Ken Burns Effect

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These images illustrate the Ken Burns Effect.

Demonstration of the Ken Burns Effect in video form.

The Ken Burns Effect is a popular name introduced by Apple Computer ^[1] in 2003 for a feature in its iMovie 3 software. The feature enables a widely used technique of embedding still photographs in motion pictures, displayed with slow zooming and panning effects, and fading transitions between them. The name derives from extensive use of the technique by American documentarian Ken Burns. One of the foremost practitioners of this technique is the British rostrum cameraman Ken Morse.

The technique is principally used in historical documentaries where film or video material is not available. Life is given to still photographs by slowly zooming in on subjects of interest and panning from one subject to another. For example, in a photograph of a baseball team, one might slowly pan across the faces of the players and come to a rest on the player the narrator is discussing.

The effect can be used as a transition between clips as well. For example, to segue from one person in the story to another, a clip might open with a close-up of one person in a photo, then zoom out so that another person in the photo becomes visible. The zooming and panning across photographs gives the feeling of motion, and keeps the viewer visually entertained.

The term has also been used less formally to refer to a person who gains an increased degree of celebrity after appearing in a Burns documentary. Such people include Shelby Foote and Buck O'Neil.

1 Origins of the technique
2 Implementation
3 See also
4 References

[edit] Origins of the technique

Burns has credited documentary filmmaker Jerome Liebling for teaching him how still photographs could be incorporated into documentary films.^[2] He has also cited the classic 1957 National Film Board of Canada documentary City of Gold, co-directed by Colin Low and Wolf Koenig, as a source of inspiration for this technique.^[3]^[4]^[5] Winner of the Palme d'or at the Cannes Film Festival and nominated for an Academy Award,^[6] City of Gold used animation camera techniques to slowly pan and zoom across archival footage of Canada's Klondike Gold Rush.^[7]

The British Broadcasting Corporation's documentary series The Great War, first shown in 1964, used both extensively.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Implementation

In film editing, the technique may be achieved through the use of a rostrum camera, although it is more common to use software. Non-linear editing systems such as iMovie and iPhoto from Apple Inc. include an effect or transition called Ken Burns Effect, with which a still image may be incorporated into a film using this kind of slow pan and zoom. Both Apple TV and Apple's iPhoto photo editing program include a photo slideshow option labeled "Ken Burns Effect".^[2]

On the Windows platform, Windows Movie Maker, Sony Vegas Studio (and Movie), PicturesToExe Deluxe also have pan and zoom features built in or available through third party extensions which may be used to achieve the effect. Microsoft Photo Story is a free application that creates videos with random Ken Burns Effects automatically from selected images.

The effect is found in a great number of screensavers and slideshows. Apple uses it in their screensavers. Windows PCs can use Gregg Stitt's "MotionPicture" and Gregg Tavares's "Nostalgic", among others. The effect can also be seen in the N73 smartphone by Nokia, applied to the slideshows the phone creates from the pictures stored in it.^[8] Many seventh-generation video game consoles also feature versions of this effect, including Nintendo's Wii Photo Channel and Sony's PlayStation 3.

Outside of screensavers and slide shows, the effect is also found in some video games and in Matti Palosuo's 2003 PC demo "Heart Shaped Box".