Kabyle language

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Kabyle Taqbaylit (help·info)
Spoken in:	Algeria; immigrant communities in France, Belgium and elsewhere
Region:	Kabylie (Provinces of Tizi Ouzou, Bejaia, Bouira, Boumerdes, Sétif, BBA, and parts of Jijel)
Total speakers:	4,123,000 (1995) [1]—5.5 millions in Algeria, about 8 millions worldwide [2] [3]
Language family:	Afro-Asiatic  Berber   Northern    Kabyle
Writing system:	Berber Latin alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	kab
ISO 639-3:	kab
Kabyle-speaking areas (in 1936)
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle: Ṯaqbayliṯ, Taqbaylit (help·info), pronounced [ˌθæqβæjˈlɪθ]) spoken by the Kabyle people. In 1995, there were 7,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there were more than 4,500,000. However, according to INALCO estimates, there are 5.5 million speakers in Algeria and about 7 million worldwide.

Kabyle was (with some exceptions) rarely written before the 20th century; however, in recent years a small but increasing body of literature has been printed. The originally oral poetry of Si Mohand is particularly notable in this respect. Famous Kabyle singers include Matoub Lounes, Idir and Ait Menguellet.

Contents 1 Classification 2 Geographic distribution 2.1 Official status 2.2 Varieties 3 Phonology 3.1 Vowels 3.2 Consonants 3.3 Assimilation 3.4 Fricatives vs Stops 4 Writing system 5 Grammar 5.1 Nouns and adjectives 5.1.1 Gender 5.1.2 Pluralization 5.1.3 Free and annexed state 5.2 Verbs 5.3 Conjugation 5.4 Verb framing 5.5 Negation 5.6 Verb derivation 5.7 Agent noun 5.8 Action noun 5.9 Predicative particule "d" 6 Pronoun 6.1 Personal pronouns 6.2 Possessive pronouns 6.3 Pronouns of the verb 6.4 Demonstratives 6.5 Numerotation 6.6 Prepositions 6.7 Conjunctions 7 Vocabulary 8 Sample text 9 Sources used for this article 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 External links 12.1 Websites in Kabyle 12.2 Online dictionaries

[edit] Classification

The classification of Kabyle is Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern.

[edit] Geographic distribution

Kabyle is a Berber language native to Kabylie, it is present in seven Algerian districts.

The populations of Tizi Ouzou, Béjaïa (Bgayet) and Bouira (Tubiret) are in majority Kabyle-speaking. Kabyle is majority language in Bordj Bou Arreridj, Sétif and a minority language in Boumerdes and Jijel where it coexists with Algerian Arabic.

Kabyle is also spoken as a mother tongue among the Kabyle diaspora in Algerian and European cities (mainly France). It is estimated that half of Kabyles live outside Kabylie.

[edit] Official status

Berber languages have no official status in Algeria. Kabyle faces an unfavourable environment in this nation, although there exists a public radio (Channel II, which dates back to the Algerian revolution), and some TV news reports on the unique Algerian TV channel. Since private ownership of TV channels is illegal in Algeria, Kabyles have launched a private Kabyle speaking TV channel that broadcasts from Paris, France (Berbère Télévision).

In 1994, Kabyle pupils and students boycotted Algerian schools for a year, demanding for the officialization of Berber, leading to the symbolic creation of the "Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité" (HCA) in 1995. Berber languages were subsequently taught as a non-compulsory language in Berber speaking areas.

After the tragic events of the Black Spring in 2001, The Kabyle population organized itself under the label of the Arouch. One of their main goals was to officially recognize Berber. President Bouteflika said "Berber will never be an official language, and if it has to be a national language, it has to be submitted to a referendum," ^[1] however he had to submit to the pressure of the Black spring and recognize Berber as a "national language" without a referendum.

In 2005, Bouteflika contradicted himself about the Berber issue, saying that "there is no country in the world that has two official languages" and that "this will never be the case of Algeria".^[2]

[edit] Varieties

From west to east, some linguists distinguish four zones characterized by three distinct—but mutually intelligible—pronunciations in the following regions: At the west of Tizi Ghenif, Kabylie of the Djurdjura, Soummam valley and the zone starting from Bejaïa to the east.

[edit] Phonology

The phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of Kabyle.

