User:JWB/Isotopes by isobar

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Half-lives (example: Gd)
145Gd < 1 day
146Gd 1–10 days
149Gd 10–100 days
153Gd 100d–10 years
148Gd 10–10,000 years
150Gd 10k–103m years
152Gd > 700m years
158Gd Stable

Contents

[edit] Legend

This isotope table shows all nuclides with halflife at least one day and selected ones with halflife less than 1 day, arranged so that:

  • Half-lives are indicated by the color of each isotope's cell (see color chart to the right). Colored borders indicate half lives of the most stable nuclear isomer states.
  • Mass number (total number of nucleons) increases from top to bottom (each row is an isobar).
  • Atomic number (number of protons) increases from left to right, but adjacent rows are not aligned by atomic number. Instead, each row is arranged so that all beta decay and inverse beta decay proceed toward the center column.

[edit] Beta decay and position

  • Beta decay proceeds from isotopes on the left half of the chart towards the center column. The cell to the right of the original nuclide may show the halflife.
  • Inverse beta decay proceeds from isotopes on the right half of the chart towards the center column. The cell to the left of the original nuclide may show the halflife.
  • The only exception is that when both beta decay modes are possible with significant probability, the more probable of the two is towards the center column and marked with the halflife (for all decay modes combined), while the less likely is away from the center and marked with the probability in percent and a direction arrow ← or → pointing away from the center.
  • For the isobars of mass numbers 243, 247, 248, 252, 254, 258 a choice of center cell cannot be determined by beta decay, and in these cases it follows the predominant slow neutron capture series. (The center column in the rest of the table also tends to indicate the predominant slow neutron capture pathway.)

[edit] Arrows

  • ↓ in a nuclide cell means that this nuclide has a particularly high neutron absorption cross-section (is a notable nuclear poison).
  • ↑ in a nuclide cell indicates that it decays by alpha decay or spontaneous fission with insignificant or no beta decay of either type. ↑ in a halflife cell indicate that the two nuclides adjacent to the right and left both decay by alpha or SF (and therefore no beta decay crosses the cell in either direction).
  • ← or → indicates a direction of beta decay, and is only obligatory for a secondary decay mode (probability less than 50%) pointing away from the center.

[edit] Stability

  • Mass numbers 5, 8 and 211-221 have no isotopes with half-life at least 1 day.
  • Nuclides on the center column with mass numbers 1-4, 6-7, 9-208 are always stable, except 144, 147-49 which undergo extremely slow alpha decay. (144, 148 do have a stable isotope but they are not the center of beta decay.) Total of 202 stable nuclides.
  • Nuclides one away from the center column are never stable, though 10 of them have half-lives much greater than the age of the universe.
  • Nuclides two away from the center column are frequently stable (62 cases).
  • Nuclides three and more away from center are never stable and only 145Eu, 146Eu, 146Gd even have half-lives longer than 1 day.

[edit] Nuclear fission products

  • The leftmost stable or extremely long-lived isotope in a row will usually be the ultimate state of a fission product of this mass, since fission products usually start with excess neutrons and then undergo beta decay.
  • Radioactive nuclides of concern in spent nuclear fuel will usually be in the columns to the left of this final product, within the mass range expected for fission products. Nuclides of concern for nuclear waste disposal will be green or yellow. (halflives 10 years to 16 million years (for 129I))
  • A percentage in the leftmost column indicates yield for thermal neutron fission of 235U, while a F or f indicates a high-yield or low-yield fission product.

[edit] Light elements

Listing of isotopes with halflife at least 1 day by mass number
β–→ Half
→
life		 Beta
stable		 Half
←
life		 ←β+
1H
2H
3H 12.32y 3He
4He
5
6Li
7Li 53.22d 7Be
8
9Be
10Be 1.51E6y 10B
11B
12C
13C
14C 5.1E3y 14N
15N
16O
17O
18O
19F
20Ne
21Ne
22Ne 2.6027y 22Na
23Na
24Mg
25Mg
26Mg 7.17E5y
26Al
27Al
28Si
29Si
30Si
31P
32Si 132a 32P 14.263d 32S
33P 25.34d 33S
34S
35S 87.51d 35Cl
36S 36Cl 3.01E5y 36Ar
→ 37Cl 35.04d 37Ar
38Ar
39Ar 269y 39K
40Ar ←11.2% 40K 1.248E9y 40Ca
→ 41K 1.02E5y 41Ca
42Ar 39.2y 42K 12.36h 42Ca
43Ca
44Ca 3.97h 44Sc 60a 44Ti
45Ca 45Sc
46Ca
46Sc
 46Ti
47Ca 47Sc 47Ti
48Ca 48Sc 48Ti 48V
49Ti 49V
50Ti 1.4E17y 50V 50Cr
51V 27.7025 d 51Cr
52Cr
52Mn
53Cr 3.74E6y 53Mn
54Cr 54Mn 54Fe
55Mn 55Fe
56Fe 77.233d 56Co 6.075d 56Ni
57Fe 271.74d 57Co 35.60h 57Ni
58Fe
58Co
 58Ni
59Fe 44.503 d 59Co 7.6E4y 59Ni
60Fe 1.5E6y
60Co
 5.2713y 60Ni
61Ni
62Ni
63Ni 100.1y 63Cu
→ 64Ni 64Cu 64Zn
65Cu 65Zn
66Ni 66Cu 66Zn
67Cu 67Zn 67Ga
68Zn 68Ga 68Ge
69Ga 69Ge

