Karelian Isthmus

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See Karelia (disambiguation) for other meanings of the name Karelia.

For the Amorphis album, see The Karelian Isthmus.

The Karelian Isthmus (Finnish: Karjalan kannas, Karjalankannas; Swedish: Karelska näset; Russian: Карельский перешеек) is a stretch of land of about 45-110 km wide that connects Russia to Finland, situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia, to the north of the River Neva (between 61°21’N – 59°46’N and 27°42’E – 31°08’E). Its natural northwestern boundary is the Salpausselkä ridge in Finland. The isthmus' square is about 15,000 km². The smaller part of the isthmus to the southeast of the old Russia-Finland border is considered historically Northern Ingria rather than part of the Karelian Isthmus itself. The rest of the isthmus was historically a part of Finnish Karelia, conquered by the Russian Empire during the Great Northern War, in 1812 included within the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland (1809-1917) of the Russian Empire, which became independent in 1917, and finally ceded to the Soviet Union by Finland after the Winter War (1939-1940) and Continuation War (1941-1944). In 1940-1941, during the Interim Peace, most of the ceded territories in the isthmus were included within Karelo-Finnish SSR. However, since World War II the entire isthmus has been divided between the city of Saint Petersburg (mostly Kurortny District), as well as Priozersky District, Vsevolozhsky District and Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast. According to the 2002 census, population of Kurortny District of Saint Petersburg and the parts of Leningrad Oblast situated on the Karelian Isthmus was about 539,000. Besides, many more Saint Petersburgers spend their vacations there.

Map of the Karelian Isthmus. Shown are some important towns, the current Finnish-Russian border in the North-West and the pre-Winter War border further South.

[edit] Geography and wildlife

Forest of Pinus sylvestris with an understory of Calluna vulgaris on the Karelian Isthmus

The isthmus' terrain has been influenced dramatically by the Weichsel glaciation. Its highest point lies on the Lembolovo Heights moraine at about 205 m (670 ft).

Vuoksi, the largest river, runs southeastwards from Lake Saimaa of Finland to Lake Ladoga, dividing the isthmus into two uneven parts. Saimaa Canal opened in 1856 links Lake Saimaa to the Bay of Vyborg.

The Karelian Isthmus lies within the ecoregion of Scandinavian and Russian taiga. Geobotanically, it lies at the juncture of the Central European, Eastern European and Northern European floristic provinces of the Circumboreal Region of the Holarctic Kingdom.

The isthmus is mostly covered by coniferous forests formed by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), with numerous lakes (e.g. Lake Sukhodolskoye and Lake Glubokoye) as well as small grass low moors and Sphagnum peat bogs. Forests cover approximately 11.700 km of the isthmus, more than three-fourths of its total square. Swampy areas occupy on average 5.5 percent of the territory. In the large contiguous area along the shore of Lake Ladoga in Vsevolozhsky District, in the southeastern part of the isthmus, bogs occur much more frequently than in other parts. The same was once true of the lowland along Neva River, which has been drained.^[1] The soil is predominantly podsol, which contains massive boulders, especially in the north and northwest, where large granite rocks occur.

Pine forests (with Pinus sylvestris) are the most widespread and occupy 51% of the forested area of the Karelian Isthmus, followed by spruce forests (with Picea abies, 29%) and birch forests (with Betula pendula and B. pubescens, 16%). Stands on more fertile soils and in more favorable locations are occasionally dominated by Acer platanoides, Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, Populus tremula, Quercus robur, Salix cinerea, S. myrsinifolia, S. phylicifolia, Tilia cordata or Ulmus laevis. Common vegetation of various types of pine forests includes Avenella flexuosa, Calluna vulgaris, Carex globularis, Cladonia spp., Empetrum nigrum, Equisetum fluviatile, Juniperus communis, Pleurozium schreberi, Pteridium aquilinum, Salix aurita, Sphagnum angustifolium, S. russowii and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Prominent in various spruce forests are Avenella flexuosa, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Carex globularis, Equisetum sylvaticum, Oxalis acetosella, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea. Prominent vegetation of various birch forests include Calamagrostis arundinacea, C. canescens, Filipendula ulmaria, Oxalis acetosella, Vaccinium myrtillus.

1184 species of wild vascular plants are recorded in the isthmus.^[2] Red squirrel, moose, red fox, mountain hare and boar (reintroduced) are typical inhabitants of the forests.

