User:Katsam/scratch
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AS A VARICOLORED EAR OF CORN, I COME TO LIFE
Neurofeedback: a form of brain-computer interface which is often used for therapeutic purposes.
Operant conditioning
EEG as mirror EEG as prosthetic
http://www.aboutneurofeedback.com/Index.faq.php -- GOOD STUFF http://www.neurofeedback-institute.com/what.htm -- ALSO GOOD
A MOTHER LODE OF USES http://www.aapb.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3327
neurofeedback and soccer:http://brainwaves.corante.com/archives/2006/08/10/goal_neurofeedback_scores_a_victory.php
neurofeedback as pain control, adhd control at brainwaves.corante.com
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback ADHD positive study http://www.springerlink.com/content/l2213885102n16w6/ ADHD study #2 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r431772151245355/ ADHD #3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/q024x757w58u4v34/ ADHD #4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15357015&dopt=Citation
improved performance in healthy humans (musicians) http://www.neuroreport.com/pt/re/neuroreport/abstract.00001756-200307010-00006.htm;jsessionid=G57bmLZjvwKJf2JPH1DVyhfHldDfpGQRCTQDB4VW5CqrgvlQLdT9!-1036009586!181195628!8091!-1
improved performance in healthy humans (improved memory/focus) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3M-46YXPT0-1&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=08f9333a2d4c2ef2aa793b62f32848d1
improved sobriety in depressive alcoholics //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8801245&dopt=Citation
critical validation in general from imperial college london http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15564053&dopt=Citation
neurotherapy not empirically supported for psychological disorders http://web.archive.org/web/20010405060612/www.pseudoscience.org/Neurotherapy/title-page.htm
Washington Post article discussing ADHD treatment and tapping http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A13243-2004Jun28?language=printer
Contents |
[edit] Stafford Poole draft
The Reverend Stafford Poole, C.M., is a priest and full-time research historian. A former history professor and president of St. John's Seminary College, he was ordained in 1956 [1]: he is well-known for his extensive and controversial writings about the Virgin of Guadalupe. Poole's writings regarding Our Lady of Guadalupe include an English translation of Luis Laso de la Vega's Nahuatl Huei tlamahuiçoltica...; a book called
[edit] Guadalupe drafts
"In Guadalajara, Jalisco, on August 3, 1926, some 400 armed Catholics shut themselves up in the Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe in that city. They were involved in a shootout with federal troops from there, and surrendered only when they ran out of ammunition. According to U.S. consular sources, this battle resulted in 18 dead and 40 injured.
The Cristero war The formal rebellion began with a manifesto sent by Garza on New Year's Day, titled A la Nación (To the Nation). This declared that "the hour of battle has sounded" and "the hour of victory belongs to God". With the declaration, the state of Jalisco, which had seemed to be quiet since the Guadalajara church uprising, exploded. Bands of rebels moving in the "Los Altos" region northeast of Guadalajara began seizing villages, often armed with only ancient muskets and clubs. The Cristeros' battle cry was ¡Viva Cristo Rey! ¡Viva la Virgen de Guadalupe! ("Long live Christ the King! Long live the Virgin of Guadalupe!")" -- from http://www.omnipelagos.com/entry?n=cristero_War
http://www.archden.org/noel/07032.htm -- Our Lady of Guadalupe N.M. church as hotbed of political activity
The tonantzin parts need to be expanded. both a bit about who tonantzin was, and then a lot about the racial aspect ("aztec princess," combiner of the two races, etc -- maybe as a subheading of tonantzin). Elizondo has some useful stuff to say and Lafaye may as well.
