Kamboja (name)

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Kamboja (or Kambuja) is the name of an ancient Indo-Iranian tribe whose spoke language belongs in the Indo-European family of languages. They are believed to have been located originally in Pamirs and Badakshan in Central Asia. The Sanskrit name Kamboja is also sometimes found written as Kambuja, e.g. in Vedic texts like Paraskara Grhya Sutra [1].

Contents

[edit] Etymology of Kamboja, Kambuja or Kambujiya

The etymology of Kamboja (or "Kambuja" , "Kambujiya") is unclear. There are several views regarding how the name may have originated.

  • Yaska (seventh century BCE) attempted to trace "Kamboja" by etymologyzing it as both Kambal.bhojah and Kamaniya.bhojah. According to Nirukta[2], the Kambojas enjoy kambalah (blankets) i.e. they are Kambal.bhojah, and also they enjoy beautiful (kamaniya) things, hence they are 'kamaniya.bhojah'. Therefore they are called "Kambojas" [3].
  • According to scholars like Dr. Moti Chandra, the Kamaniya.bhoja of Yasaka literally means Handsome Bhoja [4]. The word Bhoja is an aspirated Sanskrit equivalent of Iranian Boja, and means 'king' [5]. This suggests that the Kambojas may have been so called because they were a very handsome race, or at least because their kings were very handsome. This view is abundantly reinforced by Valmiki Ramayana [6], as well as by several verses of the Mahabharata [7] etc., which strongly testify that the ancient Kambojas and their princes were very handsome. But according to Bailey's interpretation, Kambujiya or Kamboja would would mean the "king ruling at will" or ultimately, "king at will" [8]
  • According to another view, the name Kamboja is derived from expression Kam + Bhuj, where Kam implies "region" and Bhuj or Bhoja (Iranian Boja) implies owner, lord or king [9]. Thus the Kambojas are though of as the Owners, Kings or Lords of a certain region or country called Kam [10] [11]. The element Kam is also reflected in the Kama valley lying between the Khyber Pass and Jalalabad; in place names like Kama-daka, Kamma-Shilman, Kama-bela of Kabol; the Kamdesh/Kambrom, Kamich, Kama and Kamu of the Kunar and Bashgul valleys; as also the vast expanses of region called Kazal-Kam and Kara-Kam lying on either side of the Oxus, north of Afghanistan. The Ptolemian names Kamoi and Komdei also refer to these territories. It is also important to note that ancient Kamboja was located precisely in, and contiguous to, these Kam localities [12] [13] [14] [15] [16].
  • Scholars like Casey suppose that Kambuja lineage of the ruling family of ancient Cambodia originated from their legendary patriarch figure called Svayambhuva Kambu. According to Casey, "Kambuja" is etymologically deived from Kambu+ja, where ja in Sanskrit is said to mean "son or descendant". Hence, Kambujas means "descendants of Kambu" [17]. On similar lines, some argue that the name of the Indo-Iranian Kambojas may have eponymously originated from some ancient patriarchal figure known as Kambo. The Kambu as a name of an Asura (Iranian) clan is attested in ancient Hindu texts like Markendeya Purana [18] and Devi Mahatam [19], where the Kambu (Kamboja) clan is portrayed "in clash with" the Indo-Aryans. It is notable that King Ashoka's Rock Edicts (3rd century BCE) located in Peshawar also write Kamboy (i.e. Kambo) for Sanskrit Kamboj. It is also notable that the terms Kambo and Kambu were used in medieval Muslim writings for the Kamboj population of greater Panjab.
  • Prof Skalmowski has suggested that the name Kamboja or Kambujiya is an adjectival form from a compound like *kamp + auj-ias- (cf. Sanskrit kampate "=he trembles", Avestan *auj, as in aojvah, "stronger than"), meaning "unshaken, stronger than trembling, undaunted, intrepid (intrepidus)" [20]. Therefore, this would give the Kambojas meanings like powerful, mighty, fearful, undaunted, valiant etc.
  • According to Dr Wilson, part of the name Kamboja (i.e Kambi) is in the Cambistholi of Arrian: the last two syllables, no doubt, represent the Sanscrit Sthala, 'place,' 'district;' and the word denotes the dwellers in the Kamba or Kambis country: so Kamboja may be explained as those born in Kamba or Kambas [21]. [3]. In the like manner, the name Kambavati or Kambhavati or Khambavati (-vati means residence, pura) has also been connected with the Kambojas. In English, the name Kambavati or Kambhavati appears as Cambay[22]
  • Bordering on the Caucasus mountains west of Armenia, there was an ancient region which Strabo attests as Kambysene [23]. It comprised a rugged region through which a road connecting Caucasian Albania and Caucasian Iberia passed [24]. The Greek form of the name Kambysene is believed to have been derived in the Hellenistic period from an indigenous name corresponding to Armenian Kamboean or Georgian Kambeovani. In Arabic, it has been attested as Qambzan/Kambzan. Though not attested prior to Strabo, the region is believed to have born this name since remote antiquity. The tribal people living around this region were also called by the same name. Strabo also attests two rivers viz: Cyrus (modern Kura) and Cambyses or Kambyses (modern Jori or Jora),[25] the latter was a tributary of the former. These territorial and river names Kambysene and Cambyses which occurred north of Iran have been linked to ethno-geographical name Kambuja/Kamboja of Sanskrit tradition [26]. According to Ernst Herzfeld, the names of Cyrus and Cambyses rivers, as well as the Achaemenid names Kurush and Kambujiya, were derived from two ethnics [27]. The name Kambujiya occurs in Egypt as Kambuza, Kambatet (rather Kambuzia ) as well as Kambunza [28]. The two ethnics of Ernst Herzfeld are believed to be ancient Kurus and Kambojas of the Sanskrit traditions [29]. Dr Chandra Chakravarty