Kambojas and Manusmriti

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The Manusmriti (Sanskrit मनुस्मृति), translated "Laws of Manu" is a foundational work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society, written c.200 in India. It is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or "laws of righteous conduct"). Unlike the Vedas which are considered of divine origin, the Smritis are considered to be of human origin and contain laws, rules and codes of conduct to be applied by individuals, communities and the nations.

Contents

[edit] Manu's definition of Vratyas

Manusmriti (verse II.39) informs that, if after the last prescribed period, the people (twice-born) remain uninitiated, they become Vratyas, fallen from Savitri and thus discarded by the Aryans [1].

Manusmriti (verse X.20) informs that those (sons) whom the twice-born beget on wives of equal caste, but who, not fulfilling their sacred duties (allusion is obviously towards the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas etc), are excluded from the Savitri (initiation), one must also designate by the appellation Vratyas [2].

[edit] Manusmriti on Kambojas, Yavanas, Shakas etc

Manusmriti [3] informs us that, in consequence of the omission of sacred Brahmanical rituals/codes and of their not heeding to the advice of Brahmanas, the following noble Kshatriyas have gradually sunk in this world to the state of vrishalatam i.e become degenerate Kshatriyas viz: the Paundrakas, Chodas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Shakas, Paradas, Pahlavas, Chinas, Kiratas, Daradas and Khashas etc [4].

Based on above statements of Manusmriti, the scholars have listed the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Kiratas, Chinas, Dravidas and several other ancient Kshatriya clans as Vratya Kshatriyas or degraded Kshatriyas etc [5].

[edit] Mahabharata supports Manusmriti

A very similar information on the Kamboja, Saka, Yavana and other Kshatriyas is also contained in the Anusasanaparva of Mahabharata [6] which also states that due to the wrath of the Brahmanas (resulting from their neglect of sacred Brahmanical codes and regulations), these formerly noble Kshatriya clans of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas etc have sunken to the state of vrishalatvam i.e become degraded Kshariyas or Vratyas [7].

Compare also: Mahabharata (13.35.17-18) [8].

[edit] Consequences of neglecting the Brahmanas

The inevitable consequences of neglecting the Brahmanas are beautifully highlighted in the epic which states that the descendents of those Kshatriyas who neglect the Brahmanas soon become Dasyus, Mlechchas or Barbarians [9].

[edit] Medhatithi and Kulluka on Kambojas, Shakas etc

Thus we see that the later commentators like Kulluka as well as Medhatithi, in their Bhasya (commentaries) on Manusmriti (verse X.32 and X/43-45) clearly brand the Paundrakas, Chodas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Shakas, Paradas, Pahlavas, Chinas, Kiratas, Daradas etc as belonging to the Dasyu or Mlechcha class. The primary reason again is stated to be neglect of Brahmanas and the disappearance of sacred brahmanical rites (upanayanadi, kriya-lopadimah) among these tribes.

[edit] An attempt to accommodate aliens into Hindu fold

The foreign warrior clans of the Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas and the others, after their entry into India (2nd/1st c BC), did not immediately switch to the religion and social customs of the Hindu society. Obviously, they must have continued to observe their own culture and religious practices for some time.

In their anxiety to prove the antiquity of the sacred Hindu Caste System and also, in great pains to reasonably accommodate these foreign hordes into the social organization of the Hindus, the authors of Manusmriti (X.43-44) as well as Mahabharata [10] had designed social laws (around Christian era) to reasonably accommodate these aliens into the caste-based Hindu society by using a political language that these tribes, in fact, were originally from the Indo-Aryan stock, but got degenerated into vrishaltam due to their neglect of the Brahmanas as well as their non-observance of the sacred Brahmanical codes and regulations. It was, in a way, also an open invitation to these foreigners to come within the Brahmanical fold if they wanted to get the exalted status of noble Kshatriyas.

That the Kambojas etc were non-Indo-Aryan foreign tribes is clearly reflected from the above statements of Manusmriti as well as Mahabharata [11].

[edit] A formal procedure to elevate one’s position

A formal procedure is detailed in Mahabharata as to how these Vratya Kshatriyas (or the alien hordes) could attain the high status of noble Kshatriyas in the Hindu society. The most important among the recommendations are the performance of paka-yajanas (minor sacrifices) and giving rich gifts to the Brahamin priests at these sacrifices [12] [13].

There are references in Mahabharata that someone donating one hundred horses of Kamboja variety to a Brahmin ascetic would get cleared of all his shortcomings and worldly sins (and would be graced in the Hindu society as an exalted Kshatriya) [14].

Thus, a way for upward mobility for the so-called Vratyas/Mlechchas and the aliens indeed existed in the ancient Hindu Society.

[edit] Some opinions from scholars

The leaders of ancient Indian society were eager to place the foreigners in the social organization of the country; e.g Manu regards the Kambojas as degraded Kshatriyas (X-43-44) while Patanjali in his Mahabhasya (Pa II.4.10) regards the Sakas and Yavanas as anivasita (pure) Shudras. Even the Gautama Dharamasutra (IV.21) regards the Yavanas or Greeks as sprung from the Shudra females + Kshatriya males [15].

