King George whiting
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 Profile of the King George Whiting
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| Sillaginodes punctatus Cuvier, 1829 |
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 Range of the King George whiting
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The King George whiting, Sillaginodes punctatus, (also known as the spotted whiting or spotted sillago) is a coastal marine fish of the smelt-whitings family Sillaginidae. The King George whiting is endemic to Australia, inhabiting the south coast of the country from Jurien Bay, Western Australia to Botany Bay, New South Wales in the east. The King George whiting is the only member of the genus Sillaginodes and the largest member of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae, growing to a length of 72 cm and 4.8 kg in weight. The species is readily distinguishable from other Australian whitings by its unique pattern of spots, as well as its highly elongate shape.
King George whiting are often found in bays and protected waterways over sand and seagrass beds, also venturing out onto deep continental shelf reefs during adulthood. The species is a benthic carnivore, consuming a variety of crustaceans, polychaete worms, molluscs and fish. The King George whiting forms the basis of one of southern Australia's most important commercial fisheries, reportedly worth over five million Australian dollars per year. The species is also heavily targeted by recreational anglers, who value the whiting for its sporting and eating qualities.
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[edit] Taxonomy and naming
The King George whiting is the only species nested in the genus Sillaginodes, which itself is in the family Sillaginidae, containing all the smelt whitings. The Sillaginidae are part of the Percoidei, a suborder of the order Perciformes. [1]
The King George whiting was first officially named by Cuvier in 1829 based on an individual taken from King George Sound in Western Australia. [2] A number of synonyms have been applied after the initial correct naming, apparently due to Cuvier not designating a holotype, or it being lost. A lectotype was finally designated by McKay in 1985. The species has a variety of common names (many now obsolete), with the most common, “King George whiting”, taken from the name of the body of water where the initial description was made. It is also often called the spotted whiting in reference to its obliquely positioned bars of brown spots, with other names used in markets, especially outside of Australia.
[edit] Anatomy
The King George whiting has the same overall profile as the rest of the Sillaginid fishes, an elongate, slightly compressed body with a tapering head and terminal mouth. The genus Sillaginodes is distinguished by a first dorsal fin with twelve or thirteen spines and the second dorsal fin with a single spine and 25 to 27 soft rays. The vertebrae number between 42 and 44 in the genus. [2]
The King George whiting is the only member of the genus Sillaginodes and is further distinguished from any other possible taxa assigned to that genus by a number of distinct anatomical features. It is the largest of the Sillaginid fishes with 129 to 147 lateral line scales, and like all fishes in the family is best distinguished by the shape of its swim bladder. In plan view, the swim bladder has a land slug-like appearance, with a posteriorly tapering extension and two anterolateral extensions or ‘horns’. There are no duct-like processes on the ventral surface unlike taxa in the genus Sillago. [2]
In situations where identification is needed quickly, the colour of the King George whiting is also very distinctive, with a pale golden brown to olive brown top colour and white to silver colour on its underside. The species also as distinct obliquely positioned rows of brown spots running the length of its body, which are apparent to see even after removal from the water and after death. The caudal, anal and pectoral fins are usually a light brown, with some having olive green caudal fins. [3]
As mentioned, it is the largest member of Sillaginidae, growing to a maximum length of 72 cm long and 4.8 kg in weight.
[edit] Distribution and habitat
The King George whiting is endemic to Southern Australia, ranging lower Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and occasionally even lower New South Wales. The westernmost reported capture was in Jurien Bay and the furthest east King George whiting have been reported from is Botany Bay in New South Wales (although this appears to be a rare occurrence). [2]
King George whiting are most commonly found in tidal bays, estuaries and creeks along the coast of the mainland and numerous islands scattered throughout the species’ range. There is a distinct difference in habitat between the adult and juvenile fish, with the juveniles more inclined to inhabit shallower waters in protected bays, creeks and estuaries.[4] A favourite habitat of young fish appears to be Zostera and Posidonia seaweed beds in protected bays, apparently using the seaweed as protection and for foraging purposes. [5] Juveniles tend to form schools of varying sizes, occasionally schooling with other species, including other members of the Sillaginidae family. [3] Adults tend to be solitary and found in deeper water in a range of habitats including bays, offshore surf gutters, broken bottom and deep reef, also venturing into shallower water on occasion.