states that the hordes, who had participated in the ancient invasion of Iran along with Yautiyas were the Nordic Scythians (Kuru-Kambojas) from around the Kambysene region near Mt Caucasus. A branch of these Kambysene Scythians later mixed with the Xsatyatia Parsas (=Puru Khattis) thus giving birth to the well known Achaemenians [30]. However, a section of them also settled on north-west of India. These Kambysene hordes later came to be known as Kambojas and their province as Kamboja in ancient Indian traditions [31]. A section of these Scythianised Kambojas is believed to have reached Tibetan plateau where they mixed with the locals; as a result some Tibetans are still called Kambojas [32]. Through Tibet, they went further to Mekong valley where they were called Kambujas (Cambodians), now represented by the Chams, still a tall, fair, dolichocephelic people with non-mongoloid eyes, of the Mon-Khmers [33]. In Zend Avestan, Kambyses or Kambujiya takes the form of Kavaus and in modern Persian as Kavus and Kaus [34] [35]. In modern times, the name appears as Kamoj in Kafiristan and Kamboj/Kamboh in Punjab. Spiegel regards the personal name Kambujiya as originally an adjective, meaning belonging to the Kambuja or Kamboja [36].
  • Probably a more acceptable, and similar view is that the name of the tribe and their country had originated eponymously from their illustrious ancient warrior king called Kamboja. This legendary Kamboja warrior had won the prized Daivi Khadga or (Divine Sword) from the celebrated king Kuvalashava of Kosala [37]. The sword legend of the Mahabharata points to very remote antiquity, since the same king Kuvalashava who is a contemporary of this Kamboja, has been placed at the twelfth generation after Swayambhuva Manu of Hindu traditions [38]. It is now accepted that the royal name Kambujiya (or Kamboujiya) is the Iranian version of Sanskrit Kamboja and Greek Cambyses, and it was a very popular name among ancient Iranians. It is probable that the legendary warrior Kamboja referenced in Shantiparva (Mahabharata) was some earlier Kambujiya from the royal line of ancient Iranian Achaemenids, who had given his name to his clan.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Grhya Sutra verse 2.1.23.
  2. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Shavtirgatikarma Kambojesveva bhasyate........
    Kambojah kambal.bhojah kamaniya.bhoja va
    kambalaha kamaniyo bhavati
    vikaramasy. Aryesu bhasyante shava iti
    (Nirukta II.2.
  3. ^ Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1975, p 233, Dr B. C. Law.
  4. ^ Geographical and Economical Studies, J.U.P.H.S., Part II, 1943, p 39.
  5. ^ Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 68-71, H. W. Bailey; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, pp 18-19, J. Tavernier - History; Historicité des forces du mal dans la Rgvedasamhita, Journal Asiatique 286.2, 1998, p.542, Eric Pirart; Linguistic aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory, Part 1, Dr. Koenraad ELST etc.
  6. ^ Ramayana of Valmiki, v 1/55/2
  7. ^ MBH 7/23/43; 7/82/74; 8/56/113-114
  8. ^ Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 67-71, H. W. Bailey; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier.
  9. ^ Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian ..., 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier - History - 2007; Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions, 1908, p 80, Herbert Cushing Tolman - Old Persian language; Historicité des forces du mal dans la Rgvedasamhita, Journal Asiatique 286.2, 1998, p.542, Eric Pirart.
  10. ^ Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, p403, Dr H.C. Seth; See also: The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 403; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian ..., 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier - History - 2007; Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions, 1908, p 80, Herbert Cushing Tolman - Old Persian language.
  11. ^ ; Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India, 1993 (edition), p 122, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Jules Bloch, Jean Przyluski, Asian Educational Services - Indo-Aryan philology; Die Sprache, 1949, p 215, Wiener Sprachgesellschaft - Philology.
  12. ^ cf: "The etymology of the word Kamboja (Kam + bhuj) suggests that it refers to a people who were the masters (enjoyers) of the country known as Kum or Kam (Rai & Dev). This line of thought suggests a possible identification of the country of Kambojas with mountainous regions between the Oxus and the Jaxartes (i.e. the old Sogdian strapy)...... The mountainous highlands where Jaxartes and many other rivers which meet this great river arise, are called by Ptolemy as the "the Highlands of Komdei". Ammianus Marcellinus also call these Sogdian mountains as Komedas. The word Komedai and Komedas suggest Kom-desa or land of Kome. We learn from Ptolemy that a tribe variously called by him as Komaroi, Komedai, Khomaroi and Komoi was wide spread in the Highlands of Bactriana Sogdiana. It is difficult to say, at present, how far the vast tracts of land on either side of Oxus called as Kyzyl Kum or Kizil Kum, Kok-kum and Kara Kum may yet bear the traces of the name of this once a great and powerful people" (Ref: Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 403; Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, p403, Dr H.C. Seth; cf: History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, p 152, Shashi Asthana) .
  13. ^ On Kamboja or Kambujia etymology compare also: Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, p 80, Herbert Cushing Tolman.
