Kingdom of Mangalai
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Mangalai was a Central Asian kingdom, mentioned by Marco Polo.
- "The province called by Mirza Haidar, ‘Mangalai Suyah,’ extended, as we have seen, from the western limit of Farghána as far east as the modern Kara Shahr, a town and district that, in his day, bore the name of Chálish, and more anciently that of ‘Yanki’ or ‘Yen-Ki.’ This district, and the larger one of Turfán, that lay beyond it to the eastward, formed, during the two centuries (or the greater part of them) that the Tárikh-i-Rashidi embraces, a Moghul principality which had an entirely separate government from that of the chief Moghul Khanate. During the latter half of the fourteenth century and the first quarter of the fifteenth, while the Dughlát Amirs were in power in the provinces of Kashghar, Aksu, Khotan, etc.—that is, in the whole of Alti-Shahr—there is nothing in the Tárikh-i-Rashidi, or in the work of any Musulman author that I am acquainted with, to indicate who were the rulers of these eastern districts, except Mirza Haidar's mention of their temporary conquest by Khizir Khwája. It seems probable, from what may be learned from the side of China, that the region was regarded as more or less under the power of the Moghul Khans, and the author of the Zafar-Náma, in narrating the wars between Timur and the Moghuls, seems also to imply that this was the case, as has been seen above. Later, again, towards the middle of the fifteenth century, when a division in the Moghul Ulus had taken place, Isán Bugha II., with the support of one section, set himself up in Chálish and Turfán, and there established a separate principality, or Khanate, which lasted down to, and even beyond, the date when Mirza Haidar's history closes.
- Our author is fond, as will be found in the course of his narrative, of using copulate names, and therefore generally applies to this eastern Khanate, the form Chálish-Turfán, or ‘Chálish and Turfán,’ from its two central and principal districts. There were times, however, as he relates, when the province of Aksu also fell under the rule of the eastern Khan, though it belonged properly to Alti-Shahr. But on two occasions he mentions a country or province of Uighuristán, and in one passage, when describing the boundaries of ‘Mangalai Suyah,’ says that it marched, on the east, with the province of Uighuristán. It would appear, therefore, that the small eastern Khanate really bore that name down to the sixteenth century; and if this is the case, the survival is an interesting one."[1]
- "Buláji belonged to Aksu. When Chaghatái Khán apportioned his kingdom, he gave Mangalái Suyah to Urtubu, who was the grandfather of Amir Buláji. Mangalái Suyah is the equivalent of Aftáb Ru, or “sun-faced.” It is bounded on the east by Kusan and Tárbugur; on the west by Sám, Gaz and Jakishmán, which are situated on the confines of Farghána; on the north by Issigh Kul, and on the south by Jorján and Sárigh-Uighur. This territory is called Mangalái Suyah, and it was subject to Amir Buláji. In his time it contained many large towns, the most important of which were Káshghar, Khotan, Yárkand, Kásán, Akhsiket, Andiján, Aksu, At-Bashi and Kusan. From all these towns, Amir Buláji selected Aksu as a residence, and it was in Aksu that Tásh Timur found him. As he still had with him the one brown [kabud] goat, he received the surname [lakab] of Kuk Uchgu, which is now borne by all his descendants."[2]
The Rulers were:
Babdagan c. 1220-c. 1240
To the Mongols........................................1224-1227
To the Mongol Chagataiid Horde 1227-1348
Urtu Baraq 1240-c. 1260
unknown
Puladchi c. 1340-c. 1362
A part of Mogulistan 1348-1514
Hudaidad 1362-c. 1390
Seyyed Ahmad Mirza c. 1390-c. 1420
Seyyed 'Ali c. 1420-1457
Sansiz Mirza 1457-1464
Muhammad Haidar Mirza (in Yarkand 1457-1480) 1464-1480
Mirza Abu Bakr (the Chodja in Kashgar 1480-1514) 1480-1514 opposed by:
Mansur Khan ibn Ahmad (Mogulistan 1508-14, Turfan 1503-45) 1504-1514
Imal Khodja ibn Mansur Khan 1514-1516
To the Mogulistan again 1516-1521
Abd ar-Rashid Khan I (Mogulistan 1533-60) 1521-1533
Muhammad Khan ibn Abd ar-Rashid 1534-1588 opposed by:
Abd al-Karim Khan ibn Abd ar-Rashid 1534-1560
Muhammad Baki Sultan 1588-1591
Shah Khodja ad-Din Ahmad Khan (at Kashgar 1596-1609) 1591-1596
Timur Sultan (in Kashgar 1609-1614) 1596-1609
Hashim Mirza Bairin 1609-1614
Iskandar Sultan 1614-1615
Sultan Ahmad 1615-1632
Abdallah Khan 1632-1638
Gazi Shah Khodja 1638-1641
Shah Beg 1641-1642
Shahid Mirza Churas 1642-1651
Nur ad-Din Khan (Mogulistan 1669) 1651-1666
Ismail Khan (Mogulistan 1669, 1670-78, 1679-82) 1666-1670
To the Kashgar 1670-1743
Ayyub Khodja 1743-1755
Avdai Beg 1756-1759
To China 1759-1864
Sadiq Beg 1864-1866
To the Kingdom of Kashgaria (or Xinjiang) 1866-1877
Hakim Khan Tura 1877
To China since 1877.
[edit] References
- ^ N. Elias (translation by E. Denison Ross) of the Tarikh-i-Rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia by Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlát (completed about 1542). Sampson Low, Marston and Company, London (1895), pp. 99*-100*.
- ^ N. Elias (translation by E. Denison Ross) of the Tarikh-i-Rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia by Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlát (completed about 1542). Sampson Low, Marston and Company, London (1895), pp. 7-8.
