Kiowa-Tanoan languages

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Distribution of Kiowa-Tanoan languages before European contact
Distribution of Kiowa-Tanoan languages before European contact

Kiowa-Tanoan (also Tanoan-Kiowa) is a family of languages spoken in New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Most of the languages — Tiwa (Taos, Picuris, Southern Tiwa), Tewa, and Towa — are spoken in the Pueblos of New Mexico (with one outlier in Arizona) and called collectively Tanoan, while Kiowa is spoken mostly in southwestern Oklahoma.

Contents

[edit] Kiowa-Tanoan languages

The Kiowa-Tanoan language family has seven languages grouped into four branches.

A. Kiowa

1) Kiowa: 300 speakers

B. Tiwa

I. Northern Tiwa
2) Taos: 803 speakers (1980 census)
3) Picuris: 101 speakers (1990 census)
II. Southern Tiwa
4) Southern Tiwa
dialects:
Sandia - 144 speakers
Isleta - 1588 speakers
Ysleta del Sur (extinct)
III. Piro
5) Piro (extinct)

C. Tewa

6) Tewa: total of 1,298 speakers (1980 census)
dialects:
Arizona Tewa (Tano)
Rio Grande Tewa groups (Santa Clara - 207 speakers, San Juan - 495 speakers, San Ildefonso - 349 speakers, Nambe - 50 speakers, Pojoaque - 25 speakers, and Tesuque - 172 speakers)

D. Jemez

7) Jemez (a.k.a. Towa): 1,301 speakers (1990 census)

[edit] Genealogical relations

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The Kiowa-Tanoan family has been connected to the Uto-Aztecan family in a hypothetical Aztec-Tanoan proposal. Although still undemonstrated, many linguists find this hypothesis to be promising.

[edit] Prehistory, archaeological perspectives

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[edit] Historical phonology

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The chart below[1] contains the reconstructed consonants of the Kiowa-Tanoan proto-language as reconstructed by Hale (1967) based on consonant correspondences in stem-initial position.

Labial Apical Apical
Fricated		 Velar Velar
Labial		 Glottal
Plosive voiced *b *d *ʒ (*g) *gʷ
plain *p *t *c *k *kʷ *ʔ
glottalized *p’ *t’ *c’ *k’ *kʷ’
aspirated *pʰ *tʰ *cʰ *kʰ *kʷʰ
Nasal *m *n
Fricative *s *h
Glide *w

The evidence for *g comes from prefixes; *g has not been found in stem-initial position and thus is in parentheses above. Hale also reconstructs the nasalization feature for nasal vowels. Vowel quality and prosodic features like vowel length, tone, and stress have not yet been reconstructed for the Kiowa-Tanoan family. However, Hale (1967) does certain sets of vowel quality correspondences.

The following table illustrates the reconstructed initial consonants in Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan and its reflexes in the daughter languages.

Initial consonants in proto-language and daughter languages
Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan Taos Tewa Jemez Kiowa Proto-
Kiowa-Tanoan		 Taos Tewa Jemez Kiowa
consonant environment
*h h h ∅ [2] h *ʒ j j, dʒ z d
*ʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ ∅ *d before oral vowel l d d
*p p p p p before nasal vowel n n n
*p’ p’ p’ p’ p’ *n n
*pʰ pʰ f ɸ pʰ *w w w w j
*b m m m b *gʷ kʷ g
*m m (*g) k g k
*t t t t t *k k k
*c tʃ [3] ts s *kʷ kʷ kʷ g
*tʰ tʰ θ ʃ tʰ *kʷ’ kʷ’ kʷ’ k’
*cʰ s s *k’ k’ k’ k’
*s ɬ c [4] s *kʰ x x h kʰ
*t’ t’ t’ t’ t’ *kʷʰ xʷ xʷ
*c’ tʃ’ [5] ts’

As can be seen in the above table, a number of phonological mergers have occurred in the different languages. Cognate sets supporting the above are listed below:

Cognate sets demonstrating initial consonant correspondences[6]
 Taos   Tewa   Jemez   Kiowa  meaning(s)
*b mɑ̃ mãʔ mĩ́ː bɔ "to bring"
*m mæ̃̀n- mãn mãté mɔ̃ː-dɔ "hand"
*d (+ V) līlū- diː délʔɨː – "fowl"
*d (+ Ṽ) ˈnæ̃̄m- nãn nṍː dɔ̃-m "sand" (in Taos), "ground" (in Tewa, Kiowa), "space" (in Jemez)
*n næ̃̄ nãː nĩ́ː nɔ̃ː first person singular
*c ˈtʃī tsíː sé ta "eye"
*t tũ̀ tṹ tɨ̃́ tõ- "to say"
*cʰ sũ̀ sũwẽ sɨ̃́ tʰõ-m "to drink"
*tʰ ˈtʰɤ̄ θáː ʃó tʰa- "to break" (in Taos, Tewa, Jemez), "to sever several" (in Kiowa)
*c’ ˈtʃ’ɑ̄- – – t’ɔ-l "liver"
*t’ t’ɑ́- t’on t’aː t’ɔː "antelope"
*ʒ jɑ̄- – zǽː dɔ "song" (in Taos, Jemez), "to sing" (in Kiowa)

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ The Americanist phonetic symbols differ from the IPA: Amer. < c > = IPA < ts >, Amer < ʒ > = IPA < dz >.
  2. ^ The null set symbol ∅ represents the lack of a consonant, i.e. the reconstructed proto-sound was deleted in the daughter language.
  3. ^ Taos (and also Picuris) /tʃ/ varies between post-alveolar [tʃ] and alveolar [ts].
  4. ^ The consonant is represented as a palatalized [tʸ] in Hale (1967) and palatalized [kʸ] in Hale (1962).
  5. ^ Taos (and also Picuris) /tʃ’/ varies between post-alveolar [tʃ’] and alveolar [ts’].
  6. ^ The data here is from Hale (1967), which in turn is gathered from G. Trager's publications (for Taos), Harrington's publications (for Kiowa), Dozier in personal communication to Hale (for Tewa), and Hale's own fieldwork on Jemez.

[edit] Bibliography

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