  14. ^ cf also: "....The name Kum or Khum (common around Oxus) is reminiscent of Kamboja...." (Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1940, p 256, (India) Asiatic Society (Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal; Studies in Indian History and Civilization, 1962, p 351, Dr Buddha Prakash).
  15. ^ "The etymology of the word Kamboja indicates that they originated in the country known as Kum " (History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., Edition 1976, p 152, Shashi Asthana).
  16. ^ cf: "... the root Kam continually occurs in Kafiristan and a more specific use of it is to be sought. There is a tribe called the Kamoz (=Kamboj), and one of the affluents of the Indus is the Khama..." (Primitive Aryans of American: Origin of the Aztecs and Kindred Tribes, 2003, p 141, T. S. Denison, Kessinger Publishing).
  17. ^ Casey, Robert. Four Faces of Siva. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1934, p 88-100.
  18. ^ verse 8.1-6
  19. ^ verse 5.28.1-12
  20. ^ See Refs: Two old Persian names, 1993, OLP 24, pp 74-75, W Skalmowski; Birth of the Persian Empire: The Idea of Iran, Volume I, 2005, p 21, Pierre Briant, John Curtis, Albert de Jong, Frantz Grenet, Daniel Potts, Shapur Shabazi, Vesta Sarkhoush Curtis, and Sarah Stewart; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier.
  21. ^ Ref: Vishnu Purana, p 194, fn 146, Dr H. H Wilson.
  22. ^ Name "Kambaya" of Arab Geographers' stands for Cambay; Kambaet; Khambat; Khambayat; Khambavati (located in Gujerat) (See: Die Reise des Arabers Ibn Batūta durch Indien und China(14. Jahrhundert), 1911, p 471, Ibn Batuta); cf: Ancient name of Cambay (Khambat) was Kamboj (i.e Kamboja) (Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the... 1801, p 129, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India); cf: A trtace of their (i.e Kambojas') settlement in Saurashtra/Gujarat still survives in the name of Cambay (See: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, p 232, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; cf: “The ancient name of Camaby in Gujarat was Kambhoj (See: Sharad Keskar's notes on Kim, Chapter XI, Macmillan Uniform Edition, 1901, Rudyard Kipling). There are numerous other scholars who have also connected Cambay/Kambay or Kambhavati with the Kambojas of north-west (See: Glossary of tribes, pp 443-444, H. A. Rose; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 416, S Kirpal Singh; Vanger Jatya Itihaas, (Bangla), Rajyakanda, Nagendra Nath; Epigraphia Indica, XXIV, pp 45-46; Punjabi Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 332, Dr J. L. Kamboj); Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the...1801, p 129, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
  23. ^ Strabo Geog., 11.14.4
  24. ^ Strabo Geog., 11.4.5; cf. 11.3.5; see also Fabricius, pp. 146, 160, and map; Trever, p. 113 and map
  25. ^ A. Herrmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, X/2, col. 1810, s.v. Kambysene; See also: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648.
  26. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648 .
  27. ^ The Persian Empire' Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, Ernst Herzfeld, ed. G. Walser, Wiesbaden, 1968, esp. pp. 344-46);See entry Cambysene in Encyclopaedia Iranica: See link: [1]
  28. ^ Ein neuer Kambyses text, p 5; op. cit, 1907, p 548.
  29. ^ Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1950, p 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty; Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648; Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vol II, p 294; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik..., 1881, p 86, Friedrich Spiegel - Old Persian inscriptions.
  30. ^ Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1952, p 32-33, 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty; The Racial History of India, 1944, p 225, Chandra Chakraberty; Paradise of Gods, 1966, p 330, Qamarud Din Ahmed.
  31. ^ The Racial History of India – 1944, p 810, Chandra Chakraberty
  32. ^ op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
  33. ^ op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
  34. ^ Op cit., 1987, p 646.
  35. ^ While discussing Kambujiya of the old Persian Inscriptions (Cambyses/Kambyses of the Greeks, Kamboja of Sanskrit or Kamoj of Kafirstan/Nurestan), Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1990, observes as under: "Kambujiya, Kabujiya, Cambyses is the true vernacular orthography of name which was written Kambyses by the Greeks and Kauvays in Zend....From the name of a king Kambyses was derived the geographical title of Kamboja (Sanskrit), which is retained to present days in the Kamoj of Cafferstan....the Persian historians do not seem to be aware that the name "Kabus", which was born by the Dilemite sovereigns is the same with the Kaus of Romance; yet the more ancient form is Kaubus or Kabuj, for latter name renders the identification also most certain. The Georgians, even to the present day, name the hero of romance Kapus, still retaining the labial which has merged in the Persian…." (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Published 1990, p 97, Cambridge University, Press for the Royal Asiatic Society [etc.], By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Cf: Reisen im indischen Archipel, Singapore, Batavia, Manilla und Japan, 1869, p 216; Die Voelker des Oestlichen Asien: Studien und Reisen, 1869, p 216, Dr Philip Wilhelm Adolf Bastian).
  36. ^ Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vol II, p 294; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik..., 1881, p 86, Friedrich Spiegel - Old Persian inscriptions See Link: [2]; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1907, p 648.
  37. ^ MBH 12/166/77.
  38. ^ Ancient Indian Historical Traditions, pp. 114 ff., Dr. P. E. Pargiter