[edit] Vowels

Kabyle language has four vowels: (e is not considered to be a true vowel, it just makes the reading easier)

• /a/ [æ]
• /e/ [ə]
• /i/ [ɪ]
• /u/ [ʊ]

Historically, schwa (e) is thought to be the result of a pan-Berber reduction or merger of three other vowels. The phonetic realization of the vowels, especially /a/, is influenced by the character of the surrounding consonants; emphatic consonants invite a more open realization of the vowel, e.g. aẓru = [az̴ru] 'stone' vs. amud = [æmud] 'seed'.

[edit] Consonants

Kabyle consonant phonemes

		Bilabial		Labio- dental	Dental		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
		Plain	Lab.		Plain	Emph.	Plain	Emph.	Plain	Emph.	Plain	Lab.	Plain	Lab.	Plain	Lab.
Stops and affricates	voiceless				t [t]	ṭ [tˁ]	tt [ts]		č [tʃ]				k [k]	k [kʷ]	q [q]	q [qʷ]
	voiced	b [b]	b [bʷ]		d [d]		zz [dz]		ǧ [dʒ]				g [g]	g [gʷ]
Fricatives	voiceless			f [f]	t [θ]		s [s]	ṣ [sˁ]	c [ʃ]	c [ʃˁ]	k [ç]	k [çʷ]			x [χ]	x [χʷ]	ḥ [ħ]	h [h]
	voiced	b [β]			d [ð]	ḍ [ðˁ]	z [z]	ẓ [zˁ]	j [ʒ]	j [ʒˁ]	g [ʝ]	g [ʝʷ]			ɣ [ʁ]	ɣ [ʁʷ]	ɛ [ʕ]
Nasals		m [m]			n [n]
Laterals					l [l]	l [ɫ]
Trills					r [r]	r [rˁ]
Approximants											y [j]			w [w]

[edit] Assimilation

Inside the Kabyle language there are various accents which are the result of assimilations (these accents are generally divided into western and eastern Kabyle). Some of these assimilations are present among all Kabyle "dialects" and some not. These assimilations are not noted in writing, such as:

• « Axxam n wergaz. » — "The house of the man." is pronounced either « Axxam n wergaz. » or « Axxam bb wergaz » or « Axxam pp wergaz » ...etc. (N+W=BB)
• « D taqcict. » — "It's a girl." is pronounced « Tsaqcict ». (D+T=TS)
• Here is a list of some of these assimilations: D+T=TS, T+T=TS, N+W=BB/PP, I+Y=IG, W+W=BB, Y+Y=GG.

Gemination affects the quality of certain consonants, turning fricatives into stops; in particular, geminated ɣ becomes qq and y becomes gg.

[edit] Fricatives vs Stops

Kabyle is mostly composed of fricatives phonemes which are originally stops in other Berber languages, but in writing there is no difference between fricatives and stops. Below is a list of fricatives vs stops and when they are pronounced (note that gemination turns fricatives into stops).

Cononant	B	D	G	K	T
Fricative	/β/ Sound sample (help·info)	/ð/ Sound sample (help·info)	/ʝ/ Sound sample (help·info)	/ç/ Sound sample (help·info)	/θ/ Sound sample (help·info)
Stop	/b/	/d/	/g/	/k/	/t/
Is a stop after	m	l,n	b,j,r,z,ɛ	f,b,s,l,r,n,ḥ,c,ɛ	l,n
Is a stop in the words (and their derivatives)			ngeb, ngeḥ, ngeẓwer, angaẓ, ngedwi, nages,ngedwal

[edit] Writing system

Main article: Kabyle alphabet

The most ancient Berber writings were written in the Libyco-Berber script (Tifinagh). Such writings have been found in Kabylie (also known as Kabylia) and continue to be discovered by archeologists.

During the Middle Ages, religious literature in Kabylia was written in the Arabic language, which was sometimes annotated with footnotes in Kabyle using the Arabic script, however, entire texts were not written in Kabyle.

During the Ottoman era, the first French-Kabyle dictionary was compiled by a French ethnologist in the 18th century. It was written in the Latin script with an orthography based on that of French. Other dictionaries were edited when the French colonized North Africa, mainly by priests, the pères blancs, who also compiled dictionaries in Algerian Arabic. They also collected many stories from the local population.

By the beginning of the 20th century, contributions of educated Kabyles in their own language, and written in the Latin script, began appearing―"tamacahutt n wuccen" by Brahim Zellal being an example of this trend.

