Kampira Falls Frog
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- "Rana okinavana" redirects here. That taxon was erroneously thought to refer to the Ryūkyū Brown Frog until recently.
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| Rana okinavana Boettger, 1895 |
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Babina okinavana (Boettger, 1895) (but see text) |
The Kampira Falls Frog, Yaeyama Harpist Frog or Harpist Brown Frog (Rana okinavana) is a species in the true frog family (Ranidae). Until recently known as Rana psaltes, it is found on Ishigaki and Iriomote in the Yaeyama Islands of Japan, as well as on Taiwan.[1]
It is a mid-sized stout brown frog, sharing with with a distinctive suprabrachial gland and a fold of skin running from the shoulders to the hips. The latter features unite it with other species of Rana, which may belong into Babina of Nidirana if tehse are considered valid.[1]
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, swamps, freshwater marshes, and canals and ditches. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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[edit] Taxonomy
This frog has a confusing [taxonomic]] history which is entwined with that of the Ryūkyū Brown Frog. Oskar Boettger described a frog species from the Ryūkyū Islands as Rana okinavana[2]. He could not tell for certain where these specimens were collected as they had reached him via an animal trader and not from the actual collector, but suspected it to be Okinawa in the central Ryūkyūs, the most accessible island of the archipelago.[1]
By 1907 it was known that what supposedly was the same medium-sized brown frog also occurred on the Yaeyama Islands in the southern Ryūkyū archipelago[3], though subsequently, Boettger's frog could only be found there. Later still, the presene of the brown frogs of Okinawa was verified and they were studies, with scientists believing that Boettger's taxon applied to them. Eventually the situation had changed to R. okinavana supposedly referring to the Okinawan frogs only, with the Yaeyama frogs being either ignored or believed to belong to another species altogether. This was the situation by the time World War II interrupted further research, with some even believing it did not exist at all.[1]
In the mid-20th century, the Okinawan and Yaeyama frogs were again united under R. okinavana, but once again without checking Boettger's type specimens. By the 1970s however, it was realized that the southern frogs, though superficially similar in being about the same size and color, differed significantly from those on Okinawa. Initially identified as R. adenopleura, the Yaeyama Harpist Frog was described as a new species, Rana psaltes, in 1985[4].[1]
In 1999, upon examination of the lectotype of Boettger's R. okinavana[5], it was realized that this animal was very similar to R. psaltes, differing from the Okinawan brown frogs just as the recently-described Yaeyama frogs did. It furthermore turned out that Boettger's specimens were included in the same batch from the same collector as his specimens of Chirixalus eiffingeri. These specimens must have been collected on the Yaeyama Islands however, as it certainly does not occur on Okinawa. And thus, the frogs formerly known as R. psaltes - which had also been found on Taiwan in the meantime - turned out to be the same species that Boettger had described, and hence according to ICZN rules, it is now known as R. okinavana, while the Ryūkyū Brown Frog is yet to receive a scientific name. Furthermore, there are some slight differences between Boettger's types of R. okinavana and Kuramoto's types of R. psaltes which were collected on Iriomote Island. Should Boettger's specimen, e.g. by ancient DNA analysis, turn out to be from Ishigaki and be subspecifically distinct from the Iriomote population, the latter would become subspecies psaltes.[1]
[edit] Footnotes
[edit] References
- Boettger, O. (1895a): Neue Frösche und Schlangen von den Liukiu-Inseln ["New frogs and snakes from the Ryūkyū Islands"]. [In German] Bericht des Offenbacher Verein für Naturkunde 33-36: 101–117.
- Boettger, O. (1895b): Neue Frösche und Schlangen von den Liukiu-Inseln ["New frogs and snakes from the Ryūkyū Islands"]. [In German] Zoologischer Anzeiger 18: 266–270.
- Kuangyang, L.; Wenhao, C.; Kaneko, Y. & Matsui, Masafumi (2004). Rana psaltes. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 23 July 2007.
- Kuramoto, M. (1985): A new frog (genus Rana) from the Yaeyama group of the Ryukyu Islands. Herpetologica 41: 150–158.
- Matsui, Masafumi (2007): Unmasking Rana okinavana Boettger, 1895 from the Ryukyus, Japan (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae). Zool. Sci. 24: 199–204. doi:10.2108/zsj.24.199 (HTML abstract)
- Stejneger, Leonhard H. (1907): Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 58 1–577.
[edit] External links
- Kampira Falls Frog photo. Retrieved 2008-FEB-02.
- Mating Ryūkyū Brown Frogs photo. Retrieved 2008-FEB-02.
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