Khalid al-Azm

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Khalid al-Azm خالد العظم
Interim President of Syria
In office April 4, 1941 – September 16, 1941
Preceded by	Bahij al-Khatib
Succeeded by	Taj al-Din al-Hasani
Prime Minister of Syria
In office April 4, 1941 – September 21, 1941
Preceded by	Nasuhi al-Bukhari
Succeeded by	Hassan al-Hakim
In office December 16, 1946 – December 29, 1946
Preceded by	Saadallah al-Jabiri
Succeeded by	Jamil Mardam Bay
In office December 16, 1948 – March 30, 1949
Preceded by	Jamil Mardam Bay
Succeeded by	Husni al-Za'im
In office December 27, 1949 – June 4, 1950
Preceded by	Nazim al-Kudsi
Succeeded by	Nazim al-Kudsi
In office March 27, 1951 – August 9, 1951
Preceded by	Nazim al-Kudsi
Succeeded by	Hassan al-Hakim
In office September 17, 1962 – March 9, 1963
Preceded by	Bashir al-Azma
Succeeded by	Salah al-Din Bitar
Born	1903 Damascus, Syria
Died	November 18, 1965 (aged 62) Beirut, Lebanon
Political party	Independent
Religion	Islam

Khalid al-Azm (1903-1965) (Arabic: خالد العظم) was a Syrian nationalist leader and six-time Prime Minister, as well as Acting President (April 4 - September 16, 1941). He was a member of one of the most prominent political families in Syria, and the son of an Ottoman minister of religious affairs.

[edit] Career

He graduated from the University of Damascus in 1923 with a degree in law, and joined the city government in 1925. At this time he also actively ran his family's estates throughout the country. In the 1930s, he became close associates with leading members of the anti-French National Bloc coalition such as future presidents Hashim al-Atassi and Shukri al-Kuwatli. He remained a long time supporter of the former, but often quarreled with the latter, whom he accused of being too authoritarian. In 1941 the French appointed him Prime Minister and Acting President, having had no success in finding a viable candidate since the resignation of the nationalist Atassi in 1939. However he was replaced 5 months later with a French loyalist, Taj al-Din al-Hasani. Azm served repeatedly in parliament and in the cabinet from 1943-1947. He became a focus of opposition when he resigned from the cabinet in 1945 and lead the forces opposed to Kuwatli's drive to amend the constitution to allow himself a second term in office. Kuwatli prevailed, and Azm ran against him in 1947 and lost. However he accepted the position of ambassador to France and served in that capacity for a year. He concluded successful arms purchases from France and later from the Soviet Union. In May of 1948 Azm agreed to form a multi-party cabinet under Kuwatli which served until March of 1949. He allied himself with France and the United States and attempted to obtain loans from them for domestic development. He traveled frequently to attend United Nations assemblies on the Palestinian problem. Azm clashed with members of the military, especially Chief of Staff Husni al-Za'im. The latter launched a coup on March 29, 1949 and imprisoned both Azm and president Kuwatli. When Za'im was overthrown five months later, Azm returned to parliament as deputy for Damascus and became minister of finance. He was also elected into the Constituent Assembly that drafted a new constitution for Syria. He became Prime Minister again under Hashim al-Atassi's second administration, in June of 1950, heading three cabinets between then and 1951. Azm closed the border to Lebanese goods in an attempt to prevent the crash of domestic Syrian industry due to rampant Lebanese imports. He also clashed repeatedly with the military because he refused to appoint officers in any of his cabinets, and always reserved the defense portfolio for himself. He also clashed with pro-Hashemite elements in Syrian politics that advocated union with Iraq. Socialists distrusted him because of his aristocratic and wealthy Ottoman background. Azm left the public arena from 1951 to 1954 in protest over the coup of Adib al-Shishakli which toppled Atassi's democratic administration.

[edit] Opposition to Nasser

After the deposition of Shishakli, Azm again lost to Kuwatli in the presidential election of 1955. He retired briefly, then reemerged in November of 1956 to enter the cabinet of Prime Minister Sabri al-Asali as minister of defense. Azm played a key role in achieving an alliance with the USSR, and traveled there repeatedly to arrange loans, economic pacts and arm sales, angering the United States, where he was nicknamed the "Red Millionaire". This name was even adopted by the Syria Press in the 1950s, although he was not a socialist, and in fact opposed the pre-eminent advocate of state socialism in the Arab World, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. He opposed in vain the union with Egypt in 1958 which created the United Arab Republic, arguing that Nasser would destroy Syria's democratic system and free market economy. Azm once again deserted political life during the Union years (1958-1961), and moved to Lebanon.

[edit] Military instability

When the union was dissolved he returned to Syria, helped draft the secessionist document himself, and tried to run for presidential office but his candidacy was thwarted by the military. Nazim al-Kudsi was elected, and Azm returned to parliament as deputy for Damascus. On March 28, 1962, yet another coup toppled the civilian administration, and Kudsi and Azm were both imprisoned. On April 2 a counter coup released them, and Azm became Prime Minister again under Kudsi. The two men allied with former president Kuwatli to rid the army of pro-Nasserist elements, and reverse the austere program of nationalization instituted by Nasser when he was head of the UAR. Before this could be achieved, the socialist Baath party came to power in Syria in March of 1963 and both Azm and Qudsi fled into exile.

[edit] Death

Azm relocated permanently to Beirut, where he lived in difficult financial circumstances, his vast Syrian holdings having been appropriated by the Baathists. There he died and was buried on November 18, 1965. His memoirs were published posthumously in 1973.

v • d • e Heads of state of Syria since 1922 al-Khalidi • Pierre-Alype* • Shariyari • al-Hasani • al-Abid • H. al-Atassi • al-Khatib • al-Azm* • al-Hasani • al-Ulshi* • al-Ayyubi • al-Quwatli • al-Za'im • H. al-Atassi • Selu† • Shishakli† • H. al-Atassi • al-Quwatli • Abdel Nasser • al-Kuzbari* • an-Nuss* • al-Kudsi • L. al-Atassi† • al-Hafiz† • N. al-Atassi • al-Khatib • H. al-Assad • Khaddam* • B. al-Assad *denotes acting     †military ruler

v • d • e Prime Ministers of Syria since 1920 Kingdom of Syria (1920) al-Rikabi • H. al-Atassi* • al-Durubi • al-Ulshi French Mandate of Syria (1920-1939) H. al-Azm • al-Hasani • A. al-Ayyubi • Mardam Bey • al-Haffar • al-Bukhari Syrian Arab Republic (1939-1958) K. al-Azm • al-Hakim • al-Barazi • al-Ulshi • al-Jabiri • al-Khoury • al-Jabiri • K. al-Azm* • Mardam Bey • K. al-Azm • al-Za'im • al-Barazi • H. al-Atassi • al-Kudsi • K. al-Azm • al-Kudsi • K. al-Azm • al-Hakim • al-Khatib • al-Dawalibi • Selu • Shishakli • al-Assali • al-Ghazzi • al-Khoury • al-Assali • al-Ghazzi • al-Assali United Arab Republic (Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Syria Region) (1958-1961) Kuhala • Serraj Syrian Arab Republic (Sessionist Period) (1961-1963) al-Kuzbari • al-Nuss • al-Dawalibi • al-Azma • K. al-Azm Syrian Arab Republic (Baath Party Period) (1961-1963) al-Bitar • al-Hafiz • al-Bitar • al-Hafiz • Zuaiyin • al-Bitar • Zuaiyin • N. al-Atassi • al-Assad • Kleifawi • M. al-Ayyubi • Kleifawi • al-Halabi • al-Kasm • Zuabi • Mero • al-Otari * acting

[edit] References

• Sami Moubayed "Steel & Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900-2000" (Cune Press, Seattle, 2005).