Karankawa

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Karankawa
Karankawa

A group of Native American peoples, now extinct as a tribal group, known collectively as the Karankawa (also Karankawan, Clamcoëhs, and called in their language Auia), played a pivotal part in early Texas history.

The term Karankawa has been popularly applied to a group of Native American tribes who had a common dialect and culture. These people can be more specifically identified as the Capoques (Coaques, Cocos), Kohanis, Kopanes (Copanes), Kronks and Karankawa (Carancaquacas) bands. They inhabited the Gulf Coast of Texas from Galveston Bay in the present-day Greater Houston area, then southwestward to Corpus Christi Bay.

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[edit] Language

Their language, of which only about a hundred words are preserved, is also called Karankawa and may have been related to the Coahuiltecan, but researchers cannot be certain as so little is known of languages in this region. The significance of the name Karankawa is not certain, but it is generally held to mean "dog-lovers" or "dog-raisers." That rendering seems creditable, since the Karankawas had dogs that were a fox or coyote-like species. A nomadic-type culture existed and they seasonally migrated between the mainland and the barrier islands.

[edit] Origins

[edit] Environment

The indigenous peoples that lived along the Texas Coast from Galveston Island to a location southward far past Corpus Christi, Texas endured much hardship from the elements. The bays, back bays, lagoons and bayous along the Texas Coast, were the tribal hunting and harvesting grounds. The shallow waters in the bays allowed them to wade out into the deep pools with lances or bows and arrows, to spear fish as the older men, women and children harvested the waters for blue and stone crabs, oysters, mussels, sea turtles, shellfish, and other eatable crustaceans. There are accounts that some Karankawas were seen in Colorado County at Eagle Lake, close to 100 miles from the coastline, but no evidence shows they made permanent camps there.

A few of their campsites have been discovered in recent years, giving us better clues on daily life and activities. Disease, 'land acquisitions", troubles with the newcomers to the land, wars, and general genocide condemned them to extinction before 1860.

It is now known that they wintered around the coastal bays, eating oysters, clams, shellfish, black drum, redfish, spotted seatrout and the other abundant species of fish. During the summer months, and hot weather the oysters, clams and other shellfish are not safe to eat, and the fish make their yearly migration out the pass, which in turn would send the tribal bands migrating further inland as well. They also would eat deer and turtles. Undoubtedly summer tropical storms and hurricanes would have an impact on this decision to move further inland as well.

They would traverse the bays in dugouts and lived in round thatch huts. Some of the campsites show a population of several hundred. The discarded clam and oyster shells would make huge mounds around this camp site. Their most prized hunting tool was the long bow, some well over six foot long and arrow shafts as long as three feet, making it easier to spot and retrieve them from the shallow waters. Their major inland game was the deer and American Bison, as the many discarded remains of these animals has been found at these camp sites. They also harvested local roots, berries and nuts.

[edit] Encounters with Spanish Conquistadors

Karankawa
Karankawa

The Karankawa peoples were living this type of nomadic existence when they encountered Spaniards, led by Alvarez de Piñeda, surveying the coast in 1519. Governor Francisco de Garay of Jamaica had commissioned him to explore the Gulf Coast from Florida to Veracruz.

The heavily tattooed, pierced, and painted nomadic Karankawa tribe held the islands for the most part in south Texas. Their territory was perhaps from the west end of Galveston Island down the coast to the mouth of the Rio Grande, and inland about 25-65 miles depending on the region. Superb hunters, fisherman, warriors and longbow archery experts, they were a powerful enemy to anyone wishing to take their prime hunting grounds away.

The impression they left on those that wrote of encounters with the tribes were monumental. The men were strikingly tall, described to be between six and almost seven feet (180-205 cm). They were tattooed and wore shell ornaments and many greased themselves down with shark liver oil to ward off mosquitoes and other biting insects. Additionally, the men pierced each nipple as well as the bottom lip of the mouth with small pieces of cane.

[edit] Encounters with Jean Laffite

After being run out of New Orleans around 1817, Lafitte relocated to the island of Galveston, Texas establishing another "kingdom" he named "Campeche". In Galveston, Lafitte either purchased or set his claim to a lavishly furnished mansion used by French pirate Louis-Michel Aury, which he named "Maison Rouge". The building's upper level was converted into a fortress where cannon commanding Galveston harbor were placed. In 1819, a brief encounter between the Karankawa and Lafitte's men proved to be a great loss for the natives. Three hundred Karankawa warriors tried to retrieve one of their women from Lafitte's men. The cannons were used to defeat the natives inflicting a great loss to this group of fighters, and resulting in a further step toward tribal extinction.

Around 1820, Lafitte reportedly married Madeline Regaud, possibly the widow or daughter of a French colonist who had died during an ill-fated expedition to Galveston. In 1821, the schooner USS Enterprise was sent to Galveston to remove Lafitte's presence from the Gulf after one of the pirate's captains attacked an American merchant ship. Lafitte agreed to leave the island without a fight, and in 1821 or 1822 departed on his flagship, the Pride, burning his fortress and settlements and reportedly taking an immense treasure with him. All that remains of Maison Rouge is the foundation, located at 1417 Avenue A near the Galveston wharf. When Laffite left Galveston Island in 1820, he made Jao de la Porta a full-time trader. [1]

[edit] Cannibalism

Undertaken only upon one's blood enemies, ritual cannibalism was common among the coastal tribes of Texas and Louisiana. In 1768, a Spanish Padre provided details of the Karankawa ritual flesh eating ceremonies. In this account, the Karankawa are portrayed as believing that eating the captive's flesh would transfer the captive's power and strength to those who consumed him. The "savages" would lash a captive to a stake and, dancing around the stake, they would dart in, slice off a piece of flesh with a sharp blade, then roast it in front of the victim, in an already prepared campfire. Then they would devour it, as the victim watched his own consumption.

Some recent authors have put forward the theory that, at times, the Karankawa were mistaken for the Atakapa (Atakapan or Attakapan) people, Gulf Coast tribes whose lands stretched from Galveston Bay to Bayou Teche and Vermillion Bay in Louisiana. The people of these tribes were known for their body tattoos and their cannibalistic retribution upon their enemies.

Some recent scholarship has cast doubt upon claims that the Karankawa were cannibals and has instead drawn attention to the original impression of the Karankawa given in the record of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1528. Finding Cabeza de Vaca, lost and frightened, washed ashore on Galveston Island with the few survivors of the ill-fated Pánfilo de Narváez Expedition, the Karankawa sat down and wept with them.

[edit] Housing and Location

The Karankawa used poles and animal skins to make huts. They often built by the ocean. Their neighbors were the Caddos among others.

[edit] External links

[edit] Reference

  • Reséndez, Andrés. "A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca." Basic Books, Perseus, United States of America, 2007. ISBN 0-465-06840-5