[edit] Light fission product range

Listing of isotopes with halflife at least 1 day by mass number
Fission
yield		 β–→ Half
→
life		 Beta
stable		 Half
←
life		 ←β+
70Zn 70Ga 70Ge
→ 71Ga
71Ge
 71As
72Zn 72Ga 72Ge 72As 72Se
73Ge 73As
74Ge 74As 74Se
75As 75Se
32.6s 76Ge 76As 76Se
f 11.30h 77As 39.83h
77Se
77Br
f 90.7m 78Se 78Br 78Kr
0.0508% 9.01m
79Se
 2.95E5y
79Br
79Kr
f 15.2s 80Se 80Br 80Kr
→ f 18.45m 81Br 2.29E5y
81Kr
f 19.1s 82Se
82Br
 82Kr 82Rb 82Sr
F 2.40h 83Kr 83Rb
83Sr
F 31.80m 84Kr
84Rb
 84Sr
0.2717% 2.90m
85Kr
 10.776y 85Rb
85Sr
F 55.1s 86Kr
86Rb
 86Sr
F 55.65s 87Kr 76.3m 87Rb 4.88E10y
87Sr
87Y
F 88Kr 2.84h 88Rb 17.773m 88Sr
88Y
 88Zr
F 15.15m 89Sr 50.57d
89Y
89Zr
5.7518% 158s 90Sr 28.90y
90Y
 64.053h
90Zr
F
91Y
 58.51d 91Zr 680y
60.86d
91Nb
F 3.54h 92Zr 3.47E7y
10.15d
92Nb
 92Mo
6.2956% 93Y 10.18h 93Zr 1.53E6y
93Nb
 4.0E3y
6.85h
93Mo
F 18.7m 94Zr
94Nb
 2.03E4y 94Mo
F 10.3m 95Zr 64.032d
95Nb
 34.991d 95Mo
95Tc
F 5.34s 96Zr 96Nb 96Mo
96Tc
 96Ru
F 72.1m 97Mo 4.21E6y
91.4d
97Tc
 97Ru
F 2.86s 98Mo 98Tc 4.2E6y 98Ru
6.0507% 15s 99Mo 2.7489d 2.111E5y 99Ru
99Rh
F 1.5s 100Mo 100Tc 100Ru 100Rh 100Pd
F 14.22m 101Ru
101Rh
F 5.28s 102Ru 102Rh 102Pd
F 103Tc 54.2s 103Ru 39.26d
103Rh
 103Pd
F 18.3m 104Ru 104Rh 104Pd
F 7.6m 105Ru 4.44h
105Rh
 35.36h 105Pd
105Ag
0.3912% 35.6s 106Ru 373.59d 106Rh 29.80s 106Pd
106Ag
 106Cd
0.1629% 21.7m
107Pd
 6.5E6y
107Ag
f 16.8s 108Pd
108Ag
 108Cd
→ f 109Rh 13.7012h
109Ag
 109Cd
f 28.5s 110Pd
110Ag
 110Cd

[edit] Middle fission product range (low yield unless fast fission)