also, the popular devotion part needs to be expanded
The historical doc. part needs to be expanded, rewritten and footnoted (use rockero's work!) The traditional account needs fleshing out
The stuff about the trademark should go in there somewheree put the cristero wars motto in (where?) would it be possible to make a timeline? conquest, plague, apparition, independence... enlarge character of zumarraga
AND THEN Guadalupe v. Remedios Chicano movement
[edit] Controversies, investigations, and unexplained phenomena
The icon has been subject to great controversy. As early as 1556 Francisco de Bustamante, head of the Colony's Franciscans, delivered a sermon disparaging the holy origins of the icon:
“The devotion that has been growing in a chapel dedicated to Our Lady, called of Guadalupe, in this city is greatly harmful for the natives, because it makes them believe that the image painted by Marcos the Indian is in any way miraculous.[1][2]”
Several people have studied the tilma and found it to have miraculous properties. It is considered miraculous that the tilma maintains its structural integrity; in 1785 Dr. Jose Bartolache commissioned reproductions of the Guadalupe, and by 1796 the copies were all badly deteriorated.[3] The tilma also resisted a 1791 ammonia spill and a 1921 bomb blast[4][5]
Its origins are said to be mysterious. Richard Kuhn, who received the 1938 Nobel Chemistry prize, analyzed a sample of the fabric in 1936 and said the coloring of the fabric was not from a known mineral, vegetable, or animal source.[3] While in 1979 Philip Serna Callahan studied the icon with infrared light. and stated that portions of the face, hands, robe, and mantle had been painted in one step, with no sketches or corrections and no paintbrush strokes.[6]
The Virgin's eyeballs are reputed to be especially miraculous. Photographers and [[ophthalmology|ophthalmologists] have found images reflected in the eyes of the Virgin.[7] In 1929 and 1951 photographers said they found a reflection of a man in the Virgin's eyeballs, and that the reflection was tripled what is called the Purkinje effect. This effect is commonly found in human eyeballs.[3] The opthalmologist Dr. Jose Aston Tonsmann later enlarged the image of the Virgin's eyeballs by 2500x magnification and said that he saw not only the aforementioned reflection but the reflected images of all the people present when the tilma was shown to the Bishop in 1531. Tonsmann also reported seeing a small family -- mother, father, and a group of children -- in the center of the Virgin's eyeballs.[3]
Yet other studies of the tilma have yielded more prosaic results. In 2002, art restoration expert José Sol Rosales examined the cloth with a stereomicroscope and identified calcium sulfate, pine soot, white, blue, and green "tierras" (earths), reds made from carmine and other pigments, as well as gold. Rosales said he found the work consistent with 16th century materials and methods.[8] In response to the eyeball miracles, Joe Nickell and John F. Fischer, wrote in Skeptical Inquirer responded that images seen in the Virgin's eyes could be the result of the human tendency to form familiar shapes from random patterns, much like a psychologist's inkblots -- a phenomenon known as religious pareidolia.[9]
Finally, the Archbishop of Mexico, Norberto Rivera Carrera, commissioned a study in 1999 to test the age of the cloth. The researcher, Leoncio Garza-Valdés, had previously worked with the Shroud of Turin. Upon inspection Garza-Valdés found three distinct layers in the painting, one of which was signed and dated. He also said that the original painting showed striking similarities to the original Lady of Guadalupe found in Extremadura Spain, and that the second painting showed another Virgin with indigenous features. Finally Garza-Valdés claimed the tilma's fabric was made of hemp and linen, not agave fibers as is popularly believed. The photographs of these putative overpaintings were not available in the Garza-Valdés 2002 publication, however, and those who saw the photographs do not agree with his interpretations. Therefore, the issue remains open until a more scholarly work is published.
===1)intro=== -- DONE, for now anyway
[edit] 2)Origins of the Cult
- History of Tepeyac[ac] + relationship to Tonantzin
- proofs of the cult
(basilica fundraising, bustamante + montufar, "millions of converts" stradanus, sanchez, de la vega)
- problems with documentation
Zum. wasn't bishop but he was bishop-elect
[edit] 3)Guadalupe in Mexican history
("Liberator or Conqueror" -- J. lady)
- Guadalupe v. Remedios
- independence
- revolution
- cristero wars
- chicano movement
[edit] 4)Popular devotion (Elizondo?)
[edit] 5)Tilma
- physical description
- interpretations of the image
- debates about media
Fox DJ, Tharp DF, Fox LC.
Neurofeedback: an alternative and efficacious treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2005 Dec;30(4):365-73. Review. PMID: 16385424 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Levesque J, Beauregard M, Mensour B.
Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
Neurosci Lett. 2006 Feb 20;394(3):216-21. Epub 2005 Dec 15. PMID: 16343769 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Pop-Jordanova N, Markovska-Simoska S, Zorcec T.