After the independence of Algeria, some Kabyle activists tried to revive the Libyco-Berber script, which is still in use by the Tuareg. Attempts were made to modernize the writing system by modifying the shape of the letters and by adding vowels, but its use remains limited to logos. Kabyle literature continued to be written in the Latin script. This new version of Tifinagh has been called Neo-Tifinagh and has been adopted as the official script of Berber languages in Morocco.

Mouloud Mammeri codified a new orthography for the writing of the Kabyle language which avoided the use of the archaic French orthography. His script has been adopted by all Berber linguists, the INALCO and the Algerian HCA. It uses diacritics and two letters from the extended Latin alphabet: Čč Ḍḍ Ɛɛ Ǧǧ Ɣɣ Ḥḥ Ṣṣ Ṭṭ Ẓẓ.

[edit] Grammar

[edit] Nouns and adjectives

[edit] Gender

As an Afro-Asiatic language, Kabyle has only two genders, Masculine and Feminine. Like most Berber languages, masculine nouns and adjectives generally start with a vowel (a-, i-, u-), while the feminine nouns generally start with t- and end with a -t (there are some exceptions, however). Note that most feminine nouns are in fact feminized versions of masculine nouns.

Examples:

• Aqcic "a boy", taqcict "a girl".
• Amɣar "an old man", tamɣart "an old woman".
• Argaz "a man", Tameṭṭut "a woman".
• Izi "a fly", Tizit "mosquito".

[edit] Pluralization

Singular nouns generally start with an a-, and do no have a suffix. Plural nouns generally start with an i- and often have a suffix such as -en. There are three types of plural : external, Internal, mix:

• External or "regular": consists in changing the initial vowel of the noun, and adding a suffix -n,

amɣar "an old man" → imɣaren "old men".

afus → ifasen "hands"

argaz → irgazen "men"

ul → ulawen "hearts"

• Internal: involves only a change in the vowels within the word:

adrar → idurar "mountain"

amicic "a cat" → imcac "cats"

• Mix: combines a change of vowels (within the word) with the suffix -n:

igenni "sky" → igenwan "skies".

izi → izan "fly"

aẓar → iẓuran "root"

[edit] Free and annexed state

As in all Berber languages, Kabyle has two types of states or cases of the noun, organized ergatively: one is unmarked, while the other serves as the subject of a transitive verb and the object of a preposition, among other contexts. The former is often called free state, the latter construct state. The construct state of the noun derives from the free state through one of the following rules:

The first involves a vowel alternation, whereby the vowel a become u :

amaziɣ → umaziɣ "Berber"

ameqqran → umeqqran "big"

adrar → udrar "mountain"

The second involves the loss of the initial vowel in the case of some feminine nouns (e is not considered to be a true vowel, it just makes the reading easier):

tamɣart → temɣart "women"

tamdint → temdint "town"

tamurt → tmurt "country"

The third involves the addition of a semi-vowel (w or y) word-initially:

asif → wasif "river"

aḍu → waḍu "wind"

iles → yiles "tongue"

uccen → wuccen "jackal"

Finally, some nouns do not change for free state:

taddart → taddart "village"

tuccent → tuccent "female jackal"

Depending on the role of the noun in the sentence, it takes either its free or annexed state:

• Free: Yewwet aqcic. "He has beaten a boy". (Verb-Object)
• Annexed: Yewwet weqcic. "The boy has beaten". (Verb-Subject)

After a preposition (at the exception of "ar" and "s"), all nouns take their annexed state:

• Free state: Aman (water), Kas n waman (a glass of water).

[edit] Verbs

There are three tenses : the Preterite (past), intensive Aorist (present perfect, present continuous, past continuous) and the future (Ad+Aoriste). Unlike other Berber languages, the aorist alone is rarely used in Kabyle (In the other languages it is used to express the present).

• "Weak verbs" have a preterite form that is the same as their aoriste. Examples of weak verbs that follow are conjugated at the first person of the singular:

Verb	Preterite	ad + aorist	Intensive aorist
If (to outdo)	ifeɣ	ad ifeɣ	ttifeɣ
Muqel (to observe)	muqleɣ	ad muqleɣ	ttmuqleɣ
Krez (to plough)	kerzeɣ	ad kerzeɣ	kerrzeɣ

• "Strong verbs" or "irregular verbs":

Verb	Preterite	ad + aorist	Intensive aorist
Aru (to write)	uriɣ	ad aruɣ	ttaruɣ

[edit] Conjugation

Conjugation in Kabyle is done by adding suffixes (prefixes, postfixes or both). These suffixes are static and identical for all tenses (only the theme changes):

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	— (e)ɣ	n(e) —
2nd (m)	t(e) — (e)ḍ	t(e) — (e)m
2nd (f)	t(e) — (e)ḍ	t(e) — (e)mt
3rd (m)	i/y(e) —	— (e)n
3rd (f)	t(e) —	— (e)nt

• Example: verb afeg (to fly) with its four themes : ufeg (preterite), ufig (negative preterite), afeg (aorist), ttafeg (intensive aorist).