The foreigners were expected to practice the same normal pieties as the Hindus, and the latter in return considered them henceforth, as belonging to their own social organization [16].

[edit] Notes

  1. ^
    Sanskrit:
    ata uurdhvam trayo 'apy ete yathaakaalam a.samskrtaah |
    saavitriipatitaa vraatyaa bhavanty aaryavigarhitaah || 39 ||
    — (Manusmriti II.39).
  2. ^
    Sanskrit:
    dvijaatayah savarnaasu janayanty a.vrataams tu yaan |
    taan saavitriiparibhrastaan vraatyaan iti vinirdizet || 20 ||
    — (Manusmriti X.20).
  3. ^ Manusmriti verse X/43-44.
  4. ^
    Sanskrit:
    shanakaistu kriya-lopadimah Kshatriya-jatayah |
    vrashalatvam gata loke brahmna-darshanen cha || 43 ||
    Paundrash-Chaudra-Dravidah-Kamboja-Yavanah-Shakah |
    Paradah Pahlavash-Chinah Kirata Daradah Khashah || 44 ||
    — (Manusmritti, X.43-44).
  5. ^ See: Origin and Growth of Caste in India, Vol I, 1968, p 121-122, Dr N. K. Dutt.
  6. ^ Mahabharata verse 13.33.21.
  7. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Brahmana yam prasha.nsanti purushah sa pravardhate |
    brahmanairyah parakrushtah parabhuyatkshanaddhi sah || 20 ||
    Shaka Yavana Kambojas tastah Kshatriya-jatayah |
    vrishalatvam parigata Brahmananamadarshanat || 21 ||
    — (Mahabharata 13.33.20-21) .
  8. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Mekala Dramidah Lathah Paundrah Konwasirah |.
    Shaundika Darada Darvash Chaurah Shabara Barbarah || 17 ||
    Kirata Yavanashchaiva tastah Kshatriya-jatayah |
    vrishalatvamanuprapta brahmananamadarshanat || 18 ||
    — (Mahabharata 13.35.17-18)
    Translation:
    The Mekalas, the Dravidas, the Lathas, the Paundras, the Konwasiras, the Saundikas, the Daradas, the Darvas, the Chauras, the Sabaras, the Barbaras, the Kiratas, the Yavanas, and numerous other tribes of Kshatriyas, have become degraded into the status of Vrishaltam i.e degraded Kshatriyas or Sudras through the wrath of Brahminas.
  9. ^
    Sanskrit:
    naisham putra vedamadhiyate cha,
    yada brahmakshatriyah santyajanti || 9 ||
    naishamukshavardhate jatu gehe
    nadhiyate sa praja no yajante .
    apadhvastA dasyu bhuta bhavanti
    ye brahmanah kshatriyansantyajanti || 10 ||
    — (MBH 12/73/9-10).
  10. ^ Anusasnaparava 13.33.20-21; 13.35.17-18.
  11. ^ See: Geographical Data in Early Puranas, 1978, p 163, Dr M. R Singh.
  12. ^ Mahabharat XII.65.13-22; also see: Comprehensive History of India, Dr K. A. Nilkanta Sastri, Vol II, 1957, p 468.
  13. ^
    Sanskrit:
    dakshina sarvayagyana.n dttavya bhutimichchhata |
    pakayagya maharhashcha kartavyah sarvadasyubhih || 21 ||
    etanyevam prakarani vihitani puranagha |.
    sarvalokasya karmani kartavyaniha parthiva || 22 ||
    — (Mahabharata 12I.65.13-22, Gorakhpore Edition) .
  14. ^
    Sanskrit:
    shata.n tai yastu kambojan.brahmanebhyah prayachchhati |
    niyatebhyo mahipala sa cha papatpramuchyate || 11 ||
    — (Mahabharata 12.35.11) .
  15. ^ Ref: Journal of Ancient Asian History, Vol I, Part I & II, 1967-68, p 89, Dr D. C. Sircar.
  16. ^ The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol I, p 612; cf: History and Culture of Indian People, The Vedic Age, p 313-314, Dr R. C Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr K. D. Munshi.

[edit] See also

Manusmriti
Caste
Kshatriya
Shudra
Kambojas
Kambojas in Indian Literature
Sakas
Yavana
Hinduism

[edit] External links

[edit] References

  • Manusmiriti
  • Mahabharata
  • Manubhasya of Medhatithi
  • Kulluka's Bhasya on Manusmriti
  • Some Kshatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1924, Dr B. C. Law
  • Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, Dr J. L. Kamboj
  • Original Sanskrit Texts, Vol-I, Dr J. Muir
  • Cultural Heritage of India, Vol-I Article by Dr Debila Mitra
  • Journal of Ancient Indian History, Vol I, Part I & II, Dr D. C. Sircar
  • Land of the Kambojas, Purana, Vol I, No 2, Dr D. C. Sircar
  • Hunas, Yavanas and the Kambojas, Indian Historical quarterly, XXVI, 2, 1950, Dr S. B. Chaudhury
  • Political and Social Movements in Ancient Panjab, Dr Buddha Parkash
  • Sagara and the Haihayas, Vasishtha and Aurva, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1919, Dr P. E. Pargiter