Korg Wavestation

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Wavestation by Korg
Synthesis type:		Digital Vector Subtractive
Polyphony:		32
Timbrality:		16
Oscillators:		32 DCO
Filter:		32 low-pass
Attenuator:		32 ADSR envelope generators
LFO:		64 - Triangle, Square, Sawtooth, Ramp
Keyboard:		61-key
Left hand control:		Pitch and Modulation Wheels, Joystick
Velocity sensitive:		Yes
Aftertouch:		Yes - Channel (mono)
External control:		MIDI
Memory:		see memory allocation chart
Onboard effects:		2×47 or 55
Produced:		1990–1994
Original price:		$2195

The Korg Wavestation is a vector synthesis synthesizer first produced in the early 1990s and later re-released as a software synthesizer in 2004. Its primary innovation was Wave Sequencing, a method of multi-timbral sound generation in which different PCM waveform data are played successively, resulting in continuously evolving sounds.^[1] The Wavestation's "Advanced Vector Synthesis" sound architecture resembled early vector synths such as the Sequential Circuits Prophet VS.

Designed as a "pure" synthesizer rather than a music workstation, it lacked an on-board song sequencer, yet the Wavestation, unlike any synthesizer prior to its release, was capable of generating complex, lush timbres and rhythmic sequences that sounded like a complete soundtrack by pressing only one key.^[2][3] Keyboard Magazine readers gave the Wavestation its "Hardware Innovation of the Year" award,^[4][5] and in 1995 Keyboard listed it as one of the "20 Instruments that Shook the World."^[6]

The Wavestation lineup consisted of four models: the Wavestation and Wavestation EX keyboards, and the Wavestation A/D and Wavesation SR rackmount sound modules.

Contents 1 Design concept 1.1 Wave sequencing 1.2 Vector synthesis 2 Features and specifications 2.1 Memory allocation 2.2 Models 3 Design history 4 Musical impact 5 Legacy 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Design concept

The two primary synthesis concepts designed into the Wavestation were Wave Sequencing and vector synthesis, the latter Korg dubbed "Advanced Vector Synthesis." Although the Korg Wavestation was the first keyboard that used Wave Sequencing, its roots can be traced back to earlier wavetable synthesizers, such as the PPG Wave produced by Palm Products GmbH in the early 80s and the Prophet VS by Sequential Circuits, Inc. in 1986. Wave Sequencing improved on Prophet VS by incorporating the ability to crossfade up to 255 waveforms, rather than only four.^[7] Moreover, a wave sequence can be programmed to "jump" to any PCM wave in ROM memory, whereas similar synths were designed to move sequentially through the wavetable. By combining wave sequencing with vector synthesis—the process of mixing and morphing between multiple voices—the Wavestation differed from other PCM-based sample playback synths ("romplers") of the digital era.

[edit] Wave sequencing

A wave sequence is a programmed list of PCM waves playing in succession.^[8] Each step in the wave sequence can have a different duration, pitch, fine tuning, level and crossfade amount. Additionally, wave sequences can be looped (forward or forward/backward directions) to play indefinitely or for a finite duration; they may also be synchronized to the Wavestation's internal clock (at 100 beats per minute) or to MIDI clock signals from a sequencer. The result is a continuously changing sound, producing either a smooth blend of crossfaded waves, or semi-arppegiated and rhythmic sequences, or a combination of both. In a Patch, different wave sequences can be assigned to each of the four oscillators, thus the Wavestation is capable of generating four distinct wave sequences playing simultaneously during a single note.^[1] In Performance mode, up to thirty-two discrete wave sequences can be played at the same time by layering eight 4-voice patches, although the actual number of playable wave sequences may be less because an additional oscillator is required to execute a crossfade.^[9]

[edit] Vector synthesis

Main article: vector synthesis

Simply, vector synthesis is dynamic timbre control over 2 or more voices (oscillators). On the Wavestation, vector synthesis can be applied on any two or four-oscillator patch.^[10] The volume blend (or mix ratio) between oscillators is varied over time via a dedicated mix envelope, in real-time via the front panel's vector joystick, or via other controllers such as LFOs, aftertouch, and MIDI.

The mix envelope for a two-oscillator patch structure is arranged on a horizontal line or axis, and this is one-dimensional vector synthesis. Two dimensional vector synthesis requires a four-oscillator structure, with oscillators A & C arranged on the horizontal X axis and oscillators B & D on the vertical Y axis. A patch's mix envelope can be looped for a finite or indefinite amount of time as well as modulated by controllers. Moving the joystick whilst playing overrides the pre-programmed mix envelope, giving the user dynamic control over the timbre of the sound.

