User:Kumioko/Sandbox4

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The Cold War was the period of conflict, tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; sports; military, industrial, and technological developments, including the space race; costly defence spending; a massive conventional and nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars.

There was never a direct military engagement between the US and the Soviet Union, but there was half a century of military buildup as well as political battles for support around the world, including significant involvement of allied and satellite nations in proxy wars. Although the US and the Soviet Union had been allied against Nazi Germany, the two sides differed on how to reconstruct the postwar world even before the end of World War II. Over the following decades, the Cold War spread outside Europe to every region of the world, as the US sought the "containment" of communism and forged numerous alliances to this end, particularly in Western Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. There were repeated crises that threatened to escalate into world wars but never did, notably the Berlin Blockade (1948-1949), the Korean War (1950-1953), the Vietnam War (1959-1975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), and the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989). There were also periods when tension was reduced as both sides sought détente. Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons.

The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s following Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's summit conferences with United States President Ronald Reagan, as well as Gorbachev's launching of reform programs: perestroika and glasnost.

Contents 1 Cold War Era 1.1 Asia 1.2 Europe 1.3 Central America and the Caribbean 1.4 Southern Africa 1.5 Chadian Civil War (1965–1993) 1.6 Falklands War (1982) 1.7 Other

[edit] Cold War Era

[edit] Asia

• Ajax (1953) — Anglo-American plan for Iranian coup d'état that deposed Mohammed Mosaddeq and reinstalled Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
• Atilla (1974) — Turkish invasion of Cyprus, leading to subsequent occupation of northern Cyprus
• Operation Cactus (1988) — Indian armed forces oust Tamil nationalist mercenaries of PLOTE who instigated a coup in Malé in the Maldives.
• Operation Chengiz Khan (1971) Pakistan Air Force launches a [preemptive attack]]s on Indian air bases.
• Claret (1964) — British SAS and Australian SASR patrols into Indonesia
  • Jock Scott (1952) — British rounding up of suspected insurgents at the beginning of the Mau Mau Uprising
  • Anvil (1954) — British counter-insurgency operation in Nairobi during the Mau Mau Uprising
• Eagle Claw (1980) — Attempted rescue of American hostages held in Tehran.
• Earnest Will (1987-88) — American protection of Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf during the Iran-Iraq War
  • Eager Glacier (1987-88) — U.S. spy planes gather intelligence about Iran.
  • Nimble Archer (1987) — U.S. retaliates for Iranian missile attack on reflagged Kuwaiti tanker.
  • Praying Mantis (1988) — U.S. retaliates against Iran for mining frigate.
  • Prime Chance (1987-88) — Special operations to protect Kuwaiti tankers, run largely from barges in the northern Persian Gulf.
• Evening Light (1980) — failed U.S. attempt to rescue embassy hostages in Tehran
• Operation Gibraltar (1965) — Pakistan's failed attempt to infiltrate and instigate a massive rebellion in Jammu and Kashmir, India
• Grand Slam (1965) — Pakistan's second attempt to cut off Kashmir from India.
• Lucky Alphonse (1956) — British sweep of Troodos area on Cyprus for EOKA
• Operation Meghdoot (1984) — Indian military's capture of the majority of Siachen Glacier.
• Nimrod (1980) — rescue of hostages in the Iranian embassy, London
• Paul Bunyan (1976) — UN forces remove a tree in the Korean Demilitarized Zone
• Sparrowhawk I, II and III (1956) — British operations against EOKA on Cyprus.
• Operation Trident (1971) — Indian Navy's bombing and blockade of Karachi Port, Pakistan.

[edit] Europe

Participants	Operation Name	Start year	End Year	Notes
	Berlin Airlift	1948
	Vittles			US part of the Berlin Airlift
	Planefare			British part of the Berlin Airlift. Gladio (?) — Stockpiles of weapons in Switzerland, Austria and other countries for resistance to Soviet occupiers. Gold (1954) — covert American tunnel under the Berlin Wall Neptune (1964) — Soviet-led counterintelligence operation. Reforger — Annual American exercise to "return forces to Germany". Silver (1949) — covert British communications tap in Austria Banner (1969) Deployment of British troops to Northern Ireland.

