Languages of Sweden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Languages of Sweden | |
|---|---|
| Official language(s) | none |
| Main language(s) | Swedish >90% |
| Indigenous language(s) | (Unofficial languages / Dialects) Älvdalsmål, Jamtlandic, Scanian |
| Minority language(s) | (Officially recognised) Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, Yiddish |
| Main immigrant language(s) | Finnish, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Arabic, Persian, Spanish[1] |
| Main foreign language(s) | English 89%, German 30%, French 11% |
| Sign language(s) | Swedish Sign Language |
| Common keyboard layout(s) |
 |
| Source | ebs_243_en.pdf (europa.eu) |
Sweden has no official language, but Swedish, a North Germanic language which is quite similar to its sister North Germanic Languages, Danish and Norwegian, is spoken by the vast majority of the nine million inhabitants of the country, holds a de-facto position as such, and is also the national language of the Swedish people.
Contents |
[edit] Swedish
The Kingdom of Sweden is a nation-state for the Swedish people, and as such, their national language is held in very high regard. Of Sweden's roughly nine million people, almost all speak Swedish as at least a second language, and the majority as a first language (7,825,000, according to SIL's Ethnologue). Swedish is also an official language in Finland where it is spoken by a large number of Swedish-speaking Finns. The language is also spoken to some degree by ethnic Swedes living outside Sweden, for example, just over half a million people of Swedish descent in the United States speak the language, according to Ethnologue.
[edit] Dialects
A number of Swedish dialects exist, some of which are divergent enough from standard Swedish[citation needed] to be considered separate languages.
[edit] Scanian
Spoken by some 80,000 people[citation needed] in the Swedish province of Scania (Skåne in Swedish), the Scanian dialect is considered by some to be a dialect of Danish[1], and is also spoken in Bornholm, where it is called "East Danish" (Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark until 1658). The variety spoken today is heavily influenced by standard Swedish.
[edit] Jamtlandic
Spoken mainly in Jämtland, but with a scattered speaker population throughout the rest of Sweden, Jamtlandic or Jamska is a West Scandanavian language with 95% lexical similarity to Norwegian and Swedish, but with other loanwords from languages such as Danish, German, and French. It has a native speaker population of 30,000[2].
[edit] Dalecarlian
The Dalecarlian (Elfdalian) dialect group is highly divergent, even within itself, so that speakers of separate sub-dialects do not always understand each other. Dialects of this group are spoken in the northern parts of the province of Dalarna, especially in the Älvdalen Municipality, by a population of 1,500.[3]
[edit] Minority Languages
In 1999, the Minority Language Committee of Sweden formally declared five minority languages of Sweden: Finnish, Meänkieli (also known as Tornedal, Tornionlaaksonsuomi or Tornedalian), the Sami Language, Romani, and Yiddish.
[edit] Finnish
Finnish, a Finno-Ugric language belonging to the larger Uralic language group, has long been spoken in Sweden (the same holds true for Swedish in Finland, see Finland-Swedes, Åland), due to the fact that for centuries, a third of Sweden was in modern-day Finland. Today, ethnic Finns constitute around 2% of the population of Sweden, and the Finnish Language is spoken by around 200,000 people. A high concentration of Finnish-speakers (some 16,000) resides in the county of Norrbotten.
[edit] Meänkieli
Meänkieli is also a Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Tornedalian people, quite closley related to Finnish, meaning that they largely mutual intelligible, and the former is sometimes considered a dialect of the latter. Meänkieli is most used in the municipalities of Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala and Övertorneå, all of which lie in the Torne Valley. Between 40,000 and 70,000 people speak Meänkeli as their first language.
[edit] Sami
The Sami people (formerly known as Lapps) are a people indigenous to all of northern Scandinavia (see Sápmi (area)) who speak a closely-related group of languages usually grouped together under the name "Sami", although at least three separate Sami Languages are spoken in Sweden. The languages are, like Finnish and Meänkeli, in the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic Language Family, but the Sami languages are subdivided further into the Finno-Lappic group. The Sami Languages, due to prolonged exposure to Germanic-language-speaking neighbors in Sweden and Norway, have a large number of Germanic loanwords, which are not normally found in other Finno-Ugric languages, like Finnish, Estonian, or Hungarian. Between 15,000 and 20,000 Sami people live in Sweden of whom 9,000 are Sami-language speakers. Worldwide, between 20,000 and 40,000 people speak Sami Languages (most Sami now speak Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, or Russian as their first language, depending on the country in which they reside). In Sweden, the largest concentrations of Sami-language-speaking Sami are found in the municipalities of Arjeplog, Gällivare, Jokkmokk and Kiruna, and its immediate neighbourhood.