Further information: List of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus

The climate of the isthmus is moderately continental, with 650-800 mm (25-32 in) average precipitation per year, long snowy winters lasting from November through mid-April and occasionally reaching about -40°C (-40 F), moderately cool summers and short frost-free period. Compared to other parts of the Leningrad Oblast, the winter here is usually milder due to the moderating influence of the Gulf of Finland, but longer.

There are about 700 lakes on the isthmus

The city of Vyborg and the town of Priozersk are situated on the northwestern part of the isthmus.

The Karelian Isthmus is a place of ski resorts (Korobitsyno and Kavgolovo), climbing areas (near Kuznechnoye), canoe areas (Losevo), fishing for consumption (of carp bream, northern pike, roach, European perch, ruffe, burbot and others), mushroom hunting (of porcini, red-capped scaber stalk, birch bolete, chanterelle, Xerocomus, slippery Jacks, milk caps, Russula and others), berry picking (of bilberry, raspberry, woodland strawberry, cowberry, cranberry, cloudberry, bog bilberry and stone bramble), popular summer resort for Saint Petersburg citizens since the late 19th century, served by trains of Finlyandsky Rail Terminal. The isthmus, especially the land along Saint Petersburg–Vyborg and Saint Petersburg–Priozersk railroads, hosts numerous dachas.

A 20-35 km wide stretch of land in Vyborgsky District and Republic of Karelia to the west of the Vyborg–Hiitola railway, as well as the islands and shores of the Gulf of Vyborg, belongs to the strictly guarded zone of the border control, reaching the shore of Lake Ladoga at Hiitola. In 1993 - 2006 the zone was formally 5 km wide, although in fact it has always been much wider.^[3] Visiting it is forbidden without a permit issued by the FSB (by KGB during the time of the Soviet Union).

[edit] Geological history

Geologically the Karelian Isthmus lies on the southern edge of the Baltic Shield's crystalline bedrock. During the final part of the last Weichsel glaciation, deglaciation in the central parts of the Isthmus started as early as 14000 BP, when it formed the bottom of a large lake dammed by the surrounding ice sheet. During further deglaciation, at the time of the Baltic Ice Lake, an early high water stage of the Baltic Sea, when the ice sheet retreated to Salpausselkä, the upland area of the Isthmus remained a large island and many upland lakes emerged.^[4] Prior to 12650 BP, the land was characterized by harsh Arctic conditions with permafrost and sparse vegetation. Steppe-tundra complexes developed after this point. Around 11000 BP climate began to warm and became humid, first pine and birch forests were established.^[5]

Around 9000 BP Ancylus Lake, another stage of the Baltic Sea, retreated, and many lowland lakes were also isolated in depressions formed earlier by glacial exaration and fluvioglacial activity. Lake Ladoga was separated from the sea as well. Due to land uplift, around 5000 BP River Vuoksi started emptying into Lake Ladoga as a new outlet of Lake Saimaa. Lake Ladoga transgressed, flooding lowland lakes and Vuoksi, and got connected with the sea at Heinjoki (now Veshchevo), to the east of present-day Vyborg. Around 3100-2400 BP Neva River emerged, draining Lake Ladoga into the Baltic Sea.^[6] Ladoga level gradually sank from 15-18 m to its modern position of 4-5 m above sea-level, and lowland lakes were isolated again. However, Vuoksi still had a significant direct outflow connection to the Bay of Vyborg, possibly as late as in the 12th century AD.^[4][7] The connection disappeared due to ongoing land uplift in the 2nd millennium AD.

In 1818 a canal, which was dug to drain spring flood waters from Lake Suvanto (now Lake Sukhodolskoye, a 40-km long narrow lake in the eastern part of the Isthmus) into Viisijoki (River Vyun) and then Lake Ladoga, unexpectedly eroded and turned into Taipaleenjoki (now Burnaya River). Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto and decreased its level by 7 m. Originally waters of Lake Suvanto flowed into Vuoksi River through a waterway at Kiviniemi (now Losevo), but as a result of the change, the waterway dried out. In 1857 the canal was dug there, but the stream reversed direction, revealed rapids and rendered navigation at Kiviniemi impossible. Since 1857 Suvanto and Taipaleenjoki have constituted the southern armlet of Vuoksi River, which has decreased the level of the original northern armlet emptying into Ladoga near Kexholm (now Priozersk) by 4 m, isolating it as a separate river basin.

