Justices Protection Act 1848
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The Justices Protection Act 1848 (11 & 12 Vict. c.44) was an Act of Parliament passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom that gave Justices of the Peace in England and Wales immunity from civil actions arising from their adjudication.
The Act was sponsored and drafted by John Jervis and was one of the so-called Jervis Acts of 1848.
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[edit] Background
Prior to the Act, Justices of the Peace (magistrates) were hampered in their functions by the risk of prosecution or civil action for decisions they had taken in the execution of their official functions. An individual disgruntled at a decision could mount a de facto challenge by bringing a civil claim against a Justice and even achieve a rehearing of his case.[1] Claims against Justices for damages, through writs of certiorari, for exceeding their jurisdiction were particularly common. The courts did, however, take any opportunity to interpret the law narrowly so as to exclude the challenges, as for example in the Bumboat case,[2] [3] and Sheridan has doubted whether there was really an extensive problem.[4]
Sir John Jervis was Attorney General and shared the widespread view that the law as to Justices was archaic and in need in reform. Further, Justices were becoming increasingly important with the rise of criminal legislation. The Act was one of the three Jervis Acts, the other two being the Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848 and Indictable Offences Act 1848.[5]
[edit] The Act
The long title of the Act was:
An Act to protect Justices of the Peace from Vexatious Actions for Acts done by them in Execution of their Office.
The Act, for the first time in England and Wales, drew a distinction between unlawful acts of Justices within their jurisdiction and acts unlawful because performed outside the Justice's jurisdiction. Claims could only be brought for actions within jurisdiction if there was an allegation that the action was malicious and without reasonable and probable cause.[6] This is the distinction preserved in ss.51-52 of the Justices of the Peace Act 1997.
[edit] Repeal
The Act was repealed by the Justices of the Peace Act 1979, s.71, Sch.3, which introduced similar protection under Pt.V. That Act was in turn repealed by the Justices of the Peace Act 1997, s.73(1)-(3), Sch.4, Pt.II and Sch.6, Pt.I, which includes similar provisions under Pt.V.
[edit] References
[edit] Bibliography
- Cornish, W. & Clarke, G. (1989). Law and Society in England 1750-1950. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 32-33. ISBN 0421311509.
- Getzler, J. S. (2004) "Jervis, Sir John (1802–1856)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 4 July 2007 (subscription or UK/ Ireland public library membership required)
- Freestone, D. & Richardson, J. C. (1980). "The making of English criminal law (7): Sir John Jervis and his acts". Criminal Law Review: 5–16.
- Sheridan, L. A. (1951). "Protection of Justices". Modern Law Review 14(3): 267–278.
- Thompson, D. (1958). "Judicial immunity and the protection of Justices". Modern Law Review 21(5): 517–533.