[edit] Features and specifications

The internal synthesis architecture was based on the "AI Synthesis" system used in Korg's previous M and T-series synthesizers. The Wavestation offered 32-voice polyphony, up to four digital oscillators per patch, with a non-resonant low-pass filter and an amplifier block for each oscillator. Modulators, LFOs and envelope generators were offered as control sources for those blocks. The effects section contained two DSP blocks capable of a wide range of processing algorithms, such as reverb, delay, chorus, flanger, phaser, etc.

[edit] Memory allocation

Similar in structure to the Ensoniq VFX and Korg's M1, the Wavestation's top level of sound control is the Performance, which organizes up to eight Patches (parts) and two independent effect processors.^[11] A Performance also controls keyboard zoning, MIDI channel assignment, velocity switching, and other parameters. Each Bank contains 50 Performances.

Korg Wavestation Internal Memory
(excluding Card option)

	WS	WS EX	WS A/D	WS SR	Software
Performances	150		200	550	850
Patches	105		140	385	595
Wave Sequences	96		128	352	544
Wave Sequence Steps	1500		2000	5500	8500
Multisets	16			32	0*
	* Additional instances of software can be run simultaneously

Producing the synthesizer voices are Patches, the middle tier in the programming hierarchy. A patch consists of 1, 2, or 4 digital oscillators (A, B, C, and D). Tone generation is achieved by assigning any of the 20-bit PCM samples and single-cycle waveforms or a wave sequence to an oscillator. Each oscillator has its own digital filter, amplifier, amp envelope, general purpose envelope, two LFOs, and numerous modulation routings.^[12] The mix envelope for vector synthesis is also found at the Patch level. There are 35 Patches per Bank.

Wave Sequences are at the bottom tier of the Wavestation's programming structure. The Wavestation treats these as if they are discrete PCM waveforms when assigning them to oscillators in a Patch, although a wave sequence itself is created from a list of PCM waveforms in ROM or Card memory. The maximum number of steps per wave sequence is 255, and the maximum number of steps allocated per Bank is 500.^[8] It is therefore possible to exhaust the step memory in a Bank with two very long wave sequences. 32 wave sequences are available per Bank.

The Wavestation's Multimode organizes up to 16 Performances (one per MIDI channel) and two effects into a Multiset, which allows for multi-timbral reception from a MIDI sequencer or master keyboard controller.^[13] Multisets have two major drawbacks.^[3][14] First, a single, complex Performance may use up all of the polyphony in the Wavestation with only one or two keys depressed, so multiple complex Performances would result in extreme voice-stealing. The other drawback is that effects are vital to the overall sound of the Wavestation, but a Multiset cannot have 32 effects. So it ignores the original effects in Performances and assigns two new effects for use with all 16 Performances. Since a Performance can also transmit and receive multi-timbrally on eight parts, Multisets are generally superfluous.^[15]

[edit] Models

Korg Wavestation model comparison^[16][17][18]

	WS	WS EX	WS A/D	WS SR	Software
Latest OS	1.28*	3.19	1.25	1.15	1.6
PCM ROM	2MB	4MB
# of Samples	365	484			700+
# of Effects	47	55
RAM Banks	2		3
ROM Banks	1			8	14
PCM Card Type	M1-style			O1/W-style	N/A
Display	64×240 Graphic			16×2 Text	N/A
Vector Joystick	Yes			No	No
	*Upgradeable to 3.19 without additional 2MB EX-PCM data

• Wavestation (1990) — The first Wavestation keyboard to reach the market, it premiered the vector synthesis and wave sequencing concepts under the Korg brand. Its 2MB soundset was synth-oriented which lacked acoustic piano sounds and drums, relying instead on sampled waveforms from classic synthesizers of the 80s, most of the Prophet VS waveforms, and numerous attack transients and instrument samples from Korg's sample library.^[19] It could take Korg's proprietary PCM and RAM type expansion cards. The user interface comprised a 64×240 backlit, graphical LCD display with soft-key menu system (the buttons under the display), a data entry dial similar to that used on Roland's Alpha-Juno keyboards, a numeric keypad and other function buttons. A 61-key semi-weighted keyboard, pitch and modulation wheels, and a vector joystick comprised the player controls. The Wavestation received much critical acclaim, including Keyboard Magazine's "Hardware Innovation of the Year."^[4]

• Wavestation EX (1991) — Identical in form to the original Wavestation keyboard, Korg created the EX in response to player feedback and criticism. The EX doubled the ROM to 4MB by adding 119 new samples (most notably piano, drums, and the remaining Prophet VS waves), and eight new digital effects. Bugs in the operating system were also fixed (though several still remained). Those who had purchased an original Wavestation could buy the EXK-WS upgrade kit to convert their keyboards to the EX version.

