Land reclamation

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For other uses, see Reclaim.

Land reclamation is either of two distinct practices. One involves creating new land from sea- or riverbeds, the other refers to restoring an area to a more natural state (such as after pollution or salination have made it unusable).

Contents

[edit] Creating new land

The entire East Coast Park in Singapore was built on reclaimed land with a man-made beach.
The entire East Coast Park in Singapore was built on reclaimed land with a man-made beach.

[edit] For habitation or agriculture

Land reclamation is the creation of new land where there was once water. Notable examples include parts of New Orleans; Washington, D.C. (which is partially built on land that was once swamp); Mexico City (which is situated at the former site of Lake Texcoco); Helsinki (of which the major part of the city center is built on reclaimed land); the Cape Town foreshore; the Chicago shoreline; the Manila Bay shoreline; Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts; Battery Park City, Manhattan; the port of Zeebrugge in Belgium; the polders of the Netherlands; and the Toronto Islands, Leslie Street Spit, and the waterfront in Toronto.

Japan, the southern Chinese cities of Hong Kong and Macau, and the city-state of Singapore, where land is in short supply, are also famous for their efforts on land reclamation. One of the earliest and famous project was the Praya Reclamation Scheme, which added 50 to 60 acres of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction. It was one of the most ambitious projects ever taken during the Colonial Hong Kong era.[1] Some 20% of land in the Tokyo Bay area has been reclaimed.[2] Monaco and the British territory of Gibraltar are also expanding due to land reclamation. The city of Rio de Janeiro was largely built on reclaimed land.

Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. The Palm Islands, The World and hotel Burj al-Arab off Dubai in the United Arab Emirates are other examples of artificial islands.

A related practice is the draining of swampy or seasonally submerged wetlands to convert them to farmland. While this does not create new land exactly, it allows commercially productive use of land that would otherwise be restricted to wildlife habitat. It is also an important method of mosquito control.

[edit] For beach restoration

Main article: Beach nourishment

Beach rebuilding is the process of repairing beaches using materials such as sand or mud from inland. This can be used to build up beaches suffering from beach starvation or erosion from longshore drift. It stops the movement of the original beach material through longshore drift and retains a natural look to the beach. Although it is not a long-lasting solution, it is cheap compared to other types of coastal defences.

[edit] Environmental impact

Parts (highlighted in brown) of the San Francisco Bay were reclaimed from wetlands for urban use.
Parts (highlighted in brown) of the San Francisco Bay were reclaimed from wetlands for urban use.

Draining wetlands for ploughing, for example, is a form of habitat destruction. In some parts of the world, new reclamation projects are restricted or no longer allowed, due to environmental protection laws.

[edit] Environmental legislation

Hong Kong legislators passed the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance in 1996 in an effort to safeguard the increasingly threatened Victoria Harbour against encroaching land development.[3]

[edit] Land amounts added

Land reclamation in Hong Kong: Grey (built), Red (proposed or under development). Note that most of the urban area (not shown in map) of Hong Kong is on the reclaimed land.
Land reclamation in Hong Kong: Grey (built), Red (proposed or under development). Note that most of the urban area (not shown in map) of Hong Kong is on the reclaimed land.
  • Netherlands - about 1/5 land from land reclamation or about 7.000km².
  • South Korea - As of 2006, 38 percent or 1,550km² of coastal wetlands reclaimed.
  • Singapore - 20% of the original size or 135 km² as of 2003, plans for 99 km² more.[4]
  • Hong Kong - Praya Reclamation Scheme began in the late 1860s that consisted of two stage totaling 50 to 60+ acres.[1][5] This figure understates the importance of the sites reclaimed: Hong Kong Disneyland, Hong Kong International Airport, and its predecessor, Kai Tak Airport, were all built on reclaimed land. In addition, much reclamation has taken place in prime locations on the waterfront on both sides of Victoria Harbour. This has raised environmental issues of the protection of the harbour which was once the source of prosperity of Hong Kong, traffic congestion in the Central district,[6] as well as the collusion of the Hong Kong Government with the real estate developers in the territory.[7][8]
In addition, as city expands, new town in different decade mostly built on reclaimed land, such as Tuen Mun, Tai Po, Shatin-Ma On Shan, West Kowloon, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O.
  • Macau - 170% of the original size or 17 km² [1]
  • Tokyo Bay, Japan - 249 km².[9]
  • Kobe, Japan - 23 km² (1995).

[edit] Repairing damaged land

Land reclamation or Land rehabilitation is also the process of cleaning up a site that has sustained environmental degradation, such as strip mining. This can be done to allow for some form of human use (such as a housing development) or to restore that area back to its natural state as a wildlife habitat home.

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Bard, Solomon. [2002] (2002). Voices from the Past: Hong Kong 1842-1918. HK University press. ISBN 9622095747
  2. ^ Petry, Anne K. (July 2003). Geography of Japan. Japan Digest, Indiana University. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
  3. ^ Wallis, Keith. "Bill seeks to protect harbour", Hong Kong Standard, February 12, 1996. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. 
  4. ^ Singapore Finds it Hard to Expand Without Sand. Planet Ark. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
  5. ^ Jason Wordie, Land-grabbing titans who changed HK's profit for good, April 18, 1999
  6. ^ "Courts protect our imperiled waterway - at least for the time being", Hong Kong Standard, August 14, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. 
  7. ^ DeGolyer, Michael. "Commentary: Just Looking for Answers", Hong Kong Standard, March 15, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. 
  8. ^ Ng, Michael. "Lawmaker warns of West Kowloon arts venue glut", Hong Kong Standard, October 5, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. 
  9. ^ Japan Fact Sheet. Japan Reference. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.

[edit] See also

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[edit] External links