Karen Silkwood

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Karen Silkwood (February 19, 1946 – November 13, 1974) was an American labor union activist and chemical technician at the Kerr-McGee plant near Crescent, Oklahoma, United States.

Silkwood's job was making plutonium pellets for nuclear reactor fuel rods. She died under mysterious circumstances after investigating claims of irregularities and wrongdoing at the Kerr-McGee plant.

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[edit] Union activities

After being hired at Kerr-McGee, Silkwood joined the Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers Union local and took part in a strike at the plant. After the strike ended, she was elected to the union's bargaining committee and assigned to investigate health and safety issues. She discovered what she believed to be numerous violations of health regulations, including exposure of workers to contamination, faulty respiratory equipment and improper storage of samples. She also believed the lack of sufficient shower facilities could increase the risk of employee contamination.

In the summer of 1974, Silkwood testified to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) about these issues, alleging that safety standards had slipped because of a production speedup which resulted in employees being given tasks for which they were poorly trained. She also alleged that Kerr-McGee employees handled the fuel rods improperly and that the company falsified inspection records.

On November 5, 1974, Silkwood performed a routine self-check and found almost 40 times the legal limit for plutonium contamination. She was decontaminated at the plant and sent home with a testing kit to collect urine and feces for further analysis. Oddly, though there was plutonium on the exterior surfaces (the ones she touched) of the gloves she had been using, the gloves did not have any holes. This suggests the contamination did not come from inside the glovebox, but from some other source.

The next morning, as she headed to a union negotiation meeting, she again tested positive for plutonium. This was surprising because she had only performed paperwork duties that morning. She was given a more aggressive decontamination.

The following day, November 7, 1974, as she entered the plant, she was found to be dangerously contaminated - even expelling contaminated air from her lungs. A health physics team accompanied her back to her home and found plutonium traces on several surfaces — especially in the bathroom and the refrigerator. The house was later stripped and decontaminated. Silkwood, her partner and housemate were sent to Los Alamos National Laboratory for in-depth testing to determine the extent of the contamination in their bodies.

Debate has centered over how Silkwood became contaminated over this 3-day period. Silkwood herself asserted that she was the victim of a malicious campaign, and that the testing jars she had been given were laced with plutonium. The contamination in the bathroom would have occurred when she spilled her urine sample on the morning of November 7. It would also concur with the fact that samples she took at home had extremely high levels of contamination, whilst samples taken in 'fresh' jars at the plant and Los Alamos showed much lower contamination[1].

Kerr-McGee's management asserted that she had contaminated herself in order to paint the company in a negative light. According to Richard Raske's book The Killing of Karen Silkwood, security at the plant was so extremely lax that workers could easily smuggle out finished plutonium pellets. Indeed, on one occasion a worker gave his son a pellet to take to a show and tell session at school. Silkwood had previously been noted for inquiring as to the health effects of eating a pellet (an understandably unusual request). Furthermore, upon decontaminating her home, Kerr-McGee employees found several pieces of lab equipment, such as beakers and test tubes. It is theorized that her house was broken into, and the plutonium was placed in her home to further contaminate her with intent of causing her death. And at the same time, attempting to frame her for intentionally contaminating herself, so she could not pursue civil compensation from Kerr-Mcgee for her contamination.

Nonetheless, Richard Raske's book also asserts that the precise type of plutonium found in her body (soluble) came from a production area to which Silkwood had not had access for 4 months. The pellets had since been stored in the vault of the facility.

[edit] Going public

Silkwood said she had assembled a stack of documentation for her claims. She now decided to go public with this evidence, and made contact with a New York Times journalist prepared to print the story. On November 13, 1974 she left a union meeting at the Hub Cafe in Crescent. Another attendee of that meeting later testified that she did have a binder and a packet of documents at the cafe.[2] Silkwood got into her car and headed alone for Oklahoma City, about 30 miles away, to meet with New York Times reporter David Burnham and Steve Wodka, an official of her union's national office. She never arrived.

[edit] Silkwood's death

Later that evening, Silkwood's body was found in her car, which had run off the road and struck a culvert. The car contained no documents. She was pronounced dead at the scene from a "classic, one-car sleeping-driver accident". The trooper at the scene remembers that he found one or two tablets of the sedative methaqualone in the car, and he remembers finding marijuana. The police report indicated that she fell asleep at the wheel. The coroner found 0.35 milligrams of methaqualone (Quaalude) per 100 milliliters of blood at the time of her death - an amount almost twice the recommended dosage for inducing drowsiness.[3] There was no firm evidence of foul play, and no glass or other debris was found, ruling out the hit-and-run theory.