[edit] Romani
Romani (also known as the Romani Chib) is the language spoken by the Roma People, a nomadic ethnic group originating in northern India. Due to the geographic origins of its speakers, Romani is an Indo-Aryan language, closely related to languages spoken in modern-day India, and sometimes written with an Indic Script (see Romani writing systems). Around 90% of Sweden's Roma people speak Romani, meaning that there are approximately 9,500 Chib speakers. In Sweden, there is no major geographic center for Romani like there is for Finnish, Sami, or Meänkieli, but it is considered to be of historical importance by the Swedish government, and as such the government is seen as having an obligation to preserve them, a distinction also held by Yiddish.[2]
[edit] Yiddish
Yiddish is a Germanic language with significant Hebrew influence, written with a variant of the Hebrew Alphabet (see Yiddish orthography) and, formerly, spoken by most Ashkenazic Jews (although most now speak the language of the country in which they live). Although the Jewish population of Sweden was traditionally Sephardic, after the 18th century, Ashkenazic immigration began, and the immigrants brought with them their Yiddish language (See History of the Jews in Sweden). There are around 18,000 Jews in Sweden, and of that number, roughly 4,000 are estimated to have enough knowledge of Yiddish to be speakers of it. Like Romani, it is seen by the government to be of historical importance. The organization Sällskapet för Jiddisch och Jiddischkultur i Sverige (Society for Yiddish and Yiddish Culture in Sweden) has over 200 members, many of whom are mother-tongue Yiddish speakers, and arranges regular activities for the speech community and in external advocacy of the Yiddish language.
[edit] Learned languages
.jpg/275px-Quadrilingual_store_sign_-_2008-01-31_(gabbe).jpg)
A majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, are able to understand and speak English thanks to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films. English whether in American and British dialects, became a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying natural sciences as early as 1849 and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s.[3]
Depending on the local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject from third until ninth grade, and all students continuing in secondary school study English for at least another year. Most students also learn one and sometimes two additional languages; the most popular being Spanish, German and French. Some Danish and Norwegian is, at times, also taught as part of the Swedish course taught to native speakers of Swedish to emphasize differences and similarities between the languages. In the early 2000s, Sweden experienced an influx of economic immigrants from Eastern Europe, esp. the Baltic states restored their independence (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) had searched for employment in Sweden, are required to learn the Swedish language if they want to become permanent citizens or have temporary work permits.
[edit] Immigrant languages
Like many developed European countries from the late 1940s to the 1970s, Sweden has received tens of thousands of "guest workers" from countries in Southern Europe (i.e. Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Spain, Turkey and former Yugoslavia). Second and third-generation Swedes of Southern European descent adapted Swedish as their main tongue, or in addition to languages passed down in families, such as Bulgarian, Greek, Italian, Serbo-Croatian and Turkish. However, the criteria in European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages state that minority languages need a long history in the country to receive the classification, and thus, these languages haven't come into question.
[edit] References
- Sveriges officiella minoritetsspråk, Svenska språknämnden 2003. (In Swedish)
- http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=swe
- http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=US
- http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cd/data/lang/gen/data/numbers.en.pdf
- ^ http://www.integrationsverket.se/tpl/NewsPage____1038.aspx
- ^ http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/050216/24a99c86fd734f15c9f722b343cc152e/FaktaJu%5f0415ji.pdf
- ^ English spoken - fast ibland hellre än bra (Swedish). Lund University newsletter 7/1999.
[edit] See also
- Swedish Language
- Finnish Language
- Meänkieli
- Romani language
- Yiddish Language
- History of the Jews in Sweden
- Languages of the European Union
- Minority language
|
|||||||||||
