Kettle (birds)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A kettle is a term that birdwatchers use to describe a group of birds wheeling and circling in the air. The kettle may be composed of several different species at the same time. Nature photographer M. Timothy O'Keefe theorizes that the word derives from the appearance of birds circling tightly in a thermal updraft "like something boiling in a cauldron."[1] Osprey-watcher David Gessner, however, cites a Pennsylvania lowland called the Kettle ("der Kessel" in Pennsylvania Dutch), near Hawk Mountain, as the source of the term.[2]

[edit] Kettling and migration

In some species--e.g. the terns of Nantucket--kettling behavior is evidently a way of "staging" a flock in readiness for migration.[3][4] Pre-migrational turkey vultures kettle by the hundreds in the thermals that rise over Vancouver Island before they venture across the Strait of Juan de Fuca toward Washington State.[5] At Hawk Mountain, broadwinged hawks form kettles in September before flying south.[6] Kettling apparently serves as a form of avian communication—an announcement of imminent departure—as well as a way of gaining altitude and conserving strength.

[edit] References

  1. ^ M. Timothy O'Keefe, Seasonal Guide to the Natural Year, 215.
  2. ^ David Gessner, Soaring with Fidel: An Osprey Odyssey from Cape Cod to Cuba and Beyond (Beacon Press, 2007), 101.
  3. ^ Site Investigation Report
  4. ^ Microsoft Word - audubonfinal.doc
  5. ^ Migration Patterns
  6. ^ Gerald M. McWilliams and Daniel W. Brauning, The Birds of Pennsylvania (Cornell University Press, 2000), 7-8.