Kuban People's Republic
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The Kuban People's Republic (Russian: Кубанская Народная Республика; Ukrainian: Кубанська Народна Республiка) was an anti-Bolshevik state that comprised the territory of the Kuban of the modern-day Russian Federation during the Russian Civil War.
The republic was proclaimed by the Kuban Rada on January 28, 1918 and declared its independence on February 16. The Kuban People's Republic would include all territory of the former Kuban Oblast of the Russian Empire.
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[edit] History
[edit] Background
During the Russian Empire, the region of the Kuban was a Cossack territory. Like many similar provinces, its demographics constituted several differences from ordinary Russian governorates (guberniyas). The western regions belonged to the descendants of the Black Sea Cossack Host from Ukraine in 1792. The southern and eastern regions were made from the Caucasus Line Cossack Host, descendants of the Don Cossacks.
Historically, the Kuban Cossacks were formed to guard the Russian borders from the Mountain peoples which caused the Caucasus War that lasted for six decades up until 1860. In addition, during many wars, Cossacks sent large army contingents to fight alongside the Imperial Russian Army; moreover it was the Kuban Cossacks that made the Tsar's personal bodyguard. In return for such loyalty, they lived free from taxes in a semi-independent way with various privileges. The military nature of their lifestyle was also mirrored in the administration of the region, where stanitsa settlements were in place of traditional Russian villages, and had much more autonomy such as the election of a local Ataman, or commander.
However, during the reforms of Tsar Alexander II, the pacified Kuban Oblast was heavily invested in and extensive peasant migrants from Russian, Armenian and Ukrainian provinces migrated to cultivate the land. The question of land ownership caused extensive friction between the peasants and the Cossacks, and often resulted in the latter's action to ensure its ownership.
[edit] February Revolution
After the February Revolution in Petrograd, the inefficient Russian Provisional Government decided to prolong its involvement in the increasingly unpopular First World War. As a result, the Russian Army began to collapse. The Kuban Cossack units deserted the front lines and returned home to protect their homelands from a threatened Turkish invasion from the South.
During the Russian Empire, the Kuban was directly administered by an appointed Ataman (Nakaznoy Ataman) directly by the Tsar, usually a skilled non-Cossack general. With the sovereign's abdication, the Kuban governing council, the Kuban Rada (parliament) in March 1917 proclaimed itself as the sole administration body with intentions to create a military government that would retain control of the Kuban, and on June 17 of that year proclaimed the Kuban People's Republic within the new Democratic Russian Republic.
[edit] Independent Kuban National Republic
After the October Revolution, the people of the Kuban found themselves divided among several groups. The large non-Cossack peasents were influenced by the Bolsheviks and a Kuban Soviet Republic, which later dispersed the Rada. On February 16, 1918, the Kuban Rada proclaimed the independence of the Kuban People's Republic from Russia.
In March 1918, after Lavr Kornilov's successful offensive, the Kuban Rada was re-established and placed itself under his authority. The Cossacks, formally loyal to the Russian Empire, supported the White movement. Yet after the early successes of the Volunteer Army, which rid the Kuban of the Bolsheviks, the front lines moved north into the Don territory.
This affected the importance of the Rada and in June 1918, friction began to grow between the head of the leadership and the Cossacks. In particular, the main focal point was between the Chernomortsy and the Lineitsy. The former, disappointed with ineffective attempts of different authorities, pursued a policy of attaining full independence for the Kuban. However, the latter continued to believe in a re-created Russian state.
[edit] Russian Civil War
Already discontent with the past struggles over land, the idea of a future Cossack state was unsuitable to many. Anton Ivanovich Denikin grew increasingly dissatisfied with an increasingly isolated Rada. The final sparks came when the Rada first turned towards Ukraine to enter a federal union with Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky, and after its downfall, entered into a similar union with the Democratic Republic of Georgia, whilst its foreign envoys in France proclaimed independence from Russia. Some Cossacks left the government, and others defected to the Red Army.
In December 1918, the Rada sent a delegation headed by First Chairman Luka Bych to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. By April the delegation put forward its requests for international help for the Kuban as an independent state to be defended from Bolshevism and announced its break from Denikin and further refusal for further cooperation in the White Movement. None of this was satisfied by the Triple Entente. The Kuban People's Republic was, however, de jure recognized by the Ukrainian People's Republic, German Empire, Ottoman Empire, Democratic Republic of Georgia, and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus.
Denikin, learning of this, "back-stabbing" on November 6, 1919, ordered for the Rada building to be surrounded, and with the help of the Ataman Alexander Filimonov arrested ten of its members, including its premier P. Kurgansky, who was publicly hanged for treason. Most Cossacks joined Denikin and fought in the ranks of the Volunteer Army. In December 1919, after Denikin's defeat, it became clear that the Bolsheviks would overrun the Kuban, and some of the separatist-minded groups attempted to restore the Rada and to break away from the Volunteer Army and to fight the Bolsheviks in alliance with other independence striving governments such as the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia.[3] However, by early 1920 the Red Army took most of the Kuban, and both the Rada and Denikin were evicted.
[edit] Legacy
Both Soviet and later contemporary Russian historians viewed the decision of the Kuban People's Republic to break with the White Movement as a deceitful "back-stabbing" step at a critical moment during the Russian Civil War. The act is perceived as one of the important contributions to the ultimate Bolshevik victory.
Some Ukrainian historians, argue that the Kuban People's Republic was an attempt by the Kuban Cossacks to unite with Ukraine, citing the shifting alliances of the Rada. The last premier of the Republic Vasil Ivanis argued that had Pavlo Skoropadsky acted more decisively, and sent a UNR division lad by General Natiev to the Kuban, Ukraine would have become the main nexus of the Anti-Bolshevik movement. With aid of the Central Powers, Ivanis states that they could have easily re-claimed all of Russia, given that Aleksandr Kolchak would have acted in the same time frame in the east.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Ratushnyak, O.V.. History of the formation and rise of the Kuban Cossacks - Kuban Cossacks in the years of Soviet rule (civil war, years of repression, and emigration) (Russian). Administration of Krasnodar Krai. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
- ^ Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313309841.
- ^ Kubijovyč, Volodymyr (1963). Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pgs. 790-793.
[edit] Literature
- Bilyi, Dmytro (2005). Ukraine and Kuban in 1917-1921. United in conflict (Ukrainian). Virtualna Rus'. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
- Ukrainian Kuban (Ukrainian). Haidamaka. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
