Knout

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"Torture with an ordinary knout", an 18th century print

A knout (IPA: /ˈnaʊt/) is a heavy scourge-like multiple whip, usually made of a bunch of rawhide thongs attached to a long handle, sometimes with metal wire or hooks incorporated. The English word stems from the French transliteration of a Russian word.

[edit] Russian original

Some claim it was a Tatar invention and was introduced into Russia in the 15th century, maybe by Grand duke Ivan III the Great (1462-1505). Others trace the word to Varangians and derive it from the Swedish knutpiska, a kind of whip with knots. Still others maintain it is of generic Germanic origin, not necessarily Scandinavian, comparing it with the German Knute, Dutch knoet, Anglo-Saxon cnotta, English knot.

The Russian knout had different forms. One was a lash of raw hide, 40 centimetres (16 in) long, attached to a wooden handle, 22 centimetres (8.7 in) long. The lash ended in a metal ring, to which was attached a second lash as long, ending also in a ring, to which in turn was attached a few inches of hard leather ending in a beak-like hook. Another kind consisted of many thongs of skin plaited and interwoven with wire, ending in loose wired ends, like the cat-o-nine tails.

"Torture with a Great Knout"

A variation, known as the great knout, consisted of a handle about 60 centimetres (24 in) long, to which was fastened a flat leather thong about twice the length of the handle, terminating with a large copper or brass ring to which was affixed a strip of hide about five centimeters broad at the ring, and terminating at the end of 60 centimetres (24 in) in a point. This was soaked in milk and dried in the sun to make it harder. Knouts were used in Russia for flogging as formal corporal punishment of criminals and political offenders.

The victim was tied to a post or on a triangle of wood and stripped, receiving the specified number of strokes on the back. A sentence of 100 or 120 lashes was equivalent to a death sentence; even twenty lashes could maim, and with the specially extended Great Knout twenty blows could kill.

The executioner was usually a criminal who had to pass through a probation and regular training, being let off his own penalties in return for his services. Peter the Great is traditionally accused of knouting his son Alexis to death; whoever the executioner may have been, there is little doubt that he was beaten until he died.

The emperor Nicholas I abolished the earlier forms of knout in 1845, and substituted the pleti, a lash with three-thongs which could end in lead balls. The knout was later abolished throughout Russia and reserved for the penal settlements, mainly in Siberia, adding another cruelty to the often fatal hardships of convict life there.

[edit] Elsewhere and metaphoric use

The dreaded instrument became synonymous in Western European languages with what was seen as the tyrannical cruelty of the autocratic government of Russia, much as the sjambok brought to mind the Apartheid government of South Africa or lynching was associated with the period of Jim Crow laws in America.

The expression "under the knout" is used to designate any harsh totalitarianism, and by extension its equivalent in a private context, e.g. a grim patriarch ruling his household 'with an iron rod'. In Dutch, the image is commonly used for strict party discipline, e.g. eliminating actual debate when passing a law (compare the Whip function in English).