• 

  

  Wavestation A/D
  Wavestation A/D (1991) — It was the first rackmount version of the Wavestation technology. Korg replaced the large joystick with a smaller version, the same display from the keyboard versions was retained, and an additional RAM bank added. A unique feature was its analog inputs, capable of accepting guitar, mic and line-level signal; it allowed the effect processors to process those signals in realtime (particularly useful with the vocoders in the new EX effects). All of the keyboard's front panel buttons also survived the transition, making the programming process identical to the original Wavestation. The A/D inputs also were an option when creating wave sequences, incorporating the input signal into the synthesis engine in realtime.

• Wavestation SR (1993) — The last hardware implementation of the Wavestation was a 1-unit rackmount model. It lacked the A/D inputs of its predecessor, the screen was downsized to a character-based 16×2 LCD, and most buttons, function keys, and the joystick disappeared. Marketed as a preset module, it featured eight ROM preset banks with Patches and Performances previously sold on expansion cards from Korg and Sound Source Unlimited, Inc. Without an external MIDI sound editor, programming was a very difficult task due to the small display.

• Software Wavestation (2004) — Fourteen years after the first Wavesation appeared, Korg released a software-based emulation of the synthesizer which also included all the instrument patches from Korg's line of expansion ROM cards. In late 2006 Korg released version 1.6 of the software Wavestation which added a resonant filter.

[edit] Design history

The Wavestation was designed by Dave Smith, who designed the Prophet-5, Prophet VS and, along with Roland, invented the MIDI protocol in the early 1980s. His synthesizer company, Sequential Circuits, declined in its market share and folded in 1988. Yamaha, who owned Korg at that time, bought Sequential Circuits and formed a new company from it called DSD (Dave Smith Designs) and they produced the SY22 and SY55.^[20][21] The team, ex-SCI engineers Dave Smith, John Bowen, Scott Peterson, and Stanley Jungleib, then went on to Korg in May 1989 and designed the Wavestation, refining many Prophet VS concepts.^[22]

The Wavestation A/D was the brainchild of Joe Bryan, then-Senior Design Engineer at Korg R&D.^[23] A guitar player, he wanted "something that worked with a simple midi guitar that would merge the guitar, synth and effects, and could be controlled from one or two buttons on the guitar." The idea was of little interest to his colleagues at first. Nevertheless, he found a prototype of a Sequential Circuits Prophet 2000 sampler and literally hacksawed the analog-to-digital converter circuitry from it, soldered that and a digital interface to the Wavestation's ROM bus to create the first prototype of the Wavestation A/D. The prototype convinced Bryan's colleagues of his idea.

[edit] Musical impact

The Wavestation is known as one of the best synth pad generators, and has been used by many musicians to explore uncommon synthesis textures. A few notable mainstream artists that used Wavestations in the early 1990s were Jan Hammer, Phil Collins, Gary Numan and Tony Banks of Genesis (who also used them on the band's 2007 European Tour) and Depeche Mode. Soundtrack composer Mark Snow also used a Wavestation SR when scoring episodes of the X-Files.^[24] British rock band Hawkwind used a Wavestation extensively on their Electric Tepee and It Is the Business of the Future to Be Dangerous albums.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Legacy

“	The Wavestation remains one of the most evocative, unusual, creatively-designed synths ever...	”
—Craig Anderton, Keyboard Magazine[25]

Today the Wavestation remains as a unique synthesizer and commands average prices in the used synth market. Korg has recently produced a collection of software-based synthesizers (Korg Legacy Collection) that incorporate the Wavestation original samples, wave sequences and presets, making the vector synthesis concept more affordable and known to a wider audience.

Korg's latest flagship music workstation, the 2005's OASYS, has a full-blown wave sequencing and vector synthesis implementation (complete with joystick), along with virtual analog, sample-based synthesis, and 16 MIDI + 16 digital audio tracks.

The sound of the Wavestation is familiar to users of the Apple Macintosh, since the startup chime that has featured on every mac since the Quadra 700 to present day was created by Jim Reekes on a Korg Wavestation.^[26] Reekes said, "The startup sound was done in my home studio on a Korg Wavestation. It's a C Major chord, played with both hands stretched out as wide as possible (with 3rd at the top, if I recall)."

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Korg Wavesation Owner's Manuals from Korg UK Support web site
• Vintage Synth
• Wavestation Sound Examples at Korg.co.uk (2MB MP3 format)
• Korg Wavestation Audio Workshop (German) 26 min. (16.6MB MP3 format)
• "Introduction to Vector Synthesis" - Stanley Jungleib, Electronic Musician November 1986 p.53, p.54