[edit] Ecology
[edit] Diet
The King George whiting’s distinctive body shape and mouth placement is an adaptation to bottom feeding, which is the predominant method of feeding for all whiting species. All larger whiting feed by using their protrusile jaws and tube-like mouths to suck up various types of prey from in, on or above the ocean substrate. [5] There is a large body of evidence that shows whiting do not rely on visual cues when feeding, instead using a system based on the vibrations emitted by their prey. [6]
Studies of gut content have shown that the primary food items of King George whiting are amphipods, copepods and polychaete worms. [7] Unlike any of its relatives, the King George whiting does not appear to feed on molluscs, which is unusual because in many parts of Southern Australia, the main bait used by recreational fishers to catch whiting is the cockle; a mollusc. Also rare in the diet are echinoderms, which are frequent prey for other species of Sillago. This may be a function of niche partitioning, as in many areas the King George whiting’s habitat overlaps with other species of the genus Sillago.[5] Other minor components of the diet include crustaceans such as carids, leptostracans, stomatopods, crabs, tanaids, cumaceans and isopods as well as other fish and benthic algae.
As previously mentioned, younger fish tend to school when foraging, and have been known to forage in groups with other species such as silver trevally, tarwhine and other species of whiting. [3] Larger fish tend to occupy areas with larger species such as Australasian snapper, blue morwong and larger trevally.
[edit] Predators
King George whiting, especially juveniles, are known to be common prey for a number of larger inshore fishes and wading birds. The most prominent inshore predators are Australian salmon, members of the flathead family, the barracouta (a snake mackerel), snook as well as various species of sharks and rays. [8] Various species of diving birds, particularly the Pied Cormorant are also common predators of the species, [9] as are marine mammals such as Bottlenose and Common Dolphins are also known to be predators of the King George whiting. [10]
[edit] Reproduction
King George whiting reach sexual maturity at three to four years of age, with males reaching 30 cm in length and females 34 cm. These lengths are used as guides when setting minimum legal lengths for the species, allowing adequate time for an individual to reproduce before being taken. [11] Spawning occurs in a range of areas, depending on the geographic locality of the individual; some spawning in deeper water up to 9 m deep, others in estuaries. [12] May and June are the most common times for spawning, with some spawning events recorded as early as February and as late as July. [13]
Juvenile fish are recruited to areas by ocean currents, with studies showing the species is too weak a swimmer to be able to undertake long distance journeys. [14] The location of spawning also has implications for the location of the juveniles, as with some estuary breeding individuals.
[edit] Importance to humans
The King George whiting is a highly rated food fish and is common in southern Australia and so has become a major component of the commercial and recreational fisheries in this region, with aquaculture potential still being explored but apparently of low value.
[edit] Commercial fishery
The main commercial King George whiting fishery is centred on South Australia from Ceduna in the west to Gulf St. Vincent in the east. Smaller fisheries are present in Victoria and south west Western Australia. Common catching practices include haul seine nets, gill nets as well as longline and handline methods. This fishery is one of the most important in the country, reportedly worth five million Australian dollars a year, [2] as King George whiting fetch premium price in markets. This single species alone was reported as comprising 60% of the total annual catch in South Australia during the late 1980s.[15] The fish are sold either whole or as fillets, and along with snapper are generally rated as one of the best quality southern Australian fish.
The fisheries are considered fully exploited, and sustainable at current levels.
[edit] Recreational fishery
In Southern Australia, the King George whiting is often the sole target for fishermen who seek it for its high quality eating. A number of coastal towns rely heavily on the species as a tourism drawcard for anglers seeking a range of fish and crustacean species, but King George whiting is often the most desired catch. [16] They are a relatively easy species to catch, with no special baits, rigs or techniques required and are often caught from jetties, beaches and rocks; meaning a boat is not necessary. Simple rigs such varieties of running ball sinker or paternoster rigs are commonly used, with a fixed sinker employed in area of high tidal movement. [17] As mentioned previously, molluscs, particularly the Goolwa cockle are common bait, with varieties of worms, gents, squid, cuttlefish, fish pieces and other shellfish also commonly successful. The larger fish inhabiting deep reefs are often caught on whole pilchards while fishing for snapper and morwong. [17]
The King George whiting has differing size and bag limits for anglers in different states. In Victoria, there is a minimum size limit of 27 cm and a bag limit of 20 per person.[18] South Australia is divided into two zones concerning the taking of this species, with fish caught east of longitude 136° restricted to a minimum length of 31 cm and fish caught to the west of longitude 136° having a minimum length of 30 cm. In both divisions, the bag limit is 12 fish per person.[19] Western Australia has set a minimum legal limit of 28 cm and a bag limit of 8 per person.[20]
[edit] Aquaculture
Due to the King George whitings’ popularity as a food fish, extensive investigations into the viability of the species as an aquaculture species have occurred, with most initial investigations indicating the long larval cycle is a major barrier to the successful farming of the fish. Other problems have arisen in a parasite previously unknown in the species only affecting the fish in captivity. Thyroid growth hormones may be used in the future to hasten growth of larvae and make such ventures more feasible. [21]
[edit] References
- ^ Pascualita, S., Sillaginodes punctatus, <http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=8489>. Retrieved on 21 July 2007
- ^ a b c d e McKay, R.J. (1992). FAO Species Catalogue: Vol. 14. Sillaginid Fishes Of The World. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, 19-20. ISBN 0014-5602.
- ^ a b c Hutchins, B.; Swainston, R. (1986). Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Melbourne: Swainston Publishing, 187.
- ^ Kuiter, R.H. (1993). Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia. U.S.A: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 1 86333 067 4.
- ^ a b c Robertson, A.I. (1977), “Ecology of Juvenile King George Whiting Sillaginodes punctatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) (Pisces: Perciformes) in Western Port, Victoria”, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 28: 35 - 43
- ^ Gunn, J.S. & Milward, N.E. (1985), “The food, feeding habits and feeding structures of the whiting species Sillago sihama (ForsskaÊ l) and Sillago analis Whitley from Townsville, North Queensland, Australia.”, Journal of Fish Biology 26: 411-427
- ^ Coleman, N. & Mobley, M. (1984), “Diets of Commercially Exploited Fish from Bass Strait and Adjacent Victorian Waters, South-eastern Australia”, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35: 549-560
- ^ Kailola, P.J. & Williams, M.J. (1993), “Australian fisheries resources”, Bureau of Resource Sciences
- ^ Humphries, P. & Hyndes, G.A., “Comparisons between the diets of distant taxa (Teleost and Cormorant) in an Australian estuary”, Estuaries 15: 327-334
- ^ Long, M. & Reid, R.J., “Cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, the common dolphin Delphinus delphis, and some dolphin prey species in South Australia”, Australian Mammalogy 21 (1): 25-33
- ^ McGarvey, R. & Fowler, A.J., “Seasonal growth of King George whiting (Sillaginodes punctata) estimated from length-at-age samples of the legal size harvest”, Fishery Bulletin 100 (3): 545-558
- ^ Lenanton, R.C.J., “Alternative Non estuarine Nursery Habitats for some Commercially and Recreationally Important Fish Species of South-western Australia”, Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33: 881-900
- ^ Pascualita, S., Sillaginodes punctatus Spawning, <http://www.fishbase.org/Reproduction/SpawningList.cfm?ID=8489&GenusName=Sillaginodes&SpeciesName=punctatus&fc=307&StockCode=8803>. Retrieved on 21 July 2007
- ^ Jenkins, G.P. & Welsford, D.C., “The swimming abilities of recently settled post-larvae of Sillaginodes punctata”, Journal of Fish Biology 60: 1043–1050
- ^ Scott, T.D.; Glover, C.J. and Southcott, R.V. (1990). The Marine and Freshwater Fishes of south Australia 2nd Edn.. Adelaide: State handbook Committee, Government Printer.
- ^ Horrobin, P. (1997). Guide to Favourite Australian Fish. Singapore: Universal Magazines, 104-105.
- ^ a b Starling, S. (1988). The Australian Fishing Book. Hong Kong: Bacragas Pty. Ltd., 490. ISBN 073010141x.
- ^ FishVictoria, Whiting, King George, <http://www.fishvictoria.com/the-fish/marine-&-estuarine-fin-fish/whiting,-king-george/>. Retrieved on 21 July 2007
- ^ Primary Industries SA, King George whiting, <http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/fisheries/recreational_fishing/target_species/king_george_whiting>. Retrieved on 21 July 2007
- ^ Western angler, King George whiting, <http://www.westernangler.com.au/default.asp?action=article&ID=154>. Retrieved on 21 July 2007
- ^ Partridge, G. (200). Further development of techniques for the culture of King George whiting for commercial aquaculture or for enhancement of fish stocks in Western Australia - Final Report. Fremantle: Challenger TAFE.