Person	Preterite		Negative Preterite		Ad+Aorist		Intensive Aorist		Imperative		Intensive Imperative
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1st	ufgeɣ	nufeg	ur ufigeɣ	ur nufig	ad afgeɣ	ad nafeg	ttafgeɣ	nettafeg
2nd (m)	tufgeḍ	tufgem	ur tufigeḍ	ur tufigem	ad tafgeḍ	ad tefgem	tettafgeḍ	tettafgem	afeg	afget	ttafeg	ttafget
2nd (f)	tufgeḍ	tufgemt	ur tufigeḍ	ur tufigemt	ad tafgeḍ	ad tefgemt	tettafgeḍ	tettafgemt	afeg	afgemt	ttafeg	ttafgemt
3rd (m)	yufeg	ufgen	ur yufig	ur ufigen	ad yafeg	ad afgen	yettafeg	ttafgen
3rd (f)	tufeg	ufgent	ur tufig	ur ufigent	ad tafeg	ad afgent	tettafeg	ttafgent

Preterite Participle		Aorist Participle	Intensive Aorist Participle
Positive	Negative		Positive	Negative
yufgen	ur nufig	ara yafgen	yettafeg	ur nettafeg

[edit] Verb framing

Kabyle is a satellite-framed based language, Kabyle verbs use two particles to show the path of motion:

• d orientates toward the speaker, and could be translated as "here".
• n orientates toward the interlocutor or toward a certain place, and could be translated as "there".

Examples:

• « iruḥ-d » (he came), « iruḥ-n » (he went).
• « awi-d aman» (bring the water), « awi aman » (carry away the water).

[edit] Negation

Kabyle usually expresses negation in two parts, with the particle ur attached to the verb, and one or more negative words that modify the verb or one of its arguments. For example, simple verbal negation is expressed by « ur » before the verb and the particle « ara » after the verb:

• « Urareɣ » ("I played") → « Ur urareɣ ara » ("I didn't play")

Other negative words (acemma...etc.) are used in combination with ur to express more complex types of negation.

[edit] Verb derivation

Verb derivation is done by adding suffixes. There are three types of derivation forms : Causative, reflexive and Passive.

• Causative: obtained by prefixing the verb with s- / sse- / ssu- :

ffeɣ "to go out" → ssuffeɣ "to make to go out"

kcem "to enter" → ssekcem "to make to enter, to introduce"

irid "to be washed" → ssired "to wash".

• Reflexive: obtained by prefixing the verb with m- / my(e)- / myu-:

ẓer "to see" → mẓer "to see each other"

ṭṭef "to hold" → myuṭṭaf "to hold each other".

• Passive: is obtained by prefixing the verb with ttu- / ttwa- / tt- / mm(e)- / n- / nn-:

krez "to plough" → ttwakrez "to be ploughed"

ečč "to eat" → mmečč "to be eaten".

• Complex forms: obtained by combining two or more of the previous prefixes:

enɣ "to kill" → mmenɣ "to kill each other" → smenɣ "to make to kill each other"

Interestingly, two prefixes can cancel each other:

enz "to be sold" → zzenz "to sell" → ttuzenz "to be sold" (ttuzenz = enz !!).

[edit] Agent noun

Every verb has a corresponding agent noun. In English it could be translated into verb+er. It is obtained by prefixing the verb with « am- » or with « an- » if the first letter is b / f / m / w (there are exceptions however).

• Examples:

ṭṭef "to hold" → anaṭṭaf "holder"

inig "to travel" → iminig "traveller"

eks "to graze" → ameksa "shepherd"

[edit] Action noun

Every verb has a corresponding action noun, which in English it could be translated into verb+ing:

ffer "to hide" → tuffra "hiding" (stem VI), « Tuffra n tidett ur telhi » — "Hiding the truth is bad".