[edit] See also

Kambojas, Cambyses

[edit] Books & Articles

  • Mahabharata
  • Valmiki Ramayana
  • Yaska’s Nirukta II.2
  • Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963
  • Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, Dr H.C. Seth
  • History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, Shashi Asthana
  • Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan *Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, Herbert Cushing Tolman
  • Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, Dr H.C. Seth
  • History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, Shashi Asthana
  • Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan *Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, Herbert Cushing Tolman
  • Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, J. Tavernier
  • Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 68-71, Dr H. W. Bailey;
  • Historicité des forces du mal dans la Rgvedasamhita, Journal Asiatique 286.2, 1998, p.542, Eric Pirart;
  • Linguistic aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory, Part 1, Dr. Koenraad ELST
  • Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1975, Dr B. C. Law
  • Sharad Keskar's notes on Kim, Chapter XI, Macmillan Uniform Edition, 1901, Rudyard Kipling
  • Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and *Ireland, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
  • Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the... 1801, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
  • Birth of the Persian Empire: The Idea of Iran, Volume I (Idea of Iran)(2005), I. B. Tauris
  • Casey, Robert. Four Faces of Siva. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1934,
  • Geographical and Economical Studies, J.U.P.H.S., Part II, 1943
  • Vishnu Purana, p 194, fn 146, Dr H. H Wilson
  • Glossary of tribes, pp 443-444, H. A. Rose
  • The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, S Kirpal Singh
  • Vanger Jatya Itihaas, (Bangla), Rajyakanda, Nagendra Nath
  • Epigraphia Indica, XXIV, pp 45-46
  • Punjabi Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha
  • Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, Dr J. L. Kamboj
  • Ancient Indian Historical Traditions, Dr. P. E. Pargiter

[edit] See Link

  • Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords [4]