Kottabos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kottabos, Anglice cottabus (Greek κότταβος), was a game of skill popular for a long time at ancient Greek and Etruscan symposia (drinking parties), especially in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The game is played by flinging wine lees at targets. In keeping with the amorous symposiac atmosphere, the player would utter the name of a beloved as he tossed the wine, both revealing his desire and divining fate just as the more modern "loves me, loves me not" gameplayed with flower petals. [1]
The game was also played at the baths, as an anecdote attributed to Diogenes of Sinope by Diogenes Laertius indicates: "To a youth playing cottabus in the public baths he said, 'The better you play, the worse it is for you.'" This is read as a warning to the boy, that his skill at the game will attract more attention from suitors, and lead to excessive pederastic affairs. Another risk, according to Athenaeus quoting Aristophanes, is that young people might play too many games of cottabus and become drunk as a result, with unforeseen consequences.
The game appears to have been of Sicilian origin, but it spread through Greece from Thessaly to Rhodes, and was especially fashionable at Athens. Dionysius Chalcus, Alcaeus, Anacreon, Pindar, Bacchylides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Antiphanes make frequent and familiar allusion to the cottabus - and it appears on vases from the era; but in the writers of the Roman and Alexandrian period such reference as occurs shows that the fashion had died out. In Latin literature it is almost entirely unknown.
Contents |
[edit] Forms of play
Fresco from the Tomb of the Diver. 475 BC. Paestum National Museum, Italy.
The object of the player was to cast a portion of wine left in his drinking cup in such a way that, without breaking bulk in its passage through the air, towards a bronze "lamp stand" with a tiny statuette on top with outstretched arms delicately holding a small disc called a plastinx. Halfway down the stand was a larger disc called the manes. To be successful the player had to knock off the plastinx in such a way that it would fall to the manes and make a bell like sound. [2] Both the wine thrown and the noise made were called latax (λάταξ). The thrower, in the ordinary form of the game, was expected to retain the recumbent position that was usual at table, and, in flinging the cottabus, to make use of his right hand only.
To succeed in the aim of the game no small amount of dexterity was required, and unusual ability in the game was rated as high as corresponding excellence in throwing the javelin. Not only was the cottabus the ordinary accompaniment of the festal assembly, but, at least in Sicily, a special building of a circular form was sometimes erected so that the players might be easily arranged round the basin, and follow each other in rapid succession. Like all games in which the element of chance found a place, it was regarded as more or less ominous of the future success of the players, especially in matters of love - and the excitement was sometimes further augmented by some object of value being staked on the event.
[edit] Variations
Various modifications of the original principle of the game were gradually introduced, but for practical purposes we may reckon two varieties:
[edit] Κότταβος δι᾽ ὀξυβάφων, or "cottabus with an oxybaphon"
In the Κότταβος δι᾽ ὀξυβάφων, shallow saucers (ὀξύβαφα or "oxybapha") were floated in a basin or mixing-bowl filled with water; the object was to sink each oxybaphon by throwing the wine into it. The competitor who sank the greatest number was considered victorious, and received the prize (κοττάβιον or "cottabium"), which consisted of cakes or sweetmeats.
[edit] Κότταβος κατακτός, or "sunken cottabus"
Κότταβος κατακτός is not so simple. The apparatus (kottabeion, pl. kottabeia)[3] involved consisted of the rhabdus (ῥάβδος, a bronze pole), the plastinx (πλάστιγξ, a small saucer like that on a balance), the lecanis (λεκανίς, a large saucer), and the manes (μάνης, a bronze figurine).
The discovery in Etruscan burial sites (by Wolfgang Helbig in 1886) of two sets of actual apparatus in Umbria, near Perugia, as well as various representations on Greek vases help explain the somewhat obscure accounts[4] of how cottabus was played.
The rhabdus (pole) had a flat base, and the main structure tapered towards the top, with a blunt end (one which the plastinx or manes was balanced). The plastinx (small saucer) had a hole near the edge and was slightly concave in the middle.
About two-thirds of the way down, the rhabdus was encircled by the lecanis (large saucer). A socket near the top of the rhabdus held the manes (figurine). The manes was in the shape of a man, with his right arm and leg uplifted, sometimes holding a drinking horn (or "rhytum").
According to Helbig, three games[5] were played with this apparatus:
[edit] Method #1
The plastinx (small saucer) was fixed on top of the rhabdus (pole), with the lecanis (large saucer) below. The players tried to fill the plastinx with enough wine to tip it over (with a crash) onto the lecanis.
[edit] Method #2
Played exactly the same as method #1, except that the plastinx was supposed to hit the manes (figurine) on the way down to the lecanis.
[edit] Method #3
Played exactly the same as method #1, except that the manes (instead of the plastinx) was fixed on top of the rhabdus, and it was at this that the wine was thrown.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (pp. 366-367).
[edit] Notes
- ^ 99/117/1 Drinking cup (kylix), red-figure style, glazed terracotta, attributed to the Antiphon Painter, Athens, Greece, c. 490-480 BCE - Powerhouse Museum Collection
- ^ Hugh Johnson, Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 44. Simon and Schuster 1989
- ^ Herman W. Hayley, "The kottabos kataktos in the Light of Recent Investigations", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 5, 1894 (1894), pp. 73-82
- ^ These accounts, contained in the writings of various Greek and Roman authors, should not be assumed as entirely accurate since they were written at a time when cottabus had, in fact, become obsolete
- ^ A fourth method, in which a set of scales was barraged with wine so that each side of the scale would dip down and touch an image placed underneath, probably never existed and was conceived by a confusion of the plastinx with a scale-pan by reason of its name (which also means "scale" in Greek).
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Sartoris, C. Das Kottabos-Spiel der alten Griechen. 1893.
- Higgins, A. Recent Discoveries of the Apparatus used in playing the Game of Kottabos. Archaeologia, li. 1888.
- "Kottabos" in Daremberg and Saglios Dictionnaire des antiquits
- de Fouquibres, L. Becq. Les Jeux des anciens. 1873.
- Helbig, Wolfgang. Mittheilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Römische Abtheilung i. 1886).