There are 6 regular stems of forming action nouns, and the 7th is for quality verbs : (C for consonant, V for vowel)

Stem	Verb	Action noun
I	cvcv	acvcv
II	c(c)vc(c)	ac(c)vc(c)v
III	c(c)ecc	ac(c)ecci
IV	(c)cac(c)	a(c)cac(c)i
V	c1c2ec3	accac
VI	ccec	tuccca
VII	ic1c2vc3	tec1c2ec3

• Examples:

ɣeẓẓ "to bite" → aɣẓaẓ

zdi "to be united" → azday

ini "to say" → timenna

[edit] Predicative particule "d"

The predicative particule "d" is an indispensable tool in speaking Kabyle, "d" is equivalent to both "it is + adjective" and "to be + adjective", but cannot be replaced by the verb "ili" (to be). It is always followed by a noun (free state).

Examples:

• D taqcict, "it's a girl".
• D nekk, "it's me".
• Nekk d argaz, "I'm a man".
• Idir d anelmad, "Idir is a student".
• Idir yella d anelmad, "Idir was a student".

The predicative particule "d" should not be confused with the particle of coordination "d"; indeed, the former is followed by a noun at its annexed state while the first is always followed by a noun at its free state.

[edit] Pronoun

[edit] Personal pronouns

Person	Singular	Plural
1st (m)	nekk / nekkini	nekni
1st (f)	nekk / nekkini	nekkenti
2nd (m)	kečč / keččini	kunwi / kenwi
2nd (f)	kemm / kemmini	kunnemti / kennemti
3rd (m)	netta / nettan / nettani	nutni / nitni
3rd (f)	nettat	nutenti / nitenti

Example : « Ula d nekk. » — "Me too."

[edit] Possessive pronouns

Person	Singular	Plural
1st (m)	(i)w / inu	nneɣ
1st (f)	(i)w / inu	nnteɣ
2nd (m)	(i)k / inek	nwen
2nd (f)	(i)m / inem	nkent
3rd (m)	(i)s / ines	nsen
3rd (f)	(i)s / ines	nsent

Example : « Axxam-nneɣ. » — "Our house." (House-our)

[edit] Pronouns of the verb

• Direct object

Person	Singular	Plural
1st (m)	(i)yi	ɣ / (y)aɣ / naɣ / (y)anaɣ
1st (f)	(i)yi	ɣ / (y)aɣ / tnaɣ / (y)anteɣ
2nd (m)	(i)k	(i)ken
2nd (f)	(i)kem	(i)kent
3rd (m)	(i)t	(i)ten
3rd (f)	(i)tt	(i)tent

Example : « Yuɣ-it. » — "He bought it." (He.bought-it)

• Indirect object

Person	Singular		Plural
	Long form	Short form	Long form	Short form
1st (m)	(i)yi	yi	ɣ / (y)aɣ	ɣ
1st (f)	(i)yi	yi	ɣ / (y)aɣ	ɣ
2nd (m)	(y)ak	k	(y)awen	wen
2nd (f)	(y)am	m	(y)akent	kent
3rd (m)	(y)as	s	(y)asen	sen
3rd (f)	(y)as	s	(y)asent	sent

• Example : « Yenna-yas. » — "He said to him." (He.said-to.him)
• Complex example (Mixing indirect and direct object) : « Yefka-yas-t. » — "He gave it to him." (He.gave-to.him-it)

[edit] Demonstratives

There are three demonstratives, near-deictic ('this, these'), far-deictic ('that, those') and absence:

• Suffix: Used with a noun, example : « Axxam-agi» — "This house." (House-this).

Near-deictic		Far-deictic		Absence
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
(y)a / (y)agi	(y)agini	(y)ihin / (y)ihinna	(y)inna	nni

• Isolated : Used when we omit the subject we are speaking about : «Wagi yelha» — "This is nice." (This-is.nice)

	Near-deictic		Far-deictic		Absence
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
masculine	wa/ wagi/ wagini	wi/ wigi/ wigini	wihin / wihinna	wihid / wihidak widak-inna / wigad-inna widak-ihin / wigad-ihin	win / winna	wid / wid-nni widak / widak-nni wigad-nni
feminine	ta / tagi / tagini	ti / tigi / tigini	tihin / tihinna	tihid / tihidak tidak-inna / tigad-inna tidak-ihin / tigad-ihin	tin / tinna	tid / tid-nni tidak / tidak-nni tigad-nni

[edit] Numerotation

Only the first two numbers are Berber; for higher numbers, Arabic is used. They are yiwen (f. yiwet) "one", sin (f. snat) "two". The noun being counted follows it in the genitive: sin n yirgazen "two men".