[edit] Cities, towns and urban-type settlements

Kamennogorsk, Kuznechnoye, Lesogorsky, Primorsk, Priozersk, Roshchino, Saint Petersburg, Sertolovo, Sestroretsk, Sovetsky, Svetogorsk, Toksovo, Vsevolozhsk, Vyborg, Vysotsk, Zelenogorsk

[edit] History

[edit] Archaeology

Vyborg Castle

Apart from the old towns of Vyborg and Priozersk, and churches on the Konevets island of Lake Ladoga, since the late 19th century a number of other archaeological sites have been discovered on the isthmus.^[8] Numerous archaeological remnants of the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age occur all over the isthmus. The eastern part of the Karelian Isthmus hosts a number of medieval remnants. There are many grave pits of Karelians of the 10th-15th centuries with metal and ceramic artifacts along the northern armlet of Vuoksi, near Lake Sukhodolskoye and in a few other places in Priozersky District.^[9][10] On the southern shore of Lake Sukhodolskoye small medieval burial mounds are abundant as well. A lot of large cult stones have been found along these bodies of water, as well as agglomerations of cairns. Remnants of several rural settlements were also discovered there as well as on the shore of Lake Ladoga. Remnants of the Tiuri (Tiversk) town (10th-15th centuries) were excavated on a former island in the northern Vuoksi armlet near the Tiuri village (now Vasilyevo). A few treasures of silver adornments and medieval Arabian and Western European coins have also been found, as the isthmus laid on the Volga trade route (at that time, Vuoksi River had a distributary emptying into the Bay of Vyborg).

[edit] Prehistory and Medieval

Ancestors of Finnic people wandered to the Karelian Isthmus possibly around 8500BCE.

In the 11th century, Sweden and Novgorod Republic started to compete tax holding rights. The Treaty of Nöteborg of 1323 established a border between them along the Rivers Sestra and Volchya

Further information: Swedish-Novgorodian Wars

[edit] 17th-20th centuries

Main article: Viipuri province

During 17th century Sweden gained the whole isthmus and also Ingria. In this time many Karelians escaped to Tver's Karelia.

From 1721-1812 the isthmus belonged to the Russian Empire, won in the Great Northern War that started with the Russian conquest of Ingria where the new imperial capital, Saint Petersburg, was founded (1703) in the southern end of the isthmus, in place of old Swedish town Nyenskans. Then in 1812, the northwestern half was transferred, as a part of Old Finland, to the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, created in 1809 and in a personal union with Russia.

Due to its size, favorable climate, rich fishing waters and proximity to Saint Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire, the Karelian Isthmus became the wealthiest part of Finland once the industrial revolution had gained momentum in the 19th century. The railroads Saint Petersburg–Vyborg–Riihimäki (1870), Vyborg–Hiitola–Sortavala (1893), Saint Petersburg–Kexholm–Hiitola (1917) crossed the isthmus, contributing to its economic development. By the end of the 19th century the nearby areas along the Saint Petersburg–Vyborg section had become popular place of summer resort for wealthy Saint Petersburgers.

Ingrian flag

When Finland declared its independence in 1917, the isthmus (except for the territory roughly corresponding to present-day Vsevolozhsky District and some districts of Saint Petersburg) remained Finnish, part of the Viipuri province with its center in Viipuri, the second largest Finnish city. A considerable part of the remaining area populated by Ingrian Finns seceded from Bolshevist Russia as the Finland-backed Republic of North Ingria, but was reintegrated with Russia in the end of 1920 according to the conditions of the Treaty of Tartu. In 1928-1939 parts of the isthmus which belonged to Russia constituted the Kuivaisi National District with its center in Toksova, with Finnish as the official language, according to the policy of national delimitation in the Soviet Union. However, in 1936 the entire Finnish population of the parishes of Valkeasaari, Lempaala, Vuole and Miikkulainen along the Finnish border was deported by the Soviet government.^[11]

[edit] World War II

Mannerheim Line of the Winter War

December 1939. Karelian evacuees from Muolaa municipality on their way to West-Finland

A number of defensive lines crossed the isthmus during the Soviet-Finnish hostilities in World War II, such as Mannerheim Line, VKT-line, VT-line, Main line (Finnish) and KaUR (Soviet), and fronts moved back and forth over it.^[12]

In November 1939, the Soviet Union staged the Shelling of Mainila and invaded Finland in what became known as the Winter War, which took a disproportionally heavy death toll on the Red Army. Only in February 1940 did the Soviet forces manage to penetrate the Mannerheim Line across the isthmus, strength of which is often exaggerated.^[13] Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia to the Soviet Union in the Peace of Moscow of March 12. According to the protocol appended to the Moscow Peace Treaty, the fighting was ended at noon (Leningrad time), March 13, and by March 26 the Finnish troops had been completely withdrawn.^[14] The entire Karelian population of the ceded areas of about 422 thousand people was evacuated to other parts of Finland (see Evacuation of Finnish Karelia). On March 31 most of the ceded territories were incorporated into Karelo-Finnish SSR by a decision of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union (in the Karelian Isthmus the districts of Jääski, Kexholm and Vyborg). The districts of Kanneljärvi, Koivisto and Rautu as well as the town of Terijoki were, however, included into Leningrad Oblast.^[15]