[edit] Central America and the Caribbean

• Anadyr — Soviet plan to base nuclear weapons in Cuba; the cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Kama — Soviet plan to forward-base seven Soviet ballistic missile submarines in Mariel, Cuba (part of Anadyr)
• Fortune (1951) — 1951 CIA plan for a coup in Guatemala. Executed as Success
• Golden Pheasant (1988) — US deployment in Honduras
• Just Cause (1989) — US invasion of Panama
  • Acid Gambit — Rescue of Kurt Muse.
  • Bushmaster — Security operations near US facilities.
  • Sand Flea — rehearsal for Just Cause.
• Mongoose (1962) — plan for information gathering, sabotage, civil insurrection and the overthrown of the Cuban government.
• Northwoods (1960s) — plan to incite war between the United States and Cuba.
• Waverider (1972) — operation to track down illicit radio stations operating in the Caribbean.
• Peter Pan (1960s) — transfer of Cubans to the US
• Phibriglex (1962) — US plan and mock invasion by its armed forces of a Caribbean island. The exercise took place on Vieques and the purpose of the mock invasion was to overthrow a fictitious leader called "Ortsac", whose name was, in fact, Castro spelled backwards. It occurred in August, shortly before the Cuban Missile Crisis. It is also known by the names Operation Ortsac, Operation Swift Strike II and Exercise Phibriglex-62.
• Power Pack (1965) — US deployment in the Dominican Republic
• Success (1954) — 1954 CIA coup in Guatemala.
• Urgent Fury (1983) — US invasion of Grenada

[edit] Southern Africa

• Askari (1983) — South African attack on SWAPO and FAPLA forces in Angola.
• Carlota (1977) — Cuban Deployment to counter South African attacks to Angola.
• Carnation (1981) — South African skirmishes with SWAPO forces along the Angolan border.
• Dingo (1977) — Rhodesian attack on camps in Mozambique.
• Klipklop (1980) — South African disruption of SWAPO logistics in Angola.
• Meebos (1982) — South African destruction of SWAPO's "East Front" HQ at Mupa, Angola.
• Phoenix (1983) — South African response to mass SWAPO infiltration of South-West Africa
• Protea (1981) — South African attack on SWAPO bases near Ongiva and Xangongo, Angola.
• Reindeer (1978) — South African airborne attack on SWAPO base at Cassinga, Angola.
• Rekstok (1979) — South African attack on SWAPO bases in Angola.
• Safraan (1979) — South African attack on SWAPO bases in Zambia.
• Savannah (1975-76) — South African intervention in Angola in support of the FNLA.
• Sceptic (1980) — South African attack on SWAPO bases in Angola.
• Alpha Centauri (1986) — South African operation in support of UNITA in Angola.

[edit] Chadian Civil War (1965–1993)

• Bison (1969–72) (French intervention to counter FROLINAT insurgency)
• Tacaud (1978–80) (Operation to avoid FROLINAT rebels from taking Chad's capital)
• Manta (1983–84) (Intervention in the Chadian-Libyan conflict)
• Épervier (1986–) (ongoing mission, originated to counter Libyan expansion in Chad)

[edit] Falklands War (1982)

• Rosario — Argentine joint operation
  • Algeciras — Planned Argentine sabotage raid.
  • Azul — Argentine invasion
• Corporate — British liberation
  • Paraquet — British recapture of South Georgia.
  • Black Buck — British long-range bombing raid
  • Canbelow — British antiaircraft naval ambush
  • Keyhole — British commando raid
  • Purple Warrior — British training exercise incorporating lessons from the Falklands War
  • Sutton — British amphibious landings

[edit] Other

• Argus (1959) — test of nuclear bombs in the upper atmosphere.
• Blowdown (1963) — Australia/US/UK simulated nuclear explosion in a rain forest.
• El Dorado Canyon (1986) — US strikes against Libya
• Morning Light (1978) — Joint Canadian-US effort to recover Cosmos 954, a nuclear powered Soviet RORSAT.
• Operation Alpha Tango Walrus (1979) Effort by Canadian military efforts to retrieve the covert 'walrus' codes.
• Operation Morris Dance (1987) — Australian response to the first of the 1987 Fijian coups d'état.
• Mount Hope III (1988) — covert recovery of a crashed Soviet-made helicopter from Africa.
• Nuclear testing List of all known named nuclear tests.
• Orion (1960) — DARPA project to design a nuclear pulse propulsion system.