La liberazione di Ruggiero
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La liberazione di Ruggiero dall'isola d'Alcina (En. "The Liberation of Ruggiero from the island of Alcina") is a comic opera in four scenes by Francesca Caccini, first performed February 3, 1625 at the Villa di Poggio Imperiale in Florence, with a libretto by Ferdinando Saracinelli, based on Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. It is the first opera written by a woman, and was long considered to be the first Italian opera to be performed outside of Italy.[1] It was performed to celebrate a visit from Prince Władisław of Poland during Carnival 1625, and it had a revival in Warsaw in 1628. The work was commissioned by Regent Archduchess Maria Magdalena of Austria (1589-1631), wife of Cosimo II de' Medici, for whom Caccini worked. Ruggiero was printed under the protection of Maria Magdalena in 1625, only five years after the first printed opera in Italy. It is the only opera by Francesca Caccini to survive.
La liberazione di Ruggiero is written in the stile moderno, that is, the style of Claudio Monteverdi, although the work owes more perhaps to the work of Jacopo Peri. It uses the new stile recitativo, as well as canzonettas in the style of the Concerto delle donne. The scoring of the opera includes the lirone, and somewhat remarkably for the period, does not include a castrato.[2] The scoring of the piece is balanced towards higher voices, with six sopranos, two altos, seven tenors, and only one bass, as well as a trio of recorders. A compositional scheme is used within the work that associates flat keys with the feminine (the female protagonist Alcina and her attendants) and sharp keys with the masculine (the male protagonist Ruggiero and the other male roles). The androgynous (she appears in the form of a man, Atlante) sorceress Melissa is neutral, presented in the key of C major.[3] Alcina is an evil and sexual sorceress, whereas Melissa is androgynous and good. Melissa fights to free Ruggiero from Alcina's spells. Modern critics have interpreted the music as a statement about gender; either that, like Melissa, women must give up their femininity in order to be successful, or that, like Alcina (despite her lack of overt success), women can still be dominant because of the lasting allure of their music.
The work has been recorded, and has been revived a number of times, including in Cologne (1983), Ferrara (1987), Stockholm (1990) and Minneapolis (1991).
[edit] References
Suzanne G. Cusick. "Francesca Caccini", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed May 20, 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access). (Grove Opera article)
- ^ A number of sources say it was the first Italian opera outside of Italy; Grove says it was not but does not give evidence or information on what actually is.
- ^ Women and Music:A History (2nd ed.) ed. Karin Pendle, Indiana University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-253-21422-X
- ^ A Short History of Opera (4th ed.) by Donald Grout and Hermine Weigel Williams, Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-231-11958-5
[edit] Edition
- La liberazione di Ruggiero. Ed. Doris Silbert. Northampton, MA. Smith College Archives, 1945. (piano-vocal score with introduction)
- La liberazione di Ruggiero. Ed. Brian Clark. www.primalamusica.com 2006 (Full score for sale, with performing materials available for hire).
[edit] Recording
- La Liberazione Di Ruggiero Dall'isola D'alcina directed by Wladyslaw Klosiewicz, with the Warsaw Chamber Opera and Musica Antique Collegium Varsoviense. B000FEW8LA