"First" and "last" are respectively amezwaru and aneggaru (regular adjectives). Other ordinals are formed with the prefix wis (f. tis): wis sin "second (m.)", tis tlata "third (f.)", etc.

[edit] Prepositions

Prepositions precede their objects: « i medden » "to the people", « si temdint » "from the town". All words preceded by a preposition (at the exception of « s » and « ar », "towards", "until" ) take their annexed state.

Some prepositions have two forms : one is used with pronominal suffixes and the other form is used in all other contexts.

Also some of these prepositions have a corresponding relative pronoun (or interrogative), example:

« i » "for/to" → « iwumi » "to whom"

« Tefka aksum i wemcic » "she gave meat to the cat" → « Amcic iwumi tefka aksum » "The cat to whom she gave meat"

Kabyle prepositions

Preposition	With suffixes	translation equivalent	Corresponding Relative pronoun	translation equivalent
d	yid- / did-	'and, with, in the company of'	(w)ukud / wi d	'with whom'
i	—	'for, to' (dative)	iwumi / iwimi / imi / umi / mi	'to whom' (dative) / 'whose'
ɣer / ar	—	'to' (direction)	iɣer / ɣer way / (s)aniɣer / (s)awier / ɣer	'to' (direction)
s	—	'to' (direction)	sani	'to' (direction)
ɣur	—	'among'	(w)uɣur / ɣur	'among'
ɣef / af / f	fell-	'on; because of; about'	iɣef / ɣef way / ɣef wadeg / ɣef	'on what'
deg / g / di	—	'in'	ideg / deg way / deg waydeg / anda / deg	'where'
seg / si / g	—	'from'	iseg / seg way / ansi	'from where'
s	iss- / yiss- / yis-	'with, by means of, using' (instrumental)	s ways / s wacu / s / iss / is	'with what' (instrumental)
ger	gar-	'between'	—	—
n	—	'of'	—	—
nnig / sennig	—	'on top of'	—	—
ddaw / seddaw	—	'beneath, under'	—	—
ar	—	'until'	—	—
deffir	—	'behind'	—	—
zdat / zzat	—	'in front of'	—	—
am	—	'like, as'	—	—

[edit] Conjunctions

Conjunctions precede the verb: mi yiwweḍ "when he arrived", muqel ma yusa-d "see if he came".

[edit] Vocabulary

Kabyle has absorbed quite some Arabic and French vocabulary. According to Salem Chaker, about a third of Kabyle vocabulary is of Arabic origin; the amount of French loanwords has not been studied yet. These loanwords are sometimes Berberized and sometimes kept in their original form. The Berberized words follow the regular grammar of Kabyle (free and annexed state).

Examples of berberized Arabic or french words :

Kitab => Taktabt (Book, Ar.)

Machine => Tamacint (Machine, Fr.)

Many loanwords from Arabic have often a different meaning in Kabyle:

El Mal (Money, Ar.) => Lmal (Domestic animals, Kab.)

All verbs of Arabic origin follow a Berber conjugation and verbal derivation:

fhem (to understand) => ssefhem (to explain).

[edit] Sample text

In. MOULIERAS (Auguste), les fourberies de si Djeh'a.

Aqerruy n tixsi

Ewe Head

Yiwen wass, Ğeḥḥa yefka-yas baba-s frank, akken ad d-yaɣ aqerruy n tixsi. Yuɣ-it-id, yečča akk aksum-is. Yeqqim-d uceqlal d ilem, yewwi-yas-t-id i baba-s. Ihi, mi t-iwala yenna-yas: "acu-t wa?" yenna-yas: "d aqerruy n tixsi". -A ccmata, anida llan imeẓẓuɣen-is? -Tella d taɛeẓẓugt. -Anida llan wallen-is? -Tella d taderɣalt. -Anida yella yiles-is? -Tella d tagugamt. -I weglim n uqerruy-is, anida yella? -Tella d taferḍast.

One day, Jehha's father gave him one cent, so that he buys a ewe head. He bought it, and ate all of its meat. Only an empty carcass was left, he brought it to his father. Then, when he saw it he said: "what is that?" Jehha said: "a ewe head". -You vile (boy), where are its ears (the ewe)? -It was deaf. -Where are its eyes? -It was blind. -Where is its tongue? -It was dumb. -And the skin of its head, where is it? -It was bald.