Finnish defensive lines of the Continuation War

In 1941, during World War II, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Few days later Continuation War as it is known in Finland (it is considered to be a front of the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and Russia) started. Finland initially regained the lost territory, reaching the Russian side of the border of 1939 and seen by the Russians as indirectly contributing to the Siege of Leningrad (see Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941)). Some 260,000 Karelian evacuees returned home.

On 9 June 1944, strong Soviet forces opened a counter-offensive and pushed the front from the pre-1939 border to Vyborg in ten days. The returned Karelians were evacuated to Finland again. In the Battle of Tali-Ihantala, 25 June–9 July, the Finns concentrated their military strength and brought the offensive to a halt at the River Vuoksi, in the northwesternmost part of the isthmus, at the closest point only 40 kilometres from the border of 1940. The Moscow Armistice ending the war was signed on September 19, 1944. The entire isthmus became Soviet, although most of it has never been captured by the Soviets in battles. This time the ceded territories of the Karelian Isthmus (including the districts of Jääski, Kexholm and Vyborg) were incorporated into Leningrad Oblast (unlike Ladoga Karelia, which remained within the Karelo-Finnish SSR). The border of the Moscow Peace Treaty (1940) was recognized by Finland again in the Peace of Paris, 1947.

Further information: Winter War and Continuation War

[edit] After the war

As a result of the war, the population of the Karelian Isthmus has been almost completely replaced. After the war the isthmus was included into the Leningrad Oblast and people from other parts of the Soviet Union, mostly Russian, were settled here. The vast majority of the old Finnish toponyms in the conquered territories were renamed to invented Russian ones by the government around 1948.^[15] The Finnish toponyms of the territories included within Karelo-Finnish SSR and of the southern part of the isthmus (albeit assimilated) mostly remained. A lot of youth summer camps were built all over the isthmus during the time of the Soviet Union. Some of them still exist.

[edit] Science

In 1998 construction of a 32-meter (100-feet) radio telescope was completed in Svetloye on the Karelian Isthmus (60°31′N 29°46′E / 60.517, 29.767).

[edit] Transport

Elektrichka at Vaskelovo

The western part of the Karelian Isthmus is an important transport corridor linking Scandinavia and Central Russia. Primorsk, terminus of the Baltic Pipeline System, which has recently become one of the most efficient Russian sea ports, is also located here.

The only motorway on the isthmus is the recently completed E18 "Scandinavia" (M10) going from Saint Petersburg through Vyborg and Vaalimaa.

Saimaa Canal (opened in 1856) is an important link connecting inland waterways of Finland with the Gulf of Finland.

The Karelian Isthmus is served by a number of railways; the trains arrive from Finlyandsky Rail Terminal and Ladozhsky Rail Terminal of Saint Petersburg:

• Saint Petersburg-Hiitola railroad
• eastern part of the Saint Petersburg-Riihimäki railroad
• Saint Petersburg – Sestroretsk - Beloostrov
• southern part of the Vyborg-Joensuu railroad
• Saint Petersburg – Vsevolozhsk – Ladozhskoye Ozero
• Saint Petersburg – Vsevolozhsk – Petrokrepost – Nevskaya Dubrovka
• Vyborg - Veschevo (earlier also through Zhitkovo to Michurinskoye)
• Kamennogorsk – Svetogorsk – Imatra
• Zelenogorsk – Primorsk – Sovetsky - Vyborg

[edit] Industry

The pulp-and-paper, timber and woodworking industries (JSC Svetogorsk, pulp and paper mill in Svetogorsk, Vyborgsky Pulp and Paper Mill in Vyborg, Priozersky Furniture and Woodworking Industrial Complex and Priozersky Woodworking Factory in Priozersk, as well as other smaller enterprises all over the isthmus) are well developed in Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts. The pulp and paper industry, however, affects the environment adversely. The predecessor of the Priozersk facilities, Priozersky Pulp and Paper Mill, a major polluter of Lake Ladoga constructed in 1931, was closed down in 1986. Northern and western parts of the isthmus are also an important reserve of granite (quarries in Kuznechnoye, as well as a number of others along the Vyborg-Hiitola railroad).^[16]

Vyborg Shipyard is one of the largest shipbuilding companies in Northwestern Russia. Roskar Battery Farm in Pervomayskoye is a leading producer of chicken and eggs.