Listing of isotopes with halflife at least 1 day by mass number
Fission
yield		 β–→ Half
→
life		 Beta
stable		 Half
←
life		 ←β+
f 111Pd 23.4m
111Ag
 7.45d
111Cd
111In
3.130h 112Cd 112In 112Sn
0.0003%m 113Ag 5.37h
113Cd
↓		 14.1y
113In
113Sn
4.6s 114Cd
114In
 114Sn
20m
115Cd
 53.46h
115In
 4.41E14y 115Sn
2.68m 116Cd 116In 116Sn
43.2m
117Sn
5s 118Sn 118Sb 118Te
2.4m
119Sn
 293.1d 119Sb
119Te
3.08s 120Sn
120Sb
 120Te
23.1s
121Sn
 27.03h
43.9y		 121Sb
121Te
1.5s 122Sn
122Sb
 122Te
→ 6.17s
123Sn
 129.2d 123Sb >6E+14y
123Te
3.11s 124Sn
124Sb
 124Te 124I 124Xe
0.0297% 2.34s
125Sn
 9.64d 125Sb 2.75856a
125Te
 125I
0.0236% 1.53s 126Sn 2.30E5y
126Sb
 12.35d 126Te 126I 126Xe

[edit] Heavy fission product range

Listing of isotopes with halflife at least 1 day by mass number
Fission
yield		 β–→ Half
→
life		 Beta
stable		 Half
←
life		 ←β+
f 2.10h 127Sb 3.85d
127Te
 9.35h
109d		 127I
127Xe
f 9.01h 128Te 128I 128Xe 128Cs 128Ba
0.6576% 4.40h
129Te
 69.6m 129I 1.57E7y
129Xe
 129Cs
F 39.5m 130Te 130I 130Xe 130Cs 130Ba
2.8336% 23.03m
131Te
 25m,30h 131I 8.02070d
131Xe
 131Cs
131Ba
F 2.79m 132Te 3.204d 132I 2.295h 132Xe 132Cs 132Ba
↓ 12.5m 133I 20.8h 133Xe↓ 5.24752d 133Cs↓
133Ba
6.7896% 134Xe
134Cs
 2.0652y 134Ba 134La 134Ce
6.3333%↓ 6.57h 135Xe↓↓↓ 9.14h
135Cs
 2.3E6y
135Ba
F 83.4s 136Xe
136Cs
136Ba
 136La 136Ce
6.0899% 24.13s 137Xe 3.818m 137Cs 30.1671y
137Ba
 6E4y 137La 137Ce
F 6.23s 138Xe 14.08m 33.41m 138Ba 1.02E11y 138La → 138Ce
F 83.06m 139La
139Ce
F 67.3s 140Ba 12.752d 140La 1.6781d 140Ce 140Pr 140Nd
F 3.92h 141Ce 32.508d 141Pr
F 91.1m 142Ce↑ 142Pr 142Nd
F 14.2m 143Ce 33.039h 143Pr 13.57d 143Nd 143Pm
F 40.8s 144Ce 284.91d 144Pr 17.28m 144Nd↑ 144Pm 144Sm
F 5.984h 145Nd 17.7a 145Pm 145Sm 5.93d 145Eu
F 24.15m 146Nd 5.53a 146Pm 37%→ 146Sm↑ 4.61d 146Eu 48.27d 146Gd
2.2713% 13.4m 147Nd 147Pm 2.6234a 147Sm↑ 147Eu 147Gd
F 2.29m 148Nd 10.98d
148Pm
 5.368d 148Sm↑ 148Eu 148Gd
1.0888%↓ 1.728h 149Pm 53.08h 149Sm↑↓ 149Eu 149Gd
F 6.19s 150Nd 150Pm 150Sm
150Eu
 150Gd
0.4203% 11.4m 151Pm 28.40h 151Sm↓ 90y 151Eu 151Gd
f→ 4.12m 152Sm 13.537y
152Eu
↓		 152Gd↑
f 5.25m 153Sm 46.284h 153Eu 153Gd↓ 153Tb
f 1.73m 154Sm
154Eu
 154Gd 154Tb 154Dy↑
0.0330% 22.3m 155Eu 4.7611a 155Gd↓ 155Tb
f 9.4h 156Eu 15.19d 156Gd
156Tb
 156Dy
0.0065% 15.18h 157Gd↓↓ 71y 157Tb
45.9m 158Gd 180y
158Tb
 → 158Dy
18.1m 18.479h 159Tb 159Dy
38s 160Gd 160Tb 160Dy 160Ho 160Er
161Gd↓ 3.646m 161Tb 161Dy
162Dy 162Ho 162Er
163Dy
163Ho
164Dy 164Ho 164Er
165Ho 165Er 165Tm
166Dy
166Ho
 166Er 166Tm 166Yb