IPA transcription : æqərruj ən θiχsi

Word by word translation : head of ewe

jiwən wæss, dʒəħħæ jəfkæ-jæs βæβæ-s frank, ækkən æ d-jæʁ æqərruj ən θiχsi. Yuʁ-iθ-id, yətʃtʃæ ækʷ æçsum-is. Yəqqim-d uʃəqlæl ð iləm, jəwwi-jæs-θ-id i βæβæ-s. Ihi, mi θ-iwælæ jənnæ-jæs: "æʃu-θ wæ?" jənnæ-jæs: "ð æqərruj ən θiχsi". -æ ʃʃmætæ, ænidæ llæn iməz̴z̴uʁn-is? -θəllæ ts aʕəz̴z̴ugt. -ænidæ llæn wælln-is? -θəllæ ts æðərʁælθ. -ænidæ jəllæ jils-is? -θəllæ ts æʝuʝæmθ. -i wəʝlim ən uqərruj-is, ænidæ jəllæ? -θəllæ ts æfərðˁast.

One day, Jehha he.gave-to.him father-his cent, so.that he.buys head of ewe. He.bought-it-here, he.ate all meat-its. Stayed-here carcass it.is empty, he.brought-to.him-it-here to father-his. Then, when it-he.saw he.said-to.him: "what-it that?" he.said-to.him: "head of ewe". -Oh vile, where are ears-its? -She.was it.is deaf. -Where are eyes-its? -She.was it.is blind. -Where is tongue-its? -She.was it.is dumb. -And skin of head-its, where it.is? -She.was bald.

Note: the predicative particule d was translated as "it.is", the particule of direction d was translated as "here".

[edit] Sources used for this article

• Kamal Nait-Zerrad. Grammaire moderne du kabyle, tajerrumt tatrart n teqbaylit. Editions KARTHALA, 2001. ISBN 978-2-84586-172-5
• Dallet, Jean-Marie. 1982. Dictionnaire kabyle–français, parler des At Mangellet, Algérie. Études etholinguistiques Maghreb–Sahara 1, ser. eds. Salem Chaker, and Marceau Gast. Paris: Société d’études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France.

[edit] Bibliography

• Ethnologue entry for Kabyle
• Achab, R. : 1996 - La néologie lexicale berbère (1945-1995), Paris/Louvain, Editions Peeters, 1996.
• Achab, R. : 1998 - Langue berbère. Introduction à la notation usuelle en caractères latins, Paris, Editions Hoggar.
• F. Amazit-Hamidchi & M. Lounaci : Kabyle de poche, Assimil, France, ISBN 2-7005-0324-4
• Salem Chaker. 1983. Un parler berbere d'Algerie (Kabyle): syntax. Provence: Université de Provence.
• Dallet, Jean-Marie. 1982. Dictionnaire kabyle–français, parler des At Mangellet, Algérie. Études etholinguistiques Maghreb–Sahara 1, ser. eds. Salem Chaker, and Marceau Gast. Paris: Société d’études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France.
• Hamid Hamouma. n.d. Manuel de grammaire berbère (kabyle). Paris: Edition Association de Culture Berbère.
• Mammeri, M. : 1976 - Tajerrumt n tmaziɣt (tantala taqbaylit), Maspero, Paris.
• Naït-Zerrad, K. : 1994 - Manuel de conjugaison kabyle (le verbe en berbère), L’Harmattan, Paris.
• Naït-Zerrad, K. : 1995 - Grammaire du berbère contemporain, I - Morphologie, ENAG, Alger.
• Kamal Nait-Zerrad. Grammaire moderne du kabyle, tajerrumt tatrart n teqbaylit. Editions KARTHALA, 2001. ISBN 978-2-84586-172-5
• Tizi-Wwuccen. Méthode audio-visuelle de langue berbère (kabyle), Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1986.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Kabyle Music

• INALCO report on Kabyle, see also [4] and [5] (fr)
• Negative Preterite, The negative preterite in Kabyle Berber.

[edit] Websites in Kabyle

• Kabylia observer/.
• imyura.com.
• tamazight.fr.
• MAK, Timanit i Tmurt n Iqvayliyen
• Kabylpedia.

[edit] Online dictionaries

• kabyle.com Sort of wiktionary.
• MAK
• Danoun.
• Glossary of nelogisms by imedyazen.