In Vsevolozhsky District state-owned Morozov Plant is located, which is an important producer of paints, adhesives, abrasives and other substances. In Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, near the station Kapitolovo of the Saint Petersburg–Hiitola railroad, a facility of the Saint Petersburg nuclear enterprise Izotop is located, which specializes in transportation of nuclear materials and radioactive waste. Bogs of Vsevolozhsky District along the shores of Lake Ladoga and Neva River were major sources of peat for fuel. Now it is extracted in smaller quantities, mostly for agricultural purposes. The district is also an important supplier of sand. A plant of Ford Motor Company producing Ford Focus cars was opened in Vsevolozhsk in 2002.

[edit] Military

The Karelian Isthmus is included within Leningrad Military District of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The isthmus hosts airfields in Levashovo, Pribylovo and Gromovo. Other airfields in Veshchevo and Kasimovo (Vartemyagi) have been abandoned. In the northern part of Vsevolozhsky District, to the south of the old Finnish border, Karelian Fortified Region (KaUR) is located, which was reconstructed as late as in the 1960s, but now seems to be abandoned as well. There is Bobochinsky tank range (195.975 km², founded in 1913) between Kamenka and Kirillovskoye and a number of military facilities in Vsevolozhsky District in the lowlands between Lake Ladoga and Saint Petersburg-Hiitola railroad, including Rzhevsky artillery range (founded in 1879), a huge area encircled by the Road of Life, the roads Rzhevka - Devyatkino and Devyatkino - Matoksa and the coast of Lake Ladoga (available for visitors since 2003). In 2006 an over-the-horizon radar was built in Lekhtusi, Vsevolozhsky District. The port of Vysotsk is a base of the Baltic Fleet. 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade is dislocated in Kamenka, and 56th District Training Centre in Sertolovo.

[edit] Notable people from the isthmus

• Martti Ahtisaari, Finnish president
• Georg Elfvengren, Finnish military commander
• Gustav Hägglund, Finnish military commander
• Max Jakobson, Finnish diplomat
• Gustaf Komppa, Finnish chemist
• Juho Niukkanen, Finnish politician
• Karl Lennart Oesch, Finnish military commander
• Larin Paraske, Finnish oral poet
• Uno Ullberg, Finnish architect
• Johannes Virolainen, Finnish politician
• Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist, recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Detailed and historical maps (site navigation in Russian)
• Site of the local history association "Karelia" (in Russian).
• Terijoki.spb.ru (in Russian)

[edit] Further reading

• Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Юго-западный сектор, часть 1: Кивеннапа - Териоки (Первомайское - Зеленогорск). СПб.: Новое время, 1998. ISBN 5930450161.
• Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Юго-западный сектор, часть 2: Уусикиркко (Поляны). СПб.: Новое время, 2000. ISBN 5875170220.
• Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Юго-западный сектор, часть 3: Каннельярви - Куолемаярви (Победа - Пионерское). СПб.: Новое время, 1998. ISBN 593045017Х.
• Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 2-3. Юго-западный сектор: Уусикиркко - Куолемаярви - Каннельярви (Поляны - Красная Долина - Победа). 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. СПб.: Нива, 2002. ISBN 586456124Х.
• Шитов Д.И. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 4. Восточный сектор: Рауту - Саккола (Сосново - Громово). СПб.: Нордмед-Издат, 2000. ISBN 5931140409.
• Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 5. Западный сектор: Койвисто (Приморск). СПб.: КультИнформПресс, 2002. ISBN 5839202169.
• Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 5 - 6. Западный сектор: Койвисто - Йоханнес (Приморск - Советский). 2-е изд., испр. и доп. СПб.: Нива, 2003. ISBN 5864561029.
• Орехов Д.И., Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 7. Центральный сектор: Муолаа - Яюряпяя (Красносельское - Барышево). СПб.: Нива, 2004. ISBN 5864560782.
• Орехов Д.И., Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 8. Восточный сектор: Метсяпиртти (Запорожское). СПб.: Нива, 2005. ISBN 5864561169.
• Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 9. Центральный сектор: Валкъярви - Вуоксела (Мичуринское - Ромашки). СПб.: Нива, 2005. ISBN 5864560650.
• Шитов Д.И. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 10. Северо-восточный сектор: Ряйсяля (Мельниково). СПб., 2006. ISBN 5864561185.
• Иллюстрированный определитель растений Карельского перешейка / Под ред. А. Л. Буданцева, Г. П. Яковлева. – СПб: СпецЛит, 2000.