Some theorize that Silkwood was somehow poisoned with the drugs (likely in her food) shortly before her death, and the drugs were planted in her car after she had been run off the road. But some independent investigators at the time inferred that she had been in control when her vehicle was hit from behind and forced off the road: the steering wheel was bent in a manner that showed she was prepared for the shock of the accident. The only way she would know to prepare is if she were awake and alert.[citation needed]

The coroner, following a mandatory examinination of the inside of her body, determined that Silkwood did not die from the physical impact of the crash but possibly by suffocation.[citation needed] One possible scenario would be that she was followed by a car which rammed her from behind, pushing her off the road, and that the attacker then suffocated the injured woman.

Some suspect Silkwood was murdered to silence her allegations about her workplace. According to Silkwood's family, she had received several threatening phonecalls very shortly before her death. Such speculation about foul play has never been substantiated.

Silkwood's organs were analyzed as part of the Los Alamos Tissue Analysis Program by request of the Atomic Energy Commission and the State Medical Examiner. Much of the radiation was in her lungs. This suggests the plutonium was inhaled. When her tissues were further examined, the second highest deposits were found in her gastrointestinal organs.

Public suspicions led to a federal investigation into plant security and safety, and a National Public Radio report about 44 to 66 pounds of misplaced plutonium. Silkwood's story emphasized the hazards of nuclear energy and raised questions about corporate accountability and responsibility. Kerr-McGee closed its nuclear fuel plants in 1975. The grounds of the Cimarron plant were still being decontaminated 25 years later.

[edit] Estate of Karen Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee

Her father and children filed a lawsuit against Kerr-McGee on the behalf of Ms. Silkwood's estate. The trial was held in 1979. Gerry Spence was the chief attorney for the estate and William Paul was the chief attorney for Kerr-McGee. The estate presented evidence that the autopsy proved Ms. Silkwood was contaminated with plutonium. To prove the contamination was sustained at the plant, evidence was given by a series of witnesses who were former employees of the facility.

The main witness for the defense was Dr. George Voelz, a top-level scientist at Los Alamos. Dr. Voelz stated that he believed the contamination was within legal standards. Mr. Spence ultimately probed enough to get Dr. Voelz to admit he was unsure of the level of contamination needed to cause cancer. The defense later proposed that Ms. Silkwood was a troublemaker who may have poisoned herself. Following the summation arguments, Judge Frank Theis told the jury of the longest civil trial in Oklahoma history, "If you find that the damage to the person or property of Karen Silkwood resulted from the operation of this plant, Kerr-McGee is liable."

The jury rendered its verdict of US $505,000 in damages and US $10,000,000 in punitive damages. On appeal, the judgment was reduced to US $5,000. In 1984, the U.S. Supreme Court restored the original verdict. See Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 464 U.S. 283 (1984).[4] The suit was headed for retrial when Kerr-McGee settled out of court for $1.38 million, admitting no liability.

[edit] In popular culture

Gil Scott-Heron's 1977 song "We Almost Lost Detroit" makes mention of Silkwood:

What would Karen Silkwood say / If she was still alive? / That when it comes to people's safety / Money wins out every time.

The 1983 film Silkwood is an account of Silkwood's life and the story. Meryl Streep played the title role.

In 1984, Wendy O. Williams (of the Plasmatics), recorded a song named "Opus in Cm7" for her solo album "WOW" which had the following lyrics: "Where did you go Karen Silkwood? What was the price on your head?/ Why do our heroes all vanish? Why are our heroes all dead?/ In the dark of night I hear the vultures scream. And I just can't seem to wake up from the dream./ How many armies must yet perish? How many young people die?/ Why are we breathing dioxin while it rains acid rain from the sky?" The song is an obvious tribute to the late Karen Silkwood.

In 1986, over 300 women claiming to be Karen Silkwood were arrested and released without charge after entering Pine Gap.

In 1991 Gary Clail/On-U Sound System recorded the track "Karen Silkwood's Car" for dance compilation-album "Give Peace A Dance".

In the 1995 film Home for the Holidays, Robert Downey Jr. referenced Silkwood when telling Anne Bancroft to clean up. "Do a Silkwood shower for us...".

In the 2007 series finale of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Danny referenced Silkwood when asking about sterilization so that he could speak with Jordan and have her sign guardianship papers for her daughter.

In an episode of Seinfeld, The Shower Head, Kramer and Newman attempt to buy a powerful shower head and ask for one like Silkwood.

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