[edit] Heavy metals

β–→ Half
→
life		 Beta
stable		 Half
←
life		 ←β+
167Er
 167Tm
168Er 168Tm 168Yb
169Er 169Tm
169Yb
169Lu
170Er 170Tm 170Yb 170Lu
171Tm 171Yb
171Lu
172Er 172Tm 172Yb
172Lu
 172Hf
173Yb 173Lu
174Yb 174Lu 174Hf↑
175Yb
 175Lu 175Hf
176Yb
176Lu
 3.78E10y 176Hf
177Lu
177Hf
 177Ta
178Hf
 178Ta 178W
179Hf
 1.82y 179Ta
180Hf
 1.2E15y
8.125h
180Ta
 → 180W
181Hf 181Ta 181W
182Hf
182Ta
 182W
182Re
183Ta
183W
 183Re
184W
184Re
 184Os
185W
 185Re 185Os
→ 186W
186Re
 186Os
187Re 187Os
188W 188Re 188Os 188Ir 188Pt
189Re
189Os
 189Ir
190Os
190Ir
 190Pt
191Ir
 191Pt
192Os
192Ir
 192Pt
→ 193Os
193Ir
193Pt
194Os 194Ir 194Pt 194Au 194Hg
195Pt
195Au
195Hg
196Pt
196Au
 196Hg
197Au
197Hg
→ 198Pt 198Au
198Hg
199Au 199Hg
200Hg 200Tl
201Hg 201Tl
202Hg 202Tl
202Pb
203Hg 203Tl
203Pb
→ 204Hg 204Tl
204Pb
205Tl 205Pb 205Bi
206Pb 206Bi 206Po
207Pb
 207Bi
208Pb 208Bi 208Po
209Bi 209Po
210Pb
210Bi
 210Po
211
212
213
214
215
216
217

[edit] Actinides

Listing of isotopes with halflife at least 1 day by mass number
β–→ Half
→
life		 Beta
stable		 Half
←
life		 ←β+
218
219
220
221
222Rn↑ 222Fr 14.2m 222Ra↑
223Fr↑ 22m 223Ra↑
224Ra↑
225Ra 14.8d 225Ac↑
226Ra↑ ←17% 226Ac 29.37h 226Th
227Ac 21.773y 227Th
228Ra 6.7y 228Ac 6.15 h 228Th↑
229Ac 62.7 m 229Th↑ 1.5d 229Pa 58m
230Th↑ 17.4d 230Pa 230U
231Th 25.52h 231Pa 4.2d 231U 48.8m
232Th↑ 232Pa 1.31d 232U 14.7m
22.3m 233Pa 26.967d 233U 36.2m
234Th 24.1d 234Pa 6.75h 234U 4.4d 234Np
235Pa 24.5m 396.1d 235Np
236Pa 9.1m 236U 154ky
236Np
 12.5%→ 236Pu↑ 4.4m
8.7m 237U 6.75d 237Np↑ 45.2d 237Pu 73m 237Am
2.3m 238U↑ 238Np 2.117d 238Pu↑ 98m 238Am
106m 239U 23.45m 239Np 2.3565d 239Pu↑ 11.9h 239Am
61.9m 240Pu↑ 50.8h 240Am 27d 240Cm↑
13.9m 241Pu 14y 241Am↑ 32.8d 241Cm
242Pu ←17.3%
242Am
 16.02h 242Cm↑ 7m 242Bk
243Pu 4.956h 243Am↑ ↑ 243Cm↑ 4.5h 243Bk
244Pu↑ 244Am 10.1h 244Cm↑ 4.35h 244Bk
245Pu↑ 245Am 2.05h 245Cm↑ 4.94d 245Bk
246Pu↑ 246Am 39m 246Cm↑ 1.8d 246Bk 246Cf↑
247Am 23m 247Cm↑ ↑ 247Bk↑ ↑ 247Cf↑
248Am 10m 248Cm↑ ↑
248Bk
 ↑ 248Cf
249Cm 64.15 m 249Bk 330d 249Cf↑ 102.2m 249Es
250Cm↑ 250Bk 3.212h 250Cf↑ 8.6h 250Es
251Cm 16.8 m 251Bk 55.6m 251Cf↑ 33h 251Es 5.3h
252Cm <2d 252Bk 2m 252Cf↑ ↑ 252Es ↑ 252Fm 2.3m
253Bk 10m 253Cf 17.81d 253Es↑ 3d 253Fm 6m
254Bk 2m 254Cf ↑
254Es
 ↑ 254Fm 10m
255Cf 85m 255Es 39.8d 255Fm↑ 27m 255Md
25.4 m 256Fm↑ 77m
7.7d 257Fm↑ 5.52h
258Fm↑ ↑ 258Md↑