Kingston, Ontario
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| City of Kingston, Ontario | |
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| Motto: Where history and innovation thrive. | |
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| Coordinates: | |
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| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| County | Frontenac |
| Established | 1673 (as Fort Cataraqui; later renamed Fort Frontenac) |
| Incorporated | 1838 (as town); 1846 (as city) |
| Government | |
| - City Mayor | Harvey Rosen |
| - Governing Body | Kingston City Council |
| - MPs | Peter Milliken (LPC) |
| - MPPs | John Gerretsen (OLP) |
| Area | |
| - City | 450.39 km² (173.9 sq mi) |
| - Metro | 1,906.82 km² (736.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 70–110 m (230–360 ft) |
| Population (2006) | |
| - City | 117,207 |
| - Density | 260.0/km² (656.6/sq mi) |
| - Metro | 152,358 |
| - Metro Density | 77.0/km² (199.4/sq mi) |
| source: Statistics Canada | |
| Time zone | Eastern (EST) (UTC-5) |
| - Summer (DST) | Eastern (EDT) (UTC-4) |
| Postal code span | K7K through K7P |
| Website: http://www.cityofkingston.ca/ | |
Kingston, Ontario, the first capital[1] of Canada, is located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St. Lawrence River and the Thousand Islands begin.
Kingston is the county seat of Frontenac County. According to the 2006 Canadian census, the population of the city proper was 117,207,[2] while the population of the metropolitan area was 152,358.
Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because of the many historic buildings built from the local limestone.
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[edit] History
The French originally settled upon a traditional Mississaugas First Nation site called Katerokwi (Cataraqui in the common transliteration, and according to French pronunciation rules should be said "kah-tah-RAH-kee," although it is generally pronounced "kah-tah-ROCK-way") in 1673 and established Fort Cataraqui, later to be called Fort Frontenac. The fort was captured and destroyed by the British in the Battle of Fort Frontenac during the Seven Years' War in 1758. A receiving centre for fleeing refugees from the American Revolution some years later, Kingston became the primary community of south-eastern Upper Canada.
New settlement from the United Empire Loyalists (UEL) and Mohawks from the Six Nations in New York, led by Molly Brant (the sister of Six Nations Leader Joseph Brant - Tyendinega), formed a significant part of an expanding population in the area at the end of the 18th century.
During the War of 1812, Kingston was the base for the Lake Ontario division of the Great Lakes British naval fleet which engaged in a vigorous arms race with the American fleet based at Sackett's Harbor, New York for control of Lake Ontario. After the war, Britain built Fort Henry and a series of distinctive Martello towers to guard the entrance to the Rideau Canal. All still exist, and Fort Henry is a popular tourist attraction. In 2007, the Rideau Canal and the fortifications at Kingston were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kingston's location at the Rideau Canal entrance to Lake Ontario, after canal construction was completed in 1832, made it the primary military and economic centre of Upper Canada. Incorporated as a town in 1838, the first mayor of Kingston was Thomas Kirkpatrick. Kingston had the largest population of any centre in Upper Canada until the 1840s. Kingston was incorporated as a city in 1846.
Kingston was the first capital of the united Canadas before Confederation from 1841 to 1844, and hosted the first meeting of the Parliament of the United Canadas on June 13, 1841 on the site of what is now Kingston General Hospital. The city was considered too small and lacking in amenities, however, and its location made it vulnerable to American attack. Consequently, the capital was moved to alternating locations in Montreal and Toronto, and then later to Ottawa in 1857. Subsequently, Kingston's growth slowed considerably and its national importance declined.
Kingston was the home of Canada's first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Kingston remained an important Great Lakes port and a centre for shipbuilding and locomotive manufacturing, including the Canadian Locomotive Company, at one time the largest locomotive works in the British Empire. Most heavy industry has now left the city, and employment is now primarily in the institutional, military, and service/retail sectors.
Kingston grew moderately through the 20th century through a series of annexations of lands in adjacent Kingston Township, including a 1951 annexation which encompassed areas west to the Little Cataraqui creek (including the village of Portsmouth) where a number of large residential subdivisions were built in the late 1950s and early '60s.
Municipal governance had been a topic of discussion since the mid-1970s due to financial imbalance between the city and the surrounding townships, which now had large residential areas and a population approaching that of the city proper. On January 1, 1998, the City was amalgamated with Kingston Township and Pittsburgh Township to form a new City of Kingston. The city's boundaries now encompass large rural areas north of Highway 401 and east of the Cataraqui River.
The term "Cataraqui", from the original native name for Kingston, today refers to an area around the intersection of Princess Street and Sydenham Road where a village of that name was located. Cataraqui is also the name of a municipal electoral ward.
[edit] Kingston's military history
Kingston, being strategically located at the head of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River near the border with the United States, has been a site of vital military importance since Fort Frontenac was built in 1673. The French and British established military garrisons here, and several defensive fortifications were constructed. Military shipbuilding has also been a part of Kingston's history. Camp Barriefield, now McNaughton Barracks, was constructed at the beginning of the First World War and expanded during the Second World War. Vimy Barracks was established in 1937 for the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals (later the Royal Canadian School of Signals). A military aerodrome was constructed to the west of Kingston to support flying training during the Second World War.
Kingston's military units and facilities are supported by Canadian Forces Base Kingston (CFB Kingston). Vimy and McNaughton Barracks, which are located east of Kingston's downtown, today house the Canadian Forces School of Communications and Electronics (CFSCE), the Canadian Forces' military communications training centre and several other units. Other establishments include Fort Frontenac located on the site of the original fort, and the Royal Military College of Canada located on Point Frederick.
[edit] Economy
Kingston's economy relies heavily on public sector institutions and establishments. The most important sectors are related to health care, education (Queen's University and Royal Military College), government (including the military and correctional services), tourism and culture, manufacturing, and research and development. One of Kingston's major industrial employers of the 20th century, the Canadian Locomotive Company, is long closed. The former Alcan and DuPont operations employ far fewer people than in the past.
[edit] General
According to the Kingston Economic Development Corporation, in a 2004 report, the 20 largest employers in Kingston were:
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[edit] Transportation
Highway 401, which runs north of the city, is the principal access route into Kingston. From the South, Interstate 81 merges with Highway 401 just East of Kingston. Seasonal ferry service from Cape Vincent, New York, via Wolfe Island, into downtown Kingston is also an available route to the south.
VIA Rail corridor service connects Kingston along the main line between Windsor and Quebec. By air Kingston is served by Norman Rogers Airport with Air Canada providing regular service to Toronto only.
Kingston Transit provides local municipal bus service.
Cycling in kingston is, for the most part, along regular roadways without markings or trails.
[edit] Culture
Kingston has developed a thriving artistic and entertainment life. The city hosts several festivals during the year, including the Limestone City Blues Festival, the Kingston Canadian Film Festival, Fanfayr, the Kingston Buskers' Rendezvous, Kingston Sheep Dog Trials,Kingston Jazz Festival, Canada DanceSport, Reelout Queer Film Festival, Feb Fest, the Limestone Classic, the Chilifest.
Kingston is home to many artists who work in visual arts, media arts, and a growing number who work in other time-based disciplines such as performance art. The contemporary arts scene in particular has two long standing professional non-profit venues in the downtown area, the Agnes Etherington Art Centre(founded 1957), and Modern Fuel Artist-Run Centre (founded 1977). Local artists often participate in the exhibition programming of each organization, while each also presents the work of artists from across Canada and around the world - inkeeping with their educational mandates. Alternative venues for the presentation of exhibition programs in Kingston include The Union Gallery (Queen's University's student art gallery), Verb Gallery, Open Studio 22, the Kingston Arts Council gallery, and The Artel: Arts Accommodations and Venue.
Music and theatre is alive and well in the limestone city, thanks to Kingston's Grand Theatre (Kingston), Domino Theatre, Theatre Kingston and The Wellington Street Theatre, and other small groups that dot the downtown area. The Kingston Symphony Orchestra performs at The Grand Theatre, as do several amateur and semi-professional theatre groups. (Following a successful fundraising campaign, the Grand Theatre has been closed for renovations and will reopen in the spring of 2008. [1])
The city has spawned several musicians and musical groups, most of whom are known mainly within Canada, but a few of whom have achieved international success. These include John Kay, lead singer, harmonica player, and occasional guitarist of the heavy metal late 60s/early 70s band Steppenwolf, members of The Tragically Hip, The Mahones, jazz singer Andy Poole, Bedouin Soundclash, Sarah Harmer, The Arrogant Worms, The Headstones, The Inbreds, and David Usher, formerly of Moist.
Kingston is also the birth place of Bryan Adams. Singer Avril Lavigne, from nearby Napanee, began her career after gaining notice singing at a Kingston fair and bookstore. The first winner of the television series Canadian Idol was Kingston native Ryan Malcolm.
Poet Michael Andre was raised in Kingston, and actor Dan Aykroyd makes his home near Kingston.
[edit] Education
Kingston is the site of two universities, Queen's University and the Royal Military College of Canada, and a major community college, St. Lawrence College.
[edit] Queen's University
Queen's University is one of Canada's oldest universities and offers a variety of degree programs. One of the oldest radio stations in the world, CFRC-FM, broadcasts from the university. The university was founded in 1841 under royal charter from Queen Victoria. It currently has an enrollment of more than 13,000 undergraduate and 4,000 graduate students.
[edit] Royal Military College of Canada
RMC, established in 1876, is Canada's largest military university (the other being Collège militaire royal in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec), providing academic and leadership training to officer cadets and other members of Canada's armed forces.
[edit] St. Lawrence College
St. Lawrence College offers baccalaureate degree programs at its Kingston campus, in behavioural psychology, microelectronics and nursing.
[edit] Primary and secondary education
The Limestone District School Board serves students in the counties of Frontenac and Lennox and Addington. Along with the Limestone School of Community Education, which provides adult education and training programs, approximately 23,000 students attend 56 elementary and 12 secondary schools. The Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board serves students of the Roman Catholic faith. Approximately 15,000 students attend 36 elementary schools and 5 secondary schools in this school district. The francophone community is served by two school boards, the Conseil des écoles publique de l'est de l'Ontario and the Conseil des écoles catholique de langue française du centre-est, each providing one secondary school in the area.
Local secondary schools:
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[edit] Geography and climate
Kingston is located at (44.22, -76.48).[3]
The central part of the city is located between the Cataraqui River to the east and the Little Cataraqui Creek to the West, with outlying areas extending in both directions.
Kingston has a rich and beautiful waterfront. Major features include Flora MacDonald Confederation Basin, Portsmouth Olympic Harbour, Collins Bay, Wolfe Island, Garden Island, the Cataraqui River (including the Inner Harbour and, within that, Anglin Bay).
Notable annual waterfront events include the CORK sailing regatta, the Kingston Dragon Boat Festival, and the Thousand Islands Poker Run.
Because of its proximity to Lake Ontario, Kingston typically enjoys less extreme temperatures than areas inland.
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[edit] Sports
See also the Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame
[edit] Hockey
Although contested, Kingston lays claim to being the birthplace of ice hockey. This claim arises from a game played in 1886 between Queen's University and the Royal Military College of Canada, and is recognized by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The rivalry between Queen's and RMC is the world's oldest in hockey.
Kingston is represented in the OHL by the Kingston Frontenacs, and in OPJHL by the Kingston Voyageurs.
The International Hockey Hall of Fame, established in 1943 and erected in 1965, is located in Kingston, near the Kingston Memorial Centre. New to the city is the K-Rock Centre, located in the downtown core. The arena opened in February 2008.
Several NHL players, coaches and personalities have been associated with Kingston including:
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[edit] Sailing
The city is famous for its fresh-water sailing, and hosted the sailing events for the 1976 Summer Olympics. CORK — Canadian Olympic-training Regatta, Kingston — now hosted by CORK/Sail Kingston Inc. is still held every August. Kingston is listed by a panel of experts among the top yacht racing venues in the USA, even though Kingston is, of course, in Canada.
Here is a list of major regattas hosted by Kingston over the years.
Kingston sits amid excellent cruising and boating territory, with easy access to Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River, and the Thousand Islands including the St. Lawrence Islands National Park.
Kingston is also home to the youth sail training ship called the St-Lawrence 2.
During the summers, the RMC campus in Kingston plays host to a Sea Cadet camp called HMCS Ontario, which provides sail training along with lots of other training to youth from across Canada.
[edit] Diving
Kingston is a well-known destination for fresh-water wreck diving. Some of Kingston's wrecks can be classed among the best fresh water wrecks in the world. Kingston's wrecks are well preserved by its cool fresh water, and the recent zebra mussel invasion has caused a drastic improvement in water clarity that has enhanced the quality of diving in the area.
See also the List of Shipwrecks of Kingston Ontario.
[edit] Golf
The Kingston area is well known for its fine golf courses and for the many strong players it has produced. The Kingston Golf Club, established in 1884, was a founding member of the Royal Canadian Golf Association in 1895. The first winner of the Amateur Canadian Golf Championship that same year was Kingstonian Thomas Harley, a Scottish emigre carpenter. Dick Green was the longtime club professional for nearly 40 years at Cataraqui Golf and Country Club, which has one of Canada's top courses (designed by Stanley Thompson). Green, a superb player and teacher, also designed several courses in Eastern Ontario, including Smiths Falls, Glen Lawrence, Amherstview, Garrison, Rivendell, and Colonnade. Matt McQuillan, now a professional player on the Canadian Tour, was born and raised in Kingston, and developed his game at the Garrison Golf and Curling Club. McQuillan won the 2005 Telus Edmonton Open.
[edit] Curling
The Royal Kingston Curling Club is one of Canada's oldest. It was founded in 1820, and was granted Royal patronage in 1993. In 2006, the RKCC moved to a new facility, to make way for the construction of a new complex at Queen's University, the Queen's Centre.
[edit] Rugby
The Kingston Panthers R.F.C, recently celebrated their fortieth anniversary with an EORU championship in the Division 1 championship game at Twin Elms Rugby Pitch in Nepean, Ontario. The Queen's University Golden Gaels have won nearly half the titles in Ontario league play since the mid-1980s.[citation needed]
[edit] Demographics
According to the mid-2001 census, there were 146,838 people residing in the Kingston Census Metropolitan Area,[4] of whom 49.1% were male and 50.9% were female. Children under five accounted for approximately 5.1% of the resident population of Kingston. This compares with 5.8% in Ontario, and almost 5.6% for Canada overall.
In mid-2001, 14.1% of the resident population in Kingston were of retirement age (65 and over for males and females) compared with 13.2% in Canada. As a result, the average age is 38.1 years of age as compared to 37.6 years of age for all of Canada. Kingston has a reputation as a suitable place for retirees to settle.
In the five years between 1996 and 2001, the population of Kingston grew by 1.6%, compared with an increase of 6.1% for Ontario as a whole. Population density of Kingston averaged 77.0 people per square kilometre, compared with an average of 12.6 people per square kilometre for Ontario altogether.
The population of Kingston shows significant turnover because of its relatively large student population (about 10%) and the number of military residents associated with Canadian Forces Base Kingston.
According to the Government of Canada 2001 census, 95.3% of the population were Caucasian; of the visible minorities, 1.1% were Chinese, 1.1% were South Asian, and 0.6% were black.
[edit] Religious belief
- Protestant: 46.8%
- Roman Catholic: 30.8%
- Other Christian: 2.4%
- Other religions: 2.2%
- No religion: 17.8%
[edit] Notable residents
[edit] Corrections Canada
Kingston has the largest concentration of federal correctional facilities in Canada. Of the nine institutions located in the Kingston area, seven of them are located within the municipal boundaries of the city.
- Kingston Penitentiary (maximum security)
- Regional Treatment Centre (multi-level security), co-located within Kingston Penitentiary
- Joyceville Institution (medium security)
- Pittsburgh Institution (minimum security), co-located with Joyceville
- Collins Bay Institution (medium security)
- Frontenac Institution (minimum security), co-located with Collins Bay
- Isabel McNeil House (minimum security), transitional facility for women inmates
Millhaven Institution (maximum security), and Bath Institution (medium security), are located in the nearby village of Bath.
Until 2000, Canada's only federal correctional facility for women, the Prison For Women (nicknamed "P4W") was also located in Kingston. As a result of the report of the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston, the facility was closed in 2000. Queen's University purchased the property and intends to renovate it to house the Queen's Archives.
[edit] Media
Queen's University campus radio, CFRC-FM, is one of the oldest stations in the world, having been founded in 1922. In addition to local outlets, radio and television stations from New York state (especially the Watertown market) are readily available in Kingston. One such station, WLYK in Cape Vincent, New York, promotes itself as a Kingston station — and operates from studios in Kingston — despite being officially licensed to an American community.
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Radio
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Television
In addition, Kingston receives CTV and Global service from transmitters licensed to Bancroft and Deseronto.
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[edit] See also
[edit] Sister cities
[edit] Related Wikipedia articles
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- Kingston, Ontario is at coordinates Coordinates:
[edit] Community information
- Official City of Kingston Website
- Kingston Economic Development Corporation
- The Community Foundation of Greater Kingston
- Kingston Frontenac Public Library
- Community Information Centre database
- Kingston Transit routes
- The International Hockey Hall of Fame
- Kingston Genealogy, Heritage, & History links
- Kingston Electors (local government issues)
- Kingston Taxpayer's Association
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