Neurofeedback treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Prilozi. 2005;26(1):71-80. PMID: 16118616 [PubMed - in process]
Biofeedback is a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) which involves measuring a subject's bodily processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, galvanic skin response (sweating), and muscle tension and conveying such information to him or her in real-time in order to raise his or her awareness and conscious control of the related physiological activities.
By providing access to physiological information about which the user is generally unaware, biofeedback allows users to gain control over physical processes previously considered automatic.
Devices as simple as mirrors and bathroom scales can be considered rudimentary biofeedback devices, insofar as the information they provide can help a person with issues related to posture and weight; more complex biofeedback devices have been used therapeutically with several conditions, including epilepsy, asthma, incontinence, irritable bowel syndrome, Raynaud's disease, chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting, headaches, high blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmias [2].
Electraencephalogram-based biofeedback, which measures brainwaves and is usually called neurofeedback, has gained popularity in recent years as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and is being studied as a potential treatment for anxiety, depression, and drug addiction.
Interest in biofeedback has waxed and waned since its inception in the 1960s; currently it is undergoing a bit of renaissance, which some ascribe to the general upswing of interest in complementary and alternative medicine modalities. Neurofeedback has become a popular treatment for ADHD, electromyogram (muscle tension) biofeedback has been widely studied and accepted as a treatment for incontinence disorders, and small home biofeedback machines are becoming available for a variety of uses.
[edit] Types of Biofeedback Instrumentation
Electromyogram This is the most common form of biofeedback measurement. An EMG uses electrodes or other types of sensors to measure muscle tension. By the EMG alerting you to muscle tension, you can learn to recognize the feeling early on and try to control the tension right away. EMG is mainly used as a relaxation technique to help ease tension in those muscles involved in backaches, headaches, neck pain and grinding your teeth (bruxism). An EMG may be used to treat some illnesses in which the symptoms tend to worsen under stress, such as asthma and ulcers.
Peripheral Skin Temperature. Sensors attached to your fingers or feet measure your skin temperature. Because body temperature often drops when a person experiences stress, a low reading can prompt you to begin relaxation techniques. Temperature biofeedback can help treat certain circulatory disorders, such as Raynaud's disease, or reduce the frequency of migraines. The physiological process behind the temperature drop associated with the stress response is quite simply vasoconstriction (blood vessels narrowed by the smooth musculature in their walls)
Galvanic skin response training. Sensors measure the activity of your sweat glands and the amount of perspiration on your skin, alerting you to anxiety. This information can be useful in treating emotional disorders such as phobias, anxiety and stuttering. This is the method most commonly used by a lie detector machine.
Electroencephalogram An EEG monitors the activity of brain waves linked to different mental states, such as wakefulness, relaxation, calmness, light sleep and deep sleep. This is the least common of the methods, mostly due to the cost and availability of an EEG machine.
[edit] Origins of biofeedback
Neal Miller, a psychology Ph.D and neuroscientist who worked and studied at Yale University, is generally considered to be the father of modern-day biofeedback. He came across the basic principles of biofeedback when doing animal experimentation conditioning the behavior of rats. His team found that, by stimulating the pleasure centers of the rats' brains with electricity, it was possible to train rats to control phenomena ranging from their heart rates to their brainwaves. Until that point, it was believed that bodily processes like heart rate were under the control of the autonomic nervous system and not responsive to conscious effort[3].
[edit] Criticisms
Not all of biofeedback's proposed uses are well-accepted in the medical community. For instance, while [4] While many scientific studies have studied neurofeedback as a treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
[[5]] . [[6]], [[7]], [[8]] Additionally, some believe that the use of biofeedback for stress and anxiety is an expensive treatment for difficulties which could be addressed with relaxation training, meditation, and self-hypnosis.
Others would argue that the most research supporting biofeedback has been done for pain, stress, stress disorders, incontinence, muscular rehabilitation (reimbursed by medicare-- a gold standard for accepted health care) while Neurofeedback, which is more recent, is less accepted.
[edit] References
[[Category:Physiology]] [[Category:Alternative medicine]] [[de:Biofeedback]] [[el:Βιοανατροφοδότηση]] [[he:ביופידבק]] [[no:Biofeedback]] [[pl:Biofeedback]]
