Kombu
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Kombu or konbu (Japanese: 昆布 IPA: [kombɯ]), also called dashima (Korean: 다시마 dasima), or haidai (traditional Chinese: 海帶; simplified Chinese: 海带; pinyin: Hǎidài), are edible kelp from the genus Laminaria widely eaten in East Asia.
Over 90 percent of Japanese kombu is cultivated, and most is harvested, in Hokkaidō. It is cultivated as far south as the Seto Inland Sea.
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[edit] History
The earliest written record of kombu appeared in Shoku Nihongi in 797 as a gift and tax from the Tōhoku Region. Its actual use is believed to be much earlier, most likely dating back to the Jōmon period, but as it easily decomposes, no archaeological evidence can be found. During the Muromachi period, a newly developed drying technique allowed kombu to be stored for more than a few days and kombu became an important export from the Tohoku area[citation needed]. By the Edo period, as Hokkaidō was colonized and shipment routes were organized, the use of kombu became widespread throughout Japan. Traditional Okinawan cuisine relies heavily on kombu as a part of the diet; this practice began in the Edo period. In Okinawa, the consumption of kombu per household is the highest of all prefectures. In the 20th century, a way to cultivate kombu was discovered and kombu became cheap and readily available everywhere.
In 1867 the word "kombu" first appeared in an English-language publication - "A Japanese and English Dictionary," by James C. Hepburn.
Starting in the 1960s, the word "kombu" started to be used widely in the United States, and the product (imported in dried form from Japan) became widely avaialable at natural food stores and Asian-American grocery stores, due to the influence of the macrobiotic movement, and in the 1970s with the growing number of Japanese restaurants and sushi bars.
[edit] Cooking
Kombu is used extensively in Japanese cuisines as one of the three main ingredients needed to make dashi, a soup stock. Kombu is usually sold dried or in a dried shred called "Oboro kombu". It may also be eaten fresh as sashimi. Making kombu dashi is simple though kombu dashi powder may also be used. A strip of dried kombu in cold water is brought to a boil as the very first step of making dashi and the softened kombu is commonly eaten after cooking.
It is also important in Chinese cuisine and Korean cuisine.
Kombu may be pickled with sweet and sour flavoring and are cut into small strips 5 or 6 centimeters long and 2 centimeters wide. These are often eaten as a snack with green tea.
It is often included when cooking beans, putatively to add nutrients and improve their digestibility.
[edit] Umami
Kombu naturally contains glutamic acid, an amino acid responsible for umami, a Japanese word for one of the proposed five basic tastes.
Glutamic acid is often used as a food additive and flavour enhancer in the form of its sodium salt, monosodium glutamate (MSG).
[edit] Prominent Species
(Japanese name followed by species)
- Marafuto kombu, Laminaria saccharina contains mannitol and considered sweeter
- Ma-kombu, Laminaria japonica
- Mitsuishi-kombu or dashi-kombu, Laminaria angustata commonly used in the making of dashi
- Naga-kombu, Laminaria longissima
- Rishiri-kombu, Laminaria ochotensis commonly used for soup stock
[edit] References
Davidson, Alan. Oxford Companion to Food (1999), "Kombu", p. 435 ISBN 0-19-211579-0
