:[101]

Academic work
  • Descartes' methods and their theoretical background - bachelor thesis.
  • Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification - doctoral thesis.
Essays
Presentations

[edit] References

  1. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification", Enlightenment: Objectivist Scholarship, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  2. ^ a b Chillingworth, Mark. "Expert edition", Information World Review, November 27, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world." 
  3. ^ Anderson, Nate. "Larry Sanger says "tipping point" approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki", Ars Technica, November 21, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-11-21. 
  4. ^ Jay, Paul. "I, editor — The Wikipedia experiment", CBC News, April 19, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  5. ^ Nauffts, Mitch. "5 Questions For...: Larry Sanger, Founder, Citizendium", Foundation Center, Philanthropy News Digest, March 27, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f Bergstein, Brian. "Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia", ABC News, Associated Press, March 25, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial - Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it." 
  7. ^ a b Moody, Glyn. "This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts", The Guardian, July 13, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "Larry Sanger seems to have a thing about free online encyclopedias. Although his main claim to fame is as the co-founder, along with Jimmy Wales, of Wikipedia, that is just one of several projects to produce large-scale, systematic stores of human knowledge he has been involved in. [Jimmy Wales] saw that I was essentially looking for employment online and he was looking for someone to lead Nupedia... Career: 1992-1996, 1997-1998 Graduate teaching associate, OSU; 2000-2002 Editor-in-chief, Nupedia; Co-founder and "chief organiser," Wikipedia." 
  8. ^ a b c Sidener, Jonathan. "Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy", The San Diego Union-Tribune, September 23, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site." 
  9. ^ a b Sanger, Larry. "Citizendium launch plan as of September 26", Citizendium-l mail list, September 27, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  10. ^ a b Bergstein, Brian. "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia", USA Today, Associated Press, March 25, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "This week, Sanger takes the wraps off a Wikipedia alternative, Citizendium. His goal is to capture Wikipedia's bustle but this time, avoid the vandalism and inconsistency that are its pitfalls." 
  11. ^ LeClaire, Jennifer. "Wikipedia Cofounder Launches Citizendium", NewsFactor Network, March 27, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 
  12. ^ Blakely, Rhys. "Wikipedia amateurs face backlash from the experts", The Times, September 7, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  13. ^ a b Poe, Marshall. "The Hive", The Atlantic Monthly, September 2006, p. 2. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  14. ^ a b c Roush, Wade. "Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All", Technology Review, January 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  15. ^ a b Boraas, Alan. "Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary", Anchorage Daily News, September 2, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  16. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Tutor-L: Higher education outside the universities", Tutor-L, August 30, 1995. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  17. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Association for Systematic Philosophy", Association for Systematic Philosophy, March 22, 1994. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  18. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports", sangersreview.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  19. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Education 2.0", Egon Zehnder International, The Focus Online, June 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-01. "The future of education could lie in a digital degree-granting institution that lives on the Internet." 
  20. ^ Leider, JP. "Wiki and the U student", The Minnesota Daily, October 17, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  21. ^ a b Gouthro, Liane. "Building the world's biggest encyclopedia", PCWorld, CNN, March 14, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  22. ^ Sidener, Jonathan. "Everyone's Encyclopedia", The San Diego Union-Tribune, December 6, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  23. ^ Betz, Lindsay. "Wikipedia formed by former Buckeye", The Lantern, The Ohio State University, June 1, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-01. 
  24. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry. "Let's make a wiki" (Email), Nupedia-l mailing list, Nupedia, January 10, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  25. ^ a b Wales, Jimmy. "LinkBacks?" (Email), wikipedia-l archives, Bomis, October 30, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  26. ^ a b Poe, Marshall. "The Hive", The Atlantic Monthly, September 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be “fed into the Nupedia process” of authorization. Most of Nupedia’s expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called “Wikipedia.” Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger’s flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. “Humor me,” he wrote. “Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes.” And, to Sanger’s surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project." 
  27. ^ Cohen, Noam. "Wikipedia", The New York Times, October 18, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  28. ^ Walker, Leslie. "Spreading knowledge, the Wiki way", Washington Post, September 9, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  29. ^ Long, Tony. "Jan. 15, 2001: Enter Wikipedia, for Better and Worse", Wired, Wired News, January 15, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. 
  30. ^ "Rules To Consider", Ignore all rules, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  31. ^ "History of NPOV", Neutral point of view, Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  32. ^ a b Schiff, Stacy. "Know It All", Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?, The New Yorker, July 31, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  33. ^ a b Sanger, Larry. "My resignation--Larry Sanger", Meta-Wiki, March 1, 2002. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  34. ^ Youngwood, Susan. "Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?", Vermont Sunday Magazine, Rutland Herald, April 1, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. 
  35. ^ a b Sanger, Larry. "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism", Kuro5hin, December 31, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  36. ^ "Next Wikipedia, take a right", Wikipedia, Citizendium, and the politics of knowledge: An interview with Larry Sanger, Dossier Open Source. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  37. ^ Pink, Daniel H. "The Book Stops Here", Wired, Wired News, March 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  38. ^ Terdiman, Daniel. "Wikipedia's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe", CNET, January 6, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  39. ^ Frith, Holden. "Wikipedia founder launches rival online encyclopaedia", The Times, March 26, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. "Wikipedia’s de facto leader, Jimmy Wales, stood by the site's format." 
  40. ^ Mitchell, Dan. "Insider Editing at Wikipedia", The New York Times, December 24, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  41. ^ "Two who were there dispute founding of online encyclopedia", Associated Press, The Boston Globe, March 26, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 
  42. ^ a b c Meyers, Peter. "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You", The New York Times, September 20, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.
  43. ^ "Ben Kovitz", WikiWikiWeb. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. Ben Kovitz wrote on his Wikipedia user page about his conversation in Pacific Beach, San Diego at the taco stand with Larry Sanger that led to the creation of Wikipedia, stating in part: "I suggested that he run Nupedia as a wiki: completely reverse the prior policy of careful review by credentialed experts before letting an article go live. I said, instead of trying to prevent error and bias, to openly invite error and bias and make it very easy for people to correct them. It's a rare thing to tell someone to do something exactly the opposite of what he's been doing and get a fair hearing. It almost never happens that someone actually takes the suggestion. But Larry is different. Larry listened to what I had to say, let his imagination engage, and ran with it. Back then, wikis were a very hard concept to "get," but Larry's mind began percolating immediately, and he got things started that very night."
  44. ^ "WikiPedia", WikiWikiWeb. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  45. ^ Poe, Marshall. "The Hive", The Atlantic Monthly, September 2006, p. 3. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia’s lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out “wiki magic,” the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham’s wiki called “WikiPedia.”
  46. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry. "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir", SourceForge, Slashdot, April 18, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "The actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on. So I arrived in San Diego in early February, 2000, to get to work. One of the first things I asked Jimmy is how free a rein I had in designing the project. What were my constraints, and in what areas was I free to exercise my own creativity? He replied, as I clearly recall, that most of the decisions should be mine; and in most respects, as a manager, Jimmy was indeed very hands-off. Nevertheless, I always did consult with him about important decisions, and moreover, I wanted his advice. Now, Jimmy was quite clear that he wanted the project to be in principle open to everyone to develop, just as open source software is (to an extent). Beyond this, however, I believe I was given a pretty free rein. So I spent the first month or so thinking very broadly about different possibilities." —Larry Sanger.
     • Sanger, Larry. "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia, Part II", SourceForge, Slashdot, April 19, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  47. ^ "Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness", Wired, Wired News, May 3, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. 
  48. ^ "History Version of the 'Wikipedia' Article", Wikipedia, June 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  49. ^ "History Version of the 'History of Wikipedia' Article", Wikipedia, August 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  50. ^ "History Version of the 'Larry Sanger' Article", Wikipedia, August 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  51. ^ "History Version of the 'Jimmy Wales' Article", Wikipedia, September 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  52. ^ "Free Encyclopedia Project, Wikipedia, Creates 20,000 Articles in a Year (Wikipedia 2002 Press release)", describing Sanger and Wales as "co-founders", Wikipedia, January 15, 2002. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  53. ^ "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article (Wikipedia 2003 Press release)", stating Sanger and Wales founded the site, Wikipedia, January 21, 2003. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  54. ^ "Wikipedia publishes 500,000 articles in 50 languages (Wikipedia 2004 Press release)", describes Sanger as a founder, Wikipedia, February 25, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  55. ^ Heim, Judy. "Free the Encyclopedias!", Technology Review, September 4, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  56. ^ Mayfield, Kendra. "Not Your Father's Encyclopedia", Wired, Wired News, January 28, 2003. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  57. ^ Singer, Michael. "Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One", Jupitermedia, Internet Archive, January 16, 2002. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "Wales has supplied the financial backing and other support for the project, and Sanger, who earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Ohio State in 2000, has led the project." 
  58. ^ Hammersley, Ben. "Common knowledge", The Guardian, January 30, 2003. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
     • Olsen, Stefanie. "Wikipedia co-founder plans 'expert' rival", CNET, October 16, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
     • Tally, Steve. "Wikipedia co-founder to speak on campus", Purdue University News Service, March 20, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
     • Del Conte, Natali T. "Wikipedia Co-Founder Starting Rival Online 'Encyclopedia Project'", Fox News, October 20, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
     • Tiwari, Neha. "Wikipedia today, Citizendium tomorrow", CNET, April 5, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-05. "Sanger now believes that the world deserves something better than his former start-up when it comes to online research." 
  59. ^ a b Lyman, Jay. "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site", LinuxInsider, ECT News Network, September 20, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  60. ^ Boran, Marie. "Wikipedia disrespects experts says co-founder", Silicon Republic, July 16, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. "Apart from advertising, Sanger and co-founder Wales also disagree about who actually founded Wikipedia in the first place. Wales has previously claimed to be the sole founder of the online collaborative encyclopedia. Maybe he should check his facts on Wikipedia which says that both men were identified as co-founders in 2001." 
  61. ^ Blundo, Joe. "Web encyclopedia won't include 'giving up'", The Columbus Dispatch, April 26, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. 
  62. ^ Aviv, Rachel. "Mondo Wikipedia", The Village Voice, January 10, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  63. ^ "An Appreciation of the Donegal Fiddle", GeoCities. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  64. ^ "Lawrence Sanger, Ph. D., Director of Distributed Content Programs", Digital Universe. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  65. ^ "Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free 'PBS of the Web'", PR Newswire, Digital Universe, January 17, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  66. ^ "Contributor: Lawrence Sanger", Digital Universe, Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  67. ^ Terdiman, Daniel. "Wikipedia alternative aims to be 'PBS of the Web'", CNET, December 19, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  68. ^ "About the EoE", Digital Universe, Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  69. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project", The Text Outline Project, April 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  70. ^ "Citizendium FAQ", Citizendium, March 25, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  71. ^ Fisher, Ken. "New Citizendium to correct Wikipedia's wrongs?", Ars Technica, September 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  72. ^ "Citizendium", Citizendium